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Lazari A, Tachrount M, Valverde JM, Papp D, Beauchamp A, McCarthy P, Ellegood J, Grandjean J, Johansen-Berg H, Zerbi V, Lerch JP, Mars RB. The mouse motor system contains multiple premotor areas and partially follows human organizational principles. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114191. [PMID: 38717901 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
While humans are known to have several premotor cortical areas, secondary motor cortex (M2) is often considered to be the only higher-order motor area of the mouse brain and is thought to combine properties of various human premotor cortices. Here, we show that axonal tracer, functional connectivity, myelin mapping, gene expression, and optogenetics data contradict this notion. Our analyses reveal three premotor areas in the mouse, anterior-lateral motor cortex (ALM), anterior-lateral M2 (aM2), and posterior-medial M2 (pM2), with distinct structural, functional, and behavioral properties. By using the same techniques across mice and humans, we show that ALM has strikingly similar functional and microstructural properties to human anterior ventral premotor areas and that aM2 and pM2 amalgamate properties of human pre-SMA and cingulate cortex. These results provide evidence for the existence of multiple premotor areas in the mouse and chart a comparative map between the motor systems of humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Lazari
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Mohamed Tachrount
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Juan Miguel Valverde
- DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70150 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Daniel Papp
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Antoine Beauchamp
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jacob Ellegood
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joanes Grandjean
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Heidi Johansen-Berg
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Valerio Zerbi
- Neuro-X Institute, School of Engineering (STI), EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jason P Lerch
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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2
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Carmona LM, Thomas ED, Smith K, Tasic B, Costa RM, Nelson A. Topographical and cell type-specific connectivity of rostral and caudal forelimb corticospinal neuron populations. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113993. [PMID: 38551963 PMCID: PMC11100358 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Corticospinal neurons (CSNs) synapse directly on spinal neurons, a diverse assortment of cells with unique structural and functional properties necessary for body movements. CSNs modulating forelimb behavior fractionate into caudal forelimb area (CFA) and rostral forelimb area (RFA) motor cortical populations. Despite their prominence, the full diversity of spinal neurons targeted by CFA and RFA CSNs is uncharted. Here, we use anatomical and RNA sequencing methods to show that CSNs synapse onto a remarkably selective group of spinal cell types, favoring inhibitory populations that regulate motoneuron activity and gate sensory feedback. CFA and RFA CSNs target similar spinal neuron types, with notable exceptions that suggest that these populations differ in how they influence behavior. Finally, axon collaterals of CFA and RFA CSNs target similar brain regions yet receive highly divergent inputs. These results detail the rules of CSN connectivity throughout the brain and spinal cord for two regions critical for forelimb behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Marcela Carmona
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric D Thomas
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kimberly Smith
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bosiljka Tasic
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rui M Costa
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Allen Institute for Brain Science, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anders Nelson
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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Urban III ET, Hudson HM, Li Y, Nishibe M, Barbay S, Guggenmos DJ, Nudo RJ. Corticocortical connections of the rostral forelimb area in rats: a quantitative tract-tracing study. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad530. [PMID: 38265300 PMCID: PMC10839842 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The rostral forelimb area (RFA) in the rat is a premotor cortical region based on its dense efferent projections to primary motor cortex. This study describes corticocortical connections of RFA and the relative strength of connections with other cortical areas. The goal was to provide a better understanding of the cortical network in which RFA participates, and thus, determine its function in sensorimotor behavior. The RFA of adult male Long-Evans rats (n = 6) was identified using intracortical microstimulation techniques and injected with the tract-tracer, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA). In post-mortem tissue, locations of BDA-labeled terminal boutons and neuronal somata were plotted and superimposed on cortical field boundaries. Quantitative estimates of terminal boutons in each region of interest were based on unbiased stereological methods. The results demonstrate that RFA has dense connections with primary motor cortex and frontal cortex medial and lateral to RFA. Moderate connections were found with insular cortex, primary somatosensory cortex (S1), the M1/S1 overlap zone, and lateral somatosensory areas. Cortical connections of RFA in rat are strikingly similar to cortical connections of the ventral premotor cortex in non-human primates, suggesting that these areas share similar functions and allow greater translation of rodent premotor cortex studies to primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Urban III
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Heather M Hudson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Yanming Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Mariko Nishibe
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Scott Barbay
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - David J Guggenmos
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Randolph J Nudo
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Carmona LM, Thomas ET, Smith K, Tasic B, Costa RM, Nelson A. Topographical and cell type-specific connectivity of rostral and caudal forelimb corticospinal neuron populations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.17.567623. [PMID: 38014164 PMCID: PMC10680840 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.17.567623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Corticospinal neurons (CSNs) synapse directly on spinal neurons, a diverse group of neurons with unique structural and functional properties necessary for body movements. CSNs modulating forelimb behavior fractionate into caudal forelimb area (CFA) and rostral forelimb area (RFA) motor cortical populations. Despite their prominence, no studies have mapped the diversity of spinal cell types targeted by CSNs, let alone compare CFA and RFA populations. Here we use anatomical and RNA-sequencing methods to show that CSNs synapse onto a remarkably selective group of spinal cell types, favoring inhibitory populations that regulate motoneuron activity and gate sensory feedback. CFA and RFA CSNs target similar spinal cell types, with notable exceptions that suggest these populations differ in how they influence behavior. Finally, axon collaterals of CFA and RFA CSNs target similar brain regions yet receive surprisingly divergent inputs. These results detail the rules of CSN connectivity throughout the brain and spinal cord for two regions critical for forelimb behavior.
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Haghir H, Kuckertz A, Zhao L, Hami J, Palomero-Gallagher N. A new map of the rat isocortex and proisocortex: cytoarchitecture and M 2 receptor distribution patterns. Brain Struct Funct 2023:10.1007/s00429-023-02654-7. [PMID: 37318645 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters and their receptors are key molecules in information transfer between neurons, thus enabling inter-areal communication. Therefore, multimodal atlases integrating the brain's cyto- and receptor architecture constitute crucial tools to understand the relationship between its structural and functional segregation. Cholinergic muscarinic M2 receptors have been shown to be an evolutionarily conserved molecular marker of primary sensory areas in the mammalian brain. To complement existing rodent atlases, we applied a silver cell body staining and quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiographic visualization of M2 receptors to alternating sections throughout the entire brain of five adult male Wistar rats (three sectioned coronally, one horizontally, one sagittally). Histological sections and autoradiographs were scanned at a spatial resolution of 1 µm and 20 µm per pixel, respectively, and files were stored as 8 bit images. We used these high-resolution datasets to create an atlas of the entire rat brain, including the olfactory bulb, cerebellum and brainstem. We describe the cyto- and M2 receptor architectonic features of 48 distinct iso- and proisocortical areas across the rat forebrain and provide their mean M2 receptor density. The ensuing parcellation scheme, which is discussed in the framework of existing comprehensive atlasses, includes the novel subdivision of mediomedial secondary visual area Oc2MM into anterior (Oc2MMa) and posterior (Oc2MMp) parts, and of lateral visual area Oc2L into rostrolateral (Oc2Lr), intermediate dorsolateral (Oc2Lid), intermediate ventrolateral (Oc2Liv) and caudolateral (Oc2Lc) secondary visual areas. The M2 receptor densities and the comprehensive map of iso-and proisocortical areas constitute useful tools for future computational and neuroscientific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Haghir
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Genetic Research Center (MGRC), School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Anika Kuckertz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ling Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Javad Hami
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University Potsdam, 14471, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
- C. & O. Vogt Institute of Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Forghani R, Goodnight B, Latchoumane CFV, Karumbaiah L. AutoRG: An automatized reach-to-grasp platform technology for assessing forelimb motor function, neural circuit activation, and cognition in rodents. J Neurosci Methods 2023; 387:109798. [PMID: 36682731 PMCID: PMC10071513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.109798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodent reach-to-grasp function assessment is a translationally powerful model for evaluating neurological function impairments and recovery responses. Existing assessment platforms are experimenter-dependent, costly, or low-throughput with limited output measures. Further, a direct histologic comparison of neural activation has never been conducted between any novel, automated platform and the well-established single pellet skilled reach task (SRT). NEW METHOD To address these technological and knowledge gaps, we designed an open-source, low-cost Automatized Reach-to-Grasp (AutoRG) pull platform that reduces experimenter interventions and variability. We assessed reach-to-grasp function in rats across seven progressively difficult stages using AutoRG. We mapped AutoRG and SRT-activated motor circuitries in the rat brain using volumetric imaging of the immediate early gene-encoded Arc (activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated) protein. RESULTS Rats demonstrated robust forelimb reaching and pulling behavior after training in AutoRG. Reliable force versus time responses were recorded for individual reach events in real time, which were used to derive several secondary functional measures of performance. Moreover, we provide the first demonstration that for a training period of 30 min, AutoRG and SRT both engage similar neural responses in the caudal forelimb area (CFA), rostral forelimb area (RFA), and sensorimotor area (S1). CONCLUSION AutoRG is the first low-cost, open-source pull system designed for the scale-up of volitional forelimb motor function testing and characterization of rodent reaching behavior. The similarities in neuronal activation patterns observed in the rat motor cortex after SRT and AutoRG assessments validate the AutoRG as a rigorously characterized, scalable alternative to the conventional SRT and expensive commercial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameen Forghani
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, 425 River Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Braxton Goodnight
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, 425 River Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Charles-Francois Vincent Latchoumane
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, 425 River Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Georgia, 425, River Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Lohitash Karumbaiah
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, 425 River Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Georgia, 425, River Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, 203 Pound Hall, 105 Foster Rd, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Skovgård K, Barrientos SA, Petersson P, Halje P, Cenci MA. Distinctive Effects of D1 and D2 Receptor Agonists on Cortico-Basal Ganglia Oscillations in a Rodent Model of L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:304-324. [PMID: 36344723 PMCID: PMC10119363 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) in Parkinson's disease has been linked to oscillatory neuronal activities in the cortico-basal ganglia network. We set out to examine the pattern of cortico-basal ganglia oscillations induced by selective agonists of D1 and D2 receptors in a rat model of LID. Local field potentials were recorded in freely moving rats using large-scale electrodes targeting three motor cortical regions, dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatum, external globus pallidus, and substantial nigra pars reticulata. Abnormal involuntary movements were elicited by the D1 agonist SKF82958 or the D2 agonist sumanirole, while overall motor activity was quantified using video analysis (DeepLabCut). Both SKF82958 and sumanirole induced dyskinesia, although with significant differences in temporal course, overall severity, and body distribution. The D1 agonist induced prominent narrowband oscillations in the high gamma range (70-110 Hz) in all recorded structures except for the nigra reticulata. Additionally, the D1 agonist induced strong functional connectivity between the recorded structures and the phase analysis revealed that the primary motor cortex (forelimb area) was leading a supplementary motor area and striatum. Following treatment with the D2 agonist, narrowband gamma oscillations were detected only in forelimb motor cortex and dorsolateral striatum, while prominent oscillations in the theta band occurred in the globus pallidus and nigra reticulata. Our results reveal that the dyskinetic effects of D1 and D2 receptor agonists are associated with distinct patterns of cortico-basal ganglia oscillations, suggesting a recruitment of partially distinct networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Skovgård
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- The Group for Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sebastian A Barrientos
- The Group for Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per Petersson
- The Group for Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pär Halje
- The Group for Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
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Melbaum S, Russo E, Eriksson D, Schneider A, Durstewitz D, Brox T, Diester I. Conserved structures of neural activity in sensorimotor cortex of freely moving rats allow cross-subject decoding. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7420. [PMID: 36456557 PMCID: PMC9715555 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge about neuronal activity in the sensorimotor cortex relies primarily on stereotyped movements that are strictly controlled in experimental settings. It remains unclear how results can be carried over to less constrained behavior like that of freely moving subjects. Toward this goal, we developed a self-paced behavioral paradigm that encouraged rats to engage in different movement types. We employed bilateral electrophysiological recordings across the entire sensorimotor cortex and simultaneous paw tracking. These techniques revealed behavioral coupling of neurons with lateralization and an anterior-posterior gradient from the premotor to the primary sensory cortex. The structure of population activity patterns was conserved across animals despite the severe under-sampling of the total number of neurons and variations in electrode positions across individuals. We demonstrated cross-subject and cross-session generalization in a decoding task through alignments of low-dimensional neural manifolds, providing evidence of a conserved neuronal code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Melbaum
- grid.5963.9Computer Vision Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9IMBIT//BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eleonora Russo
- grid.410607.4Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Theoretical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - David Eriksson
- grid.5963.9IMBIT//BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Optophysiology Lab, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Artur Schneider
- grid.5963.9IMBIT//BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Optophysiology Lab, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Durstewitz
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Theoretical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Brox
- grid.5963.9Computer Vision Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9IMBIT//BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ilka Diester
- grid.5963.9IMBIT//BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Optophysiology Lab, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Cerebrocortical activation following unilateral labyrinthectomy in mice characterized by whole-brain clearing: implications for sensory reweighting. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15424. [PMID: 36104440 PMCID: PMC9474865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Posture and gait are maintained by sensory inputs from the vestibular, visual, and somatosensory systems and motor outputs. Upon vestibular damage, the visual and/or somatosensory systems functionally substitute by cortical mechanisms called “sensory reweighting”. We investigated the cerebrocortical mechanisms underlying sensory reweighting after unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL) in mice. Arc-dVenus transgenic mice, in which the gene encoding the fluorescent protein dVenus is transcribed under the control of the promoter of the immediate early gene Arc, were used in combination with whole-brain three-dimensional (3D) imaging. Performance on the rotarod was measured as a behavioral correlate of sensory reweighting. Following left UL, all mice showed the head roll-tilt until UL10, indicating the vestibular periphery damage. The rotarod performance worsened in the UL mice from UL1 to UL3, which rapidly recovered. Whole-brain 3D imaging revealed that the number of activated neurons in S1, but not in V1, in UL7 was higher than that in sham-treated mice. At UL7, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and agranular insular cortex (AIC) activation was also observed. Therefore, sensory reweighting to the somatosensory system could compensate for vestibular dysfunction following UL; further, mPFC and AIC contribute to the integration of sensory and motor functions to restore balance.
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Schneider A, Zimmermann C, Alyahyay M, Steenbergen F, Brox T, Diester I. 3D pose estimation enables virtual head fixation in freely moving rats. Neuron 2022; 110:2080-2093.e10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Morrison RA, Abe ST, Danaphongse T, Ezhil V, Somaney A, Adcock KS, Rennaker RL, Kilgard MP, Hays SA. Common Cholinergic, Noradrenergic, and Serotonergic Drugs Do Not Block VNS-Mediated Plasticity. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:849291. [PMID: 35281514 PMCID: PMC8904722 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.849291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) delivered during motor rehabilitation enhances recovery from a wide array of neurological injuries and was recently approved by the U.S. FDA for chronic stroke. The benefits of VNS result from precisely timed engagement of neuromodulatory networks during rehabilitative training, which promotes synaptic plasticity in networks activated by rehabilitation. Previous studies demonstrate that lesions that deplete these neuromodulatory networks block VNS-mediated plasticity and accompanying enhancement of recovery. There is a great deal of interest in determining whether commonly prescribed pharmacological interventions that influence these neuromodulatory networks would similarly impair VNS effects. Here, we sought to directly test the effects of three common pharmaceuticals at clinically relevant doses that target neuromodulatory pathways on VNS-mediated plasticity in rats. To do so, rats were trained on a behavioral task in which jaw movement during chewing was paired with VNS and received daily injections of either oxybutynin, a cholinergic antagonist, prazosin, an adrenergic antagonist, duloxetine, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, or saline. After the final behavioral session, intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) was used to evaluate reorganization of motor cortex representations, with area of cortex eliciting jaw movement as the primary outcome. In animals that received control saline injections, VNS paired with training significantly increased the movement representation of the jaw compared to naïve animals, consistent with previous studies. Similarly, none of the drugs tested blocked this VNS-dependent reorganization of motor cortex. The present results provide direct evidence that these common pharmaceuticals, when used at clinically relevant doses, are unlikely to adversely impact the efficacy of VNS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Morrison
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert A. Morrison,
| | - Stephanie T. Abe
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Tanya Danaphongse
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Vikram Ezhil
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Armaan Somaney
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Katherine S. Adcock
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Robert L. Rennaker
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Michael P. Kilgard
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Seth A. Hays
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
- Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
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12
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Ivica N, Censoni L, Sjöbom J, Richter U, Petersson P. Differential effects of skilled reaching training on the temporal and spatial organization of somatosensory input to cortical and striatal motor circuits. J Neurophysiol 2021; 127:225-238. [PMID: 34936519 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00464.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that in order to perform sensorimotor transformations efficiently, somatosensory information being fed back to a particular motor circuit is organized in accordance with the mechanical loading patterns of the skin that results from the motor activity generated by that circuit. Rearrangements of sensory information to different motor circuits could in this respect constitute a key component of sensorimotor learning. We have here explored if the organization of tactile input from the plantar forepaw of the rat to cortical and striatal circuits is affected by a period of extensive sensorimotor training in a skilled reaching and grasping task. Our data show that the representation of tactile stimuli in terms of both temporal and spatial response patterns changes as a consequence of the training, and that spatial changes particularly involve the primary motor cortex. Based on the observed reorganization, we propose that reshaping of the spatiotemporal representation of the tactile afference to motor circuits is an integral component of the learning process that underlies skill-acquisition in reaching and grasping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedjeljka Ivica
- Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Luciano Censoni
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Joel Sjöbom
- Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrike Richter
- Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Petersson
- Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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13
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West SL, Aronson JD, Popa LS, Feller KD, Carter RE, Chiesl WM, Gerhart ML, Shekhar AC, Ghanbari L, Kodandaramaiah SB, Ebner TJ. Wide-Field Calcium Imaging of Dynamic Cortical Networks during Locomotion. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:2668-2687. [PMID: 34689209 PMCID: PMC9201596 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor behavior results in complex exchanges of motor and sensory information across cortical regions. Therefore, fully understanding the cerebral cortex’s role in motor behavior requires a mesoscopic-level description of the cortical regions engaged, their functional interactions, and how these functional interactions change with behavioral state. Mesoscopic Ca2+ imaging through transparent polymer skulls in mice reveals elevated activation of the dorsal cerebral cortex during locomotion. Using the correlations between the time series of Ca2+ fluorescence from 28 regions (nodes) obtained using spatial independent component analysis (sICA), we examined the changes in functional connectivity of the cortex from rest to locomotion with a goal of understanding the changes to the cortical functional state that facilitate locomotion. Both the transitions from rest to locomotion and from locomotion to rest show marked increases in correlation among most nodes. However, once a steady state of continued locomotion is reached, many nodes, including primary motor and somatosensory nodes, show decreases in correlations, while retrosplenial and the most anterior nodes of the secondary motor cortex show increases. These results highlight the changes in functional connectivity in the cerebral cortex, representing a series of changes in the cortical state from rest to locomotion and on return to rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L West
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Justin D Aronson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Laurentiu S Popa
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kathryn D Feller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Union College Biological Sciences Department, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
| | - Russell E Carter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - William M Chiesl
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Morgan L Gerhart
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Aditya C Shekhar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Leila Ghanbari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Suhasa B Kodandaramaiah
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Timothy J Ebner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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14
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Eriksson D, Heiland M, Schneider A, Diester I. Distinct dynamics of neuronal activity during concurrent motor planning and execution. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5390. [PMID: 34508073 PMCID: PMC8433382 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The smooth conduct of movements requires simultaneous motor planning and execution according to internal goals. So far it remains unknown how such movement plans are modified without interfering with ongoing movements. Previous studies have isolated planning and execution-related neuronal activity by separating behavioral planning and movement periods in time by sensory cues. Here, we separate continuous self-paced motor planning from motor execution statistically, by experimentally minimizing the repetitiveness of the movements. This approach shows that, in the rat sensorimotor cortex, neuronal motor planning processes evolve with slower dynamics than movement-related responses. Fast-evolving neuronal activity precees skilled forelimb movements and is nested within slower dynamics. We capture this effect via high-pass filtering and confirm the results with optogenetic stimulations. The various dynamics combined with adaptation-based high-pass filtering provide a simple principle for separating concurrent motor planning and execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Eriksson
- Optophysiology, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Mona Heiland
- Optophysiology, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
- RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Artur Schneider
- Optophysiology, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools, Intelligent Machine-Brain Interfacing Technology (IMBIT), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ilka Diester
- Optophysiology, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg, Germany. .,BrainLinks-BrainTools, Intelligent Machine-Brain Interfacing Technology (IMBIT), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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15
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Morrison RA, Danaphongse TT, Abe ST, Stevens ME, Ezhil V, Seyedahmadi A, Adcock KS, Rennaker RL, Kilgard MP, Hays SA. High intensity VNS disrupts VNS-mediated plasticity in motor cortex. Brain Res 2021; 1756:147332. [PMID: 33539792 PMCID: PMC7971691 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) paired with motor rehabilitation enhances recovery of function after neurological injury in rats and humans. This effect is ascribed to VNS-dependent facilitation of plasticity in motor networks. Previous studies document an inverted-U relationship between VNS intensity and cortical plasticity, such that moderate intensities increase plasticity, while low or high intensity VNS does not. We tested the interaction of moderate and high intensity VNS trains to probe the mechanisms that may underlie VNS-dependent plasticity. Rats performed a behavioral task where VNS was paired with jaw movement during chewing. For five days, subjects received 100 pairings of moderate intensity VNS (Standard VNS), 100 pairings alternating between moderate and high intensity VNS (Interleaved VNS), or 50 pairings of moderate intensity VNS (Short VNS) approximately every 8 s. After the final behavioral session, intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) was used to evaluate movement representations in motor cortex. 100 pairings of moderate intensity VNS enhanced motor cortex plasticity. Replacing half of moderate intensity stimulation with high intensity VNS blocked this enhancement of plasticity. Removing high intensity stimulation, leaving only 50 pairings of moderate intensity VNS, reinstated plasticity. These results demonstrate that there is a period for at least 8 s after high intensity stimulation in which moderate intensity VNS is not able to engage mechanisms required for synaptic reorganization. More importantly, this study demonstrates that changes in stimulation parameters are a critical determinant of the magnitude of plasticity and likely the efficacy of VNS-enhanced recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Morrison
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States.
| | - Tanya T Danaphongse
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Stephanie T Abe
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Madison E Stevens
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Vikram Ezhil
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Armin Seyedahmadi
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Katherine S Adcock
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Robert L Rennaker
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Michael P Kilgard
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Seth A Hays
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, Richardson, TX, United States
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16
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Steward O, Yee KM, Metcalfe M, Willenberg R, Luo J, Azevedo R, Martin-Thompson JH, Gandhi SP. Rostro-Caudal Specificity of Corticospinal Tract Projections in Mice. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:2322-2344. [PMID: 33350438 PMCID: PMC8023844 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rostro-caudal specificity of corticospinal tract (CST) projections from different areas of the cortex was assessed by retrograde labeling with fluorogold and retrograde transfection following retro-AAV/Cre injection into the spinal cord of tdT reporter mice. Injections at C5 led to retrograde labeling of neurons throughout forelimb area of the sensorimotor cortex and a region in the dorsolateral cortex near the barrel field (S2). Injections at L2 led to retrograde labeling of neurons in the posterior sensorimotor cortex (hindlimb area) but not the dorsolateral cortex. With injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the main sensorimotor cortex (forelimb region), labeled axons terminated selectively at cervical levels. With BDA injections into caudal sensorimotor cortex (hindlimb region), labeled axons passed through cervical levels without sending collaterals into the gray matter and then elaborated terminal arbors at thoracic sacral levels. With BDA injections into the dorsolateral cortex near the barrel field, labeled axons terminated at high cervical levels. Axons from medial sensorimotor cortex terminated primarily in intermediate laminae and axons from lateral sensorimotor cortex terminated primarily in laminae III-V of the dorsal horn. One of the descending pathways seen in rats (the ventral CST) was not observed in most mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswald Steward
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kelly M Yee
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mariajose Metcalfe
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Rafer Willenberg
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Juan Luo
- Department of Physiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ricardo Azevedo
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jacob H Martin-Thompson
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sunil P Gandhi
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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17
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Singleton AC, Brown AR, Teskey GC. Development and plasticity of complex movement representations. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:628-637. [PMID: 33471611 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00531.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian motor cortex is topographically organized into representations of discrete body parts (motor maps). Studies in adult rats using long-duration intracortical microstimulation (LD-ICMS) reveal that forelimb motor cortex is functionally organized into several spatially distinct areas encoding complex, multijoint movement sequences: elevate, advance, grasp, and retract. The topographical arrangement of complex movements during development and the influence of skilled learning are unknown. Here, we determined the emergence and topography of complex forelimb movement representations in rats between postnatal days (PND) 13 and 60. We further investigated the expression of the maps for complex movements under conditions of reduced cortical inhibition and whether skilled forelimb motor training could alter their developing topography. We report that simple forelimb movements are first evoked at PND 25 and are confined to the caudal forelimb area (CFA), whereas complex movements first reliably appear at PND 30 and are observed in both the caudal and rostral forelimb areas (RFA). During development, the topography of complex movement representations undergoes reorganization with "grasp" and "elevate" movements predominantly observed in the RFA and all four complex movements observed in CFA. Under reduced cortical inhibition, simple and complex movements were first observed in the CFA on PND 15 and 20, respectively, and the topography is altered relative to a saline control. Further, skilled motor learning was associated with increases in "grasp" and "retract" representations specific to the trained limb. Our results demonstrate that early-life motor experience during development can modify the topography of complex forelimb movement representations.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The motor cortex is topographically organized into maps of different body parts. We used to think that the function of motor cortex was to drive individual muscles, but more recently we have learned that it is also organized to make complex movements. However, the development and plasticity of those complex movements is completely unknown. In this paper, the emergence and topography of complex movement representation, as well as their plasticity during development, is detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Singleton
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew R Brown
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - G Campbell Teskey
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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18
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Moënne-Loccoz C, Astudillo-Valenzuela C, Skovgård K, Salazar-Reyes CA, Barrientos SA, García-Núñez XP, Cenci MA, Petersson P, Fuentes-Flores RA. Cortico-Striatal Oscillations Are Correlated to Motor Activity Levels in Both Physiological and Parkinsonian Conditions. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:56. [PMID: 32903888 PMCID: PMC7439091 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oscillatory neural activity in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical (CBGTC) loop is associated with the motor state of a subject, but also with the availability of modulatory neurotransmitters. For example, increased low-frequency oscillations in Parkinson’s disease (PD) are related to decreased levels of dopamine and have been proposed as biomarkers to adapt and optimize therapeutic interventions, such as deep brain stimulation. Using neural oscillations as biomarkers require differentiating between changes in oscillatory patterns associated with parkinsonism vs. those related to a subject’s motor state. To address this point, we studied the correlation between neural oscillatory activity in the motor cortex and striatum and varying degrees of motor activity under normal and parkinsonian conditions. Using rats with bilateral or unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions as PD models, we correlated the motion index (MI)—a measure based on the physical acceleration of the head of rats—to the local field potential (LFP) oscillatory power in the 1–80 Hz range. In motor cortices and striata, we observed a robust correlation between the motion index and the oscillatory power in two main broad frequency ranges: a low-frequency range [5.0–26.5 Hz] was negatively correlated to motor activity, whereas a high-frequency range [35.0–79.9 Hz] was positively correlated. We observed these correlations in both normal and parkinsonian conditions. In addition to these general changes in broad-band power, we observed a more restricted narrow-band oscillation [25–40 Hz] in dopamine-denervated hemispheres. This oscillation, which seems to be selective to the parkinsonian state, showed a linear frequency dependence on the concurrent motor activity level. We conclude that, independently of the parkinsonian condition, changes in broad-band oscillatory activities of cortico-basal ganglia networks (including changes in the relative power of low- and high-frequency bands) are closely correlated to ongoing motions, most likely reflecting he operations of these neural circuits to control motor activity. Hence, biomarkers based on neural oscillations should focus on specific features, such as narrow frequency bands, to allow differentiation between parkinsonian states and physiological movement-dependent circuit modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal Moënne-Loccoz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Control Motor y Neuromodulación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Astudillo-Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Control Motor y Neuromodulación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katrine Skovgård
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, The Group for Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carolina A Salazar-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Control Motor y Neuromodulación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Programa de Magíster en Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian A Barrientos
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, The Group for Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ximena P García-Núñez
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Control Motor y Neuromodulación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Petersson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, The Group for Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rómulo A Fuentes-Flores
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Control Motor y Neuromodulación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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19
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Halley AC, Baldwin MKL, Cooke DF, Englund M, Krubitzer L. Distributed Motor Control of Limb Movements in Rat Motor and Somatosensory Cortex: The Sensorimotor Amalgam Revisited. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:6296-6312. [PMID: 32691053 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Which areas of the neocortex are involved in the control of movement, and how is motor cortex organized across species? Recent studies using long-train intracortical microstimulation demonstrate that in addition to M1, movements can be elicited from somatosensory regions in multiple species. In the rat, M1 hindlimb and forelimb movement representations have long been thought to overlap with somatosensory representations of the hindlimb and forelimb in S1, forming a partial sensorimotor amalgam. Here we use long-train intracortical microstimulation to characterize the movements elicited across frontal and parietal cortex. We found that movements of the hindlimb, forelimb, and face can be elicited from both M1 and histologically defined S1 and that representations of limb movement types are different in these two areas. Stimulation of S1 generates retraction of the contralateral forelimb, while stimulation of M1 evokes forelimb elevation movements that are often bilateral, including a rostral region of digit grasping. Hindlimb movement representations include distinct regions of hip flexion and hindlimb retraction evoked from S1 and hip extension evoked from M1. Our data indicate that both S1 and M1 are involved in the generation of movement types exhibited during natural behavior. We draw on these results to reconsider how sensorimotor cortex evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Halley
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Mary K L Baldwin
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Dylan F Cooke
- Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Englund
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Leah Krubitzer
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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20
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Morrison RA, Danaphongse TT, Pruitt DT, Adcock KS, Mathew JK, Abe ST, Abdulla DM, Rennaker RL, Kilgard MP, Hays SA. A limited range of vagus nerve stimulation intensities produce motor cortex reorganization when delivered during training. Behav Brain Res 2020; 391:112705. [PMID: 32473844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pairing vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) with rehabilitation has emerged as a potential strategy to improve recovery after neurological injury, an effect ascribed to VNS-dependent enhancement of synaptic plasticity. Previous studies demonstrate that pairing VNS with forelimb training increases forelimb movement representations in motor cortex. However, it is not known whether VNS-dependent enhancement of plasticity is restricted to forelimb training or whether VNS paired with other movements could induce plasticity of other motor representations. We tested the hypothesis that VNS paired with orofacial movements associated with chewing during an unskilled task would drive a specific increase in jaw representation in motor cortex compared to equivalent behavioral experience without VNS. Rats performed a behavioral task in which VNS at a specified intensity between 0 and 1.2 mA was paired with chewing 200 times per day for five days. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) was then used to document movement representations in motor cortex. VNS paired with chewing at 0.8 mA significantly increased motor cortex jaw representation compared to equivalent behavioral training without stimulation (Bonferroni-corrected unpaired t-test, p < 0.01). Higher and lower intensities failed to alter cortical plasticity. No changes in other movement representations or total motor cortex area were observed between groups. These results demonstrate that 0.8 mA VNS paired with training drives robust plasticity specific to the paired movement, is not restricted to forelimb representations, and occurs with training on an unskilled task. This suggests that moderate intensity VNS may be a useful adjuvant to enhance plasticity and support benefits of rehabilitative therapies targeting functions beyond upper limb movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Morrison
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States.
| | - Tanya T Danaphongse
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - David T Pruitt
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Katherine S Adcock
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Jobin K Mathew
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Stephanie T Abe
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Dina M Abdulla
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Robert L Rennaker
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Michael P Kilgard
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Seth A Hays
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, Richardson, TX, United States
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21
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Touvykine B, Elgbeili G, Quessy S, Dancause N. Interhemispheric modulations of motor outputs by the rostral and caudal forelimb areas in rats. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:1355-1368. [PMID: 32130080 PMCID: PMC7191520 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00591.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In rats, forelimb movements are evoked from two cortical regions, the caudal and rostral forelimb areas (CFA and RFA, respectively). These areas are densely interconnected and RFA induces complex and powerful modulations of CFA outputs. CFA and RFA also have interhemispheric connections, and these areas from both hemispheres send projections to common targets along the motor axis, providing multiple potential sites of interactions for movement production. Our objective was to characterize how CFA and RFA in one hemisphere can modulate motor outputs of the opposite hemisphere. To do so, we used paired-pulse protocols with intracortical microstimulation techniques (ICMS), while recording electromyographic (EMG) activity of forelimb muscles in sedated rats. A subthreshold conditioning stimulation was applied in either CFA or RFA in one hemisphere simultaneously or before a suprathreshold test stimulation in either CFA or RFA in the opposite hemisphere. Both CFA and RFA tended to facilitate motor outputs with short (0–2.5 ms) or long (20–35 ms) delays between the conditioning and test stimuli. In contrast, they tended to inhibit motor outputs with intermediate delays, in particular 10 ms. When comparing the two areas, we found that facilitatory effects from RFA were more frequent and powerful than the ones from CFA. In contrast, inhibitory effects from CFA on its homolog were more frequent and powerful than the ones from RFA. Our results demonstrate that interhemispheric modulations from CFA and RFA share some similarities but also have clear differences that could sustain specific functions these cortical areas carry for the generation of forelimb movements. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that caudal and rostral forelimb areas (CFA and RFA) have distinct effects on motor outputs from the opposite hemisphere, supporting that they are distinct nodes in the motor network of rats. However, the pattern of interhemispheric modulations from RFA has no clear equivalent among premotor areas in nonhuman primates, suggesting they contribute differently to the generation of ipsilateral hand movements. Understanding these interspecies differences is important given the common use of rodent models in motor control and recovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Touvykine
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Elgbeili
- Psychosocial Research Division, Douglas Institute Research Centre, Verdun, Québec, Canada
| | - Stephan Quessy
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Numa Dancause
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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22
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Bundy DT, Guggenmos DJ, Murphy MD, Nudo RJ. Chronic stability of single-channel neurophysiological correlates of gross and fine reaching movements in the rat. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219034. [PMID: 31665145 PMCID: PMC6821068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While substantial task-related neural activity has been observed during motor tasks in rodent primary motor cortex and premotor cortex, the long-term stability of these responses in healthy rats is uncertain, limiting the interpretability of longitudinal changes in the specific patterns of neural activity associated with learning or motor recovery following injury. This study examined the stability of task-related neural activity associated with execution of two distinct reaching tasks in healthy rodents. A novel automated rodent behavioral apparatus was constructed and rats were trained to perform a reaching task combining a ‘gross’ lever press and a ‘fine’ pellet retrieval. In each animal, two chronic microelectrode arrays were implanted in motor cortex spanning the caudal forelimb area (rodent primary motor cortex) and the rostral forelimb area (rodent premotor cortex). We recorded multiunit spiking and local field potential activity from 10 days to 7–10 weeks post-implantation to characterize the patterns of neural activity observed during each task component and analyzed the consistency of channel-specific task-related neural activity. Task-related changes in neural activity were observed on the majority of channels. While the task-related changes in multi-unit spiking and local field potential spectral power were consistent over several weeks, spectral power changes were more stable, despite the trade-off of decreased spatial and temporal resolution. These results show that neural activity in rodent primary and premotor cortex is associated with specific phases of reaching movements with stable patterns of task-related activity across time, establishing the relevance of the rodent for future studies designed to examine changes in task-related neural activity during recovery from focal cortical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. Bundy
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - David J. Guggenmos
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Maxwell D. Murphy
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Randolph J. Nudo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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More than Just a "Motor": Recent Surprises from the Frontal Cortex. J Neurosci 2019; 38:9402-9413. [PMID: 30381432 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1671-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor and premotor cortices are crucial for the control of movements. However, we still know little about how these areas contribute to higher-order motor control, such as deciding which movements to make and when to make them. Here we focus on rodent studies and review recent findings, which suggest that-in addition to motor control-neurons in motor cortices play a role in sensory integration, behavioral strategizing, working memory, and decision-making. We suggest that these seemingly disparate functions may subserve an evolutionarily conserved role in sensorimotor cognition and that further study of rodent motor cortices could make a major contribution to our understanding of the evolution and function of the mammalian frontal cortex.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Bundy
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (D.T.B., R.J.N.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Randolph J Nudo
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (D.T.B., R.J.N.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS.,Landon Center on Aging (R.J.N.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
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25
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Dynamic Interaction between Cortico-Brainstem Pathways during Training-Induced Recovery in Stroke Model Rats. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7306-7320. [PMID: 31395620 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0649-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reorganization of residual descending motor circuits underlies poststroke recovery. We previously clarified a causal relationship between the cortico-rubral tract and intensive limb use-induced functional recovery after internal capsule hemorrhage (ICH). However, other descending tracts, such as the cortico-reticular tract, might also be involved in rehabilitation-induced compensation. To investigate whether rehabilitation-induced recovery after ICH involves a shift in the compensatory circuit from the cortico-rubral tract to the cortico-reticular tract, we established loss of function of the cortico-rubral tract or/and cortico-reticular tract using two sets of viral vectors comprising the Tet-on system and designer receptors exclusively activated by the designer drug system. We used an ICH model that destroyed almost 60% of the corticofugal fibers. Anterograde tracing in rehabilitated rats revealed abundant sprouting of axons from the motor cortex in the red nucleus but not in the medullary reticular formation during the early phase of recovery. This primary contribution of the cortico-rubral tract was demonstrated by its selective blockade, whereas selective cortico-reticular tract silencing had little effect. Interestingly, cortico-rubral tract blockade from the start of rehabilitation induced an obvious increase of axon sprouting in the reticular formation with substantial functional recovery. Additional cortico-reticular tract silencing under the cortico-rubral tract blockade significantly worsened the recovered forelimb function. Furthermore, the alternative recruitment of the cortico-reticular tract was gradually induced by intensive limb use under cortico-rubral tract blockade, in which cortico-reticular tract silencing caused an apparent motor deficit. These findings indicate that individual cortico-brainstem pathways have dynamic compensatory potency to support rehabilitative functional recovery after ICH.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study aimed to clarify the interaction between the cortico-rubral and the cortico-reticular tract during intensive rehabilitation and functional recovery after capsular stroke. Pathway-selective disturbance by two sets of viral vectors revealed that the cortico-rubral tract was involved in rehabilitation-induced recovery of forelimb function from an early phase after internal capsule hemorrhage, but that the cortico-reticular tract was not. The sequential disturbance of both tracts revealed that the cortico-reticular tract was recruited and involved in rehabilitation-induced recovery when the cortico-rubral tract failed to function. Our data demonstrate a dynamic compensatory action of individual cortico-brainstem pathways for recovery through poststroke rehabilitation.
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26
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Kameda H, Murabe N, Odagaki K, Mizukami H, Ozawa K, Sakurai M. Differential innervation within a transverse plane of spinal gray matter by sensorimotor cortices, with special reference to the somatosensory cortices. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1401-1415. [PMID: 30620045 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The corticospinal (CS) neurons projecting to the cervical cord distribute not only in motor-related cortical areas, but also in somatosensory areas, including the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). The exact functions of these widely distributed CS neurons are largely unknown, however. In this study, we injected mice with adeno-associated virus encoding membrane-binding fluorescent proteins to investigate the distribution of axons from CS neurons in different regions within a broad cortical area. We found that CS axons from the primary motor cortex (M1), the rostral part of S1 (S1r), and the caudal part of S1 (S1c) differentially project to specific compartments within the spinal gray matter of the seventh cervical cord segment: (a) M1 projects mainly to intermediate and ventral areas, (b) S1r to the mediodorsal area, and (c) S1c to the dorsolateral area. We also found that the projection from S1r, which corresponds to the forelimb area, largely overlaps the cutaneous afferent terminals from the forepaw (hand) in the dorsal horn, and we detected a similar relation between S1c and the trunk. Our findings suggest the existence of considerably fine somatotopic compartments within the dorsal horn that process somatosensation and descending information, which is provided mainly by S1 CS neurons and contribute to delicate control of sensory information in generation of movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kameda
- Department of Physiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Murabe
- Department of Physiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Odagaki
- Department of Physiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Keiya Ozawa
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.,Division of Genetic Therapeutics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Sakurai
- Department of Physiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Balbinot G, Schuch CP. Compensatory Relearning Following Stroke: Cellular and Plasticity Mechanisms in Rodents. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1023. [PMID: 30766468 PMCID: PMC6365459 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
von Monakow’s theory of diaschisis states the functional ‘standstill’ of intact brain regions that are remote from a damaged area, often implied in recovery of function. Accordingly, neural plasticity and activity patterns related to recovery are also occurring at the same regions. Recovery relies on plasticity in the periinfarct and homotopic contralesional regions and involves relearning to perform movements. Seeking evidence for a relearning mechanism following stroke, we found that rodents display many features that resemble classical learning and memory mechanisms. Compensatory relearning is likely to be accompanied by gradual shaping of these regions and pathways, with participating neurons progressively adapting cortico-striato-thalamic activity and synaptic strengths at different cortico-thalamic loops – adapting function relayed by the striatum. Motor cortex functional maps are progressively reinforced and shaped by these loops as the striatum searches for different functional actions. Several cortical and striatal cellular mechanisms that influence motor learning may also influence post-stroke compensatory relearning. Future research should focus on how different neuromodulatory systems could act before, during or after rehabilitation to improve stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Balbinot
- Brain Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Pedrini Schuch
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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28
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Mao H, Yuan Y, Si J. Cortical neural modulation by previous trial outcome differentiates fast- from slow-learning rats on a visuomotor directional choice task. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:50-60. [PMID: 30379632 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00950.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand the neural cortical underpinnings that explain behavioral differences in learning rate, we recorded single-unit activity in primary motor (M1) and secondary motor (M2) areas while rats learned to perform a directional (left or right) operant visuomotor association task. Analysis of neural activity during the early portion of the cue period showed that neural modulation in the motor cortex was most strongly associated with two task factors: the previous trial outcome (success or error) and the current trial's directional choice (left or right). Furthermore, the fast learners, defined as those who had steeper learning curves and required fewer learning sessions to reach criterion performance, encoded the previous trial outcome factor more strongly than the directional choice factor. Conversely, the slow learners encoded directional choice more strongly than previous trial outcome. These differences in task factor encoding were observed in both the percentage of neurons and the neural modulation depth. These results suggest that fast learning is accompanied by a stronger component of previous trial outcome in the modulation representation present in motor cortex, which therefore may be a contributing factor to behavioral differences in learning rate. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We chronically recorded neural activity as rats learned a visuomotor directional choice task from a naive state. Learning rates varied. Single-unit neural modulation of two motor areas revealed that the fast learners encoded previous trial outcome more strongly than directional choice, whereas the reverse was true for slow learners. This finding provides novel evidence that rat learning rate is strongly correlated with the strength of neural modulation by previous trial outcome in motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Mao
- Systems Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuan Yuan
- School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona
| | - Jennie Si
- School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona.,School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona
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29
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Morrison RA, Hulsey DR, Adcock KS, Rennaker RL, Kilgard MP, Hays SA. Vagus nerve stimulation intensity influences motor cortex plasticity. Brain Stimul 2018; 12:256-262. [PMID: 30409712 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) paired with forelimb motor training enhances reorganization of movement representations in the motor cortex. Previous studies have shown an inverted-U relationship between VNS intensity and plasticity in other brain areas, such that moderate intensity VNS yields greater cortical plasticity than low or high intensity VNS. However, the relationship between VNS intensity and plasticity in the motor cortex is unknown. OBJECTIVE In this study we sought to test the hypothesis that VNS intensity exhibits an inverted-U relationship with the degree of motor cortex plasticity in rats. METHODS Rats were taught to perform a lever pressing task emphasizing use of the proximal forelimb musculature. Once proficient, rats underwent five additional days of behavioral training in which low intensity VNS (0.4 mA), moderate intensity VNS (0.8 mA), high intensity VNS (1.6 mA), or sham stimulation was paired with forelimb movement. 24 h after the completion of behavioral training, intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) was used to document movement representations in the motor cortex. RESULTS VNS delivered at 0.8 mA caused a significant increase in motor cortex proximal forelimb representation compared to training alone. VNS delivered at 0.4 mA and 1.6 mA failed to cause a significant expansion of proximal forelimb representation. CONCLUSION Moderate intensity 0.8 mA VNS optimally enhances motor cortex plasticity while low intensity 0.4 mA and high intensity 1.6 mA VNS fail to enhance plasticity. Plasticity in the motor cortex exhibits an inverted-U function of VNS intensity similar to previous findings in auditory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Morrison
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, USA; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, USA.
| | - Daniel R Hulsey
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Katherine S Adcock
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, USA; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Robert L Rennaker
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, USA; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, USA; The University of Texas at Dallas, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Michael P Kilgard
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, USA; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, USA; The University of Texas at Dallas, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Seth A Hays
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, USA; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, USA; The University of Texas at Dallas, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, Richardson, TX, USA
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30
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Mohammed H, Hollis ER. Cortical Reorganization of Sensorimotor Systems and the Role of Intracortical Circuits After Spinal Cord Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:588-603. [PMID: 29882081 PMCID: PMC6095783 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-0638-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasticity of sensorimotor systems in mammals underlies the capacity for motor learning as well as the ability to relearn following injury. Spinal cord injury, which both deprives afferent input and interrupts efferent output, results in a disruption of cortical somatotopy. While changes in corticospinal axons proximal to the lesion are proposed to support the reorganization of cortical motor maps after spinal cord injury, intracortical horizontal connections are also likely to be critical substrates for rehabilitation-mediated recovery. Intrinsic connections have been shown to dictate the reorganization of cortical maps that occurs in response to skilled motor learning as well as after peripheral injury. Cortical networks incorporate changes in motor and sensory circuits at subcortical or spinal levels to induce map remodeling in the neocortex. This review focuses on the reorganization of cortical networks observed after injury and posits a role of intracortical circuits in recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Mohammed
- Burke Neurological Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA
| | - Edmund R Hollis
- Burke Neurological Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA.
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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31
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Neurophysiological effects in cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuits of antidyskinetic treatment with 5-HT1A receptor biased agonists. Exp Neurol 2018; 302:155-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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32
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Baldwin MKL, Cooke DF, Krubitzer L. Intracortical Microstimulation Maps of Motor, Somatosensory, and Posterior Parietal Cortex in Tree Shrews (Tupaia belangeri) Reveal Complex Movement Representations. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:1439-1456. [PMID: 26759478 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-train intracortical microstimulation (LT-ICMS) is a popular method for studying the organization of motor and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in mammals. In primates, LT-ICMS evokes both multijoint and multiple-body-part movements in primary motor, premotor, and PPC. In rodents, LT-ICMS evokes complex movements of a single limb in motor cortex. Unfortunately, very little is known about motor/PPC organization in other mammals. Tree shrews are closely related to both primates and rodents and could provide insights into the evolution of complex movement domains in primates. The present study investigated the extent of cortex in which movements could be evoked with ICMS and the characteristics of movements elicited using both short train (ST) and LT-ICMS in tree shrews. We demonstrate that LT-ICMS and ST-ICMS maps are similar, with the movements elicited with ST-ICMS being truncated versions of those elicited with LT-ICMS. In addition, LT-ICMS-evoked complex movements within motor cortex similar to those in rodents. More complex movements involving multiple body parts such as the hand and mouth were also elicited in motor cortex and PPC, as in primates. Our results suggest that complex movement networks present in PPC and motor cortex were present in mammals prior to the emergence of primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K L Baldwin
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dylan F Cooke
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Leah Krubitzer
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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33
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Unilateral forelimb sensorimotor cortex devascularization disrupts the topographic and kinematic characteristics of hand movements while string-pulling for food in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2018; 338:88-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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34
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Ivica N, Richter U, Sjöbom J, Brys I, Tamtè M, Petersson P. Changes in neuronal activity of cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic networks induced by acute dopaminergic manipulations in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 47:236-250. [PMID: 29250896 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The basal ganglia are thought to be particularly sensitive to changes in dopaminergic tone, and the realization that reduced dopaminergic signaling causes pronounced motor dysfunction is the rationale behind dopamine replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease. It has, however, proven difficult to identify which neurophysiological changes that ultimately lead to motor dysfunctions. To clarify this, we have here recorded neuronal activity throughout the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuits in freely behaving rats during periods of immobility following acute dopaminergic manipulations, involving both vesicular dopamine depletion and antagonism of D1 and D2 type dopamine receptors. Synchronized and rhythmic activities were detected in the form of betaband oscillations in local field potentials and as cortical entrainment of action potentials in several basal ganglia structures. Analyses of the temporal development of synchronized oscillations revealed a spread from cortex to gradually also include deeper structures. In addition, firing rate changes involving neurons in all parts of the network were observed. These changes were typically relatively balanced within each structure, resulting in negligible net rate changes. Animals treated with D1 receptor antagonist showed a rapid onset of hypokinesia that preceded most of the neurophysiological changes, with the exception of these balanced rate changes. Parallel rate changes in functionally coupled ensembles of neurons in different structures may therefore be the first step in a cascade of neurophysiological changes underlying motor symptoms in the parkinsonian state. We suggest that balanced rate changes in distributed networks are possible mechanism of disease that should be further investigated in conditions involving dopaminergic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedjeljka Ivica
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, BMC, S-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrike Richter
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, BMC, S-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joel Sjöbom
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, BMC, S-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ivani Brys
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, BMC, S-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Tamtè
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, BMC, S-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Petersson
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, BMC, S-221 84, Lund, Sweden
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35
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Whishaw IQ, Faraji J, Mirza Agha B, Kuntz JR, Metz GAS, Mohajerani MH. A mouse's spontaneous eating repertoire aids performance on laboratory skilled reaching tasks: A motoric example of instinctual drift with an ethological description of the withdraw movements in freely-moving and head-fixed mice. Behav Brain Res 2017; 337:80-90. [PMID: 28964910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rodents display a spontaneous "order-common" pattern of food eating: they pick up food using the mouth, sit on their haunches, and transfer the food to the hands for handling/chewing. The present study examines how this pattern of behaviour influences performance on "skilled-reaching" tasks, in which mice purchase food with a single hand. Here five types of withdraw movement, the retraction of the hand, in three reaching tasks: freely-moving single-pellet, head-fixed single-pellet, and head-fixed pasta-eating is described. The withdraw movement varied depending upon whether a reach was anticipatory, no food present, or was unsuccessful or successful with food present. Ease of withdraw is dependent upon the extent to which animals used order-common movements. For freely-moving mice, a hand-to-mouth movement was assisted by a mouth-to-hand movement and food transfer to the mouth depended upon a sitting posture and using the other hand to assist food holding, both order-common movements. In the head-fixed single-pellet task, with postural and head movements prevented, withdraw was made with difficulty and tongue protrude movements assisted food transfer to the mouth once the hand reached the mouth. Only when a head-fixed mouse made a bilateral hand-to-mouth movement, a component of order-common eating, was the withdraw movement made with ease. The results are discussed with respect to the use of order-common movements in skilled-reaching tasks and with respect to the optimal design of tasks used to assess rodent skilled hand movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Q Whishaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Jamshid Faraji
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada; Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Gorgan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Behroo Mirza Agha
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Jessica R Kuntz
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Gerlinde A S Metz
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Majid H Mohajerani
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
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Hayn L, Deppermann L, Koch M. Reduction of the foreign body response and neuroprotection by apyrase and minocycline in chronic cannula implantation in the rat brain. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:313-323. [PMID: 27864839 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Implantation of electrodes or cannulae into the brain is accompanied by a tissue response referred to as foreign body response. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is one of the signalling molecules released by injured cells which mediate the chemoattraction of microglial cells. The constitutive release of pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic substances by microglial cells in chronic implants exacerbates neuronal cell death and the immune response. This study aimed to interfere with the initial events of the foreign body response in order to mitigate neurotoxicity and inflammation. For this purpose, the ATP-hydrolysing enzyme apyrase and the antibiotic minocycline with a broad range of anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and glutamate-antagonist properties were locally infused during cannula implantation in the caudal forelimb area of the motor cortex in Lister Hooded rats. The rats' motor performance was assessed in a skilled reaching task and the distribution of neurons and glial cells in the vicinity of the implant was examined 2 and 6 weeks post-implantation. Apyrase as well as minocycline increased the number of surviving neurons and reduced microglial activation. Moreover, minocycline improved the motor performance and, additionally, caused a temporary reduction in astrogliosis, suggesting it as a possible therapeutic candidate to improve the biocompatibility of chronic brain implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Hayn
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Brain Research Institute, Centre for Cognitive Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Linda Deppermann
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Brain Research Institute, Centre for Cognitive Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Michael Koch
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Brain Research Institute, Centre for Cognitive Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Abstract
The motor cortex is far from a stable conduit for motor commands and instead undergoes significant changes during learning. An understanding of motor cortex plasticity has been advanced greatly using rodents as experimental animals. Two major focuses of this research have been on the connectivity and activity of the motor cortex. The motor cortex exhibits structural changes in response to learning, and substantial evidence has implicated the local formation and maintenance of new synapses as crucial substrates of motor learning. This synaptic reorganization translates into changes in spiking activity, which appear to result in a modification and refinement of the relationship between motor cortical activity and movement. This review presents the progress that has been made using rodents to establish the motor cortex as an adaptive structure that supports motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Peters
- Neurobiology Section, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, and Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; , ,
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Haixin Liu
- Neurobiology Section, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, and Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; , ,
| | - Takaki Komiyama
- Neurobiology Section, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, and Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; , ,
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38
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Abe Y, Kato C, Uchima Koecklin KH, Okihara H, Ishida T, Fujita K, Yabushita T, Kokai S, Ono T. Unilateral nasal obstruction affects motor representation development within the face primary motor cortex in growing rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:1494-1503. [PMID: 28336541 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01130.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal growth is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Nasal obstruction during growth alters the electromyographic activity of orofacial muscles. The facial primary motor area represents muscles of the tongue and jaw, which are essential in regulating orofacial motor functions, including chewing and jaw opening. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chronic unilateral nasal obstruction during growth on the motor representations within the face primary motor cortex (M1). Seventy-two 6-day-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control (n = 36) and experimental (n = 36) groups. Rats in the experimental group underwent unilateral nasal obstruction after cauterization of the external nostril at 8 days of age. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) mapping was performed when the rats were 5, 7, 9, and 11 wk old in control and experimental groups (n = 9 per group per time point). Repeated-measures multivariate ANOVA was used for intergroup and intragroup statistical comparisons. In the control and experimental groups, the total number of positive ICMS sites for the genioglossus and anterior digastric muscles was significantly higher at 5, 7, and 9 wk, but there was no significant difference between 9 and 11 wk of age. Moreover, the total number of positive ICMS sites was significantly smaller in the experimental group than in the control at each age. It is possible that nasal obstruction induced the initial changes in orofacial motor behavior in response to the altered respiratory pattern, which eventually contributed to face-M1 neuroplasticity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Unilateral nasal obstruction in rats during growth periods induced changes in arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and altered development of the motor representation within the face primary cortex. Unilateral nasal obstruction occurring during growth periods may greatly affect not only respiratory function but also craniofacial function in rats. Nasal obstruction should be treated as soon as possible to avoid adverse effects on normal growth, development, and physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Abe
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiho Kato
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karin Harumi Uchima Koecklin
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Okihara
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ishida
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Fujita
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadachika Yabushita
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kokai
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Organization of the reach and grasp in head-fixed vs freely-moving mice provides support for multiple motor channel theory of neocortical organization. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:1919-1932. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4925-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Kunori N, Takashima I. High-order motor cortex in rats receives somatosensory inputs from the primary motor cortex via cortico-cortical pathways. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:2925-2934. [PMID: 27717064 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The motor cortex of rats contains two forelimb motor areas; the caudal forelimb area (CFA) and the rostral forelimb area (RFA). Although the RFA is thought to correspond to the premotor and/or supplementary motor cortices of primates, which are higher-order motor areas that receive somatosensory inputs, it is unknown whether the RFA of rats receives somatosensory inputs in the same manner. To investigate this issue, voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging was used to assess the motor cortex in rats following a brief electrical stimulation of the forelimb. This procedure was followed by intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) mapping to identify the motor representations in the imaged cortex. The combined use of VSD imaging and ICMS revealed that both the CFA and RFA received excitatory synaptic inputs after forelimb stimulation. Further evaluation of the sensory input pathway to the RFA revealed that the forelimb-evoked RFA response was abolished either by the pharmacological inactivation of the CFA or a cortical transection between the CFA and RFA. These results suggest that forelimb-related sensory inputs would be transmitted to the RFA from the CFA via the cortico-cortical pathway. Thus, the present findings imply that sensory information processed in the RFA may be used for the generation of coordinated forelimb movements, which would be similar to the function of the higher-order motor cortex in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Kunori
- Human Informatics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, 305-8568, Japan.,Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takashima
- Human Informatics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, 305-8568, Japan.,Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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41
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Causal Link between the Cortico-Rubral Pathway and Functional Recovery through Forced Impaired Limb Use in Rats with Stroke. J Neurosci 2016; 36:455-67. [PMID: 26758837 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2399-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Intensive rehabilitation is believed to induce use-dependent plasticity in the injured nervous system; however, its causal relationship to functional recovery is unclear. Here, we performed systematic analysis of the effects of forced use of an impaired forelimb on the recovery of rats after lesioning the internal capsule with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Forced limb use (FLU) group rats exhibited better recovery of skilled forelimb functions and their cortical motor area with forelimb representation was restored and enlarged on the ipsilesional side. In addition, abundant axonal sprouting from the reemerged forelimb area was found in the ipsilateral red nucleus after FLU. To test the causal relationship between the plasticity in the cortico-rubral pathway and recovery, loss-of-function experiments were conducted using a double-viral vector technique, which induces selective blockade of the target pathway. Blockade of the cortico-rubral tract resulted in deficits of the recovered forelimb function in FLU group rats. These findings suggest that the cortico-rubral pathway is a substrate for recovery induced by intensive rehabilitation after ICH. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The research aimed at determining the causal linkage between reorganization of the motor pathway induced by intensive rehabilitative training and recovery after stroke. We clarified the expansion of the forelimb representation area of the ipsilesional motor cortex by forced impaired forelimb use (FLU) after lesioning the internal capsule with intracerebral hemorrhaging (ICH) in rats. Anterograde tracing showed robust axonal sprouting from the forelimb area to the red nucleus in response to FLU. Selective blockade of the cortico-rubral pathway by the novel double-viral vector technique clearly revealed that the increased cortico-rubral axonal projections had causal linkage to the recovery of reaching movements induced by FLU. Our data demonstrate that the cortico-rubral pathway is responsible for the effect of intensive limb use.
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42
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Mohammed H, Jain N. Ipsilateral cortical inputs to the rostral and caudal motor areas in rats. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:3104-23. [PMID: 27037503 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rats have a complete body representation in the primary motor cortex (M1). Rostrally there are additional representations of the forelimb and whiskers, called the rostral forelimb area (RFA) and the rostral whisker area (RWA). Recently we showed that sources of thalamic inputs to RFA and RWA are similar, but they are different from those for the caudal forelimb area (CFA) and the caudal whisker area (CWA) of M1 (Mohammed and Jain [2014] J Comp Neurol 522:528-545). We proposed that RWA and RFA are part of a second motor area, the rostral motor area (RMA). Here we report ipsilateral cortical connections of whisker representation in RMA, and compare them with connections of CWA. Connections of RFA, CFA, and the caudally located hindlimb area (CHA), which is a part of M1, were determined for comparison. The most distinctive features of cortical inputs to RWA compared with CWA include lack of inputs from the face region of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), and only about half as much inputs from S1 compared with the lateral somatosensory areas S2 (second somatosensory area) and the parietal ventral area (PV). A similar pattern of inputs is seen for CFA and RFA, with RFA receiving smaller proportion of inputs from the forepaw region of S1 compared with CFA, and receiving fewer inputs from S1 compared with those from S2. These and other features of the cortical input pattern suggest that RMA has a distinct, and more of integrative functional role compared with M1. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3104-3123, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Mohammed
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, 122 051, India
| | - Neeraj Jain
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, 122 051, India
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43
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Hulsey DR, Hays SA, Khodaparast N, Ruiz A, Das P, Rennaker RL, Kilgard MP. Reorganization of Motor Cortex by Vagus Nerve Stimulation Requires Cholinergic Innervation. Brain Stimul 2016; 9:174-81. [PMID: 26822960 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) paired with forelimb training drives robust, specific reorganization of movement representations in the motor cortex. The mechanisms that underlie VNS-dependent enhancement of map plasticity are largely unknown. The cholinergic nucleus basalis (NB) is a critical substrate in cortical plasticity, and several studies suggest that VNS activates cholinergic circuitry. OBJECTIVE We examined whether the NB is required for VNS-dependent enhancement of map plasticity in the motor cortex. METHODS Rats were trained to perform a lever pressing task and then received injections of the immunotoxin 192-IgG-saporin to selectively lesion cholinergic neurons of the NB. After lesion, rats underwent five days of motor training during which VNS was paired with successful trials. At the conclusion of behavioral training, intracortical microstimulation was used to document movement representations in motor cortex. RESULTS VNS paired with forelimb training resulted in a substantial increase in the representation of proximal forelimb in rats with an intact NB compared to untrained controls. NB lesions prevent this VNS-dependent increase in proximal forelimb area and result in representations similar to untrained controls. Motor performance was similar between groups, suggesting that differences in forelimb function cannot account for the difference in proximal forelimb representation. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings indicate that the NB is required for VNS-dependent enhancement of plasticity in the motor cortex and may provide insight into the mechanisms that underlie the benefits of VNS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Hulsey
- School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA
| | - Seth A Hays
- School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA; Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA; Texas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA.
| | - Navid Khodaparast
- School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA; Texas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA
| | - Andrea Ruiz
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA
| | - Priyanka Das
- Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA
| | - Robert L Rennaker
- School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA; Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA; Texas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA
| | - Michael P Kilgard
- School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA; Texas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA
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44
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Tamtè M, Brys I, Richter U, Ivica N, Halje P, Petersson P. Systems-level neurophysiological state characteristics for drug evaluation in an animal model of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:1713-29. [PMID: 26740532 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00868.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Disorders affecting the central nervous system have proven particularly hard to treat, and disappointingly few novel therapies have reached the clinics in recent decades. A better understanding of the physiological processes in the brain underlying various symptoms could therefore greatly improve the rate of progress in this field. We here show how systems-level descriptions of different brain states reliably can be obtained through a newly developed method based on large-scale recordings in distributed neural networks encompassing several different brain structures. Using this technology, we characterize the neurophysiological states associated with parkinsonism and levodopa-induced dyskinesia in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease together with pharmacological interventions aimed at reducing dyskinetic symptoms. Our results show that the obtained electrophysiological data add significant information to conventional behavioral evaluations and hereby elucidate the underlying effects of treatments in greater detail. Taken together, these results potentially open up for studies of neurophysiological mechanisms underlying symptoms in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric conditions that until now have been very hard to investigate in animal models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tamtè
- Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ivani Brys
- Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrike Richter
- Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nedjeljka Ivica
- Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pär Halje
- Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Petersson
- Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Maeda H, Fukuda S, Kameda H, Murabe N, Isoo N, Mizukami H, Ozawa K, Sakurai M. Corticospinal axons make direct synaptic connections with spinal motoneurons innervating forearm muscles early during postnatal development in the rat. J Physiol 2015; 594:189-205. [PMID: 26503304 DOI: 10.1113/jp270885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Direct connections between corticospinal (CS) axons and motoneurons (MNs) appear to be present only in higher primates, where they are essential for discrete movement of the digits. Their presence in adult rodents was once claimed but is now questioned. We report that MNs innervating forearm muscles in infant rats receive monosynaptic input from CS axons, but MNs innervating proximal muscles do not, which is a pattern similar to that in primates. Our experiments were carefully designed to show monosynaptic connections. This entailed selective electrical and optogenetic stimulation of CS axons and recording from MNs identified by retrograde labelling from innervated muscles. Morphological evidence was also obtained for rigorous identification of CS axons and MNs. These connections would be transient and would regress later during development. These results shed light on the development and evolution of direct CS-MN connections, which serve as the basis for dexterity in humans. Recent evidence suggests there is no direct connection between corticospinal (CS) axons and spinal motoneurons (MNs) in adult rodents. We previously showed that CS synapses are present throughout the spinal cord for a time, but are eliminated from the ventral horn during development in rodents. This raises the possibility that CS axons transiently make direct connections with MNs located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. This was tested in the present study. Using cervical cord slices prepared from rats on postnatal days (P) 7-9, CS axons were stimulated and whole cell recordings were made from MNs retrogradely labelled with fluorescent cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) injected into selected groups of muscles. To selectively activate CS axons, electrical stimulation was carefully limited to the CS tract. In addition we employed optogenetic stimulation after injecting an adeno-associated virus vector encoding channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) into the sensorimotor cortex on P0. We were then able to record monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic currents from MNs innervating forearm muscles, but not from those innervating proximal muscles. We also showed close contacts between CTB-labelled MNs and CS axons labelled through introduction of fluorescent protein-conjugated synaptophysin or the ChR2 expression system. We confirmed that some of these contacts colocalized with postsynaptic density protein 95 in their partner dendrites. It is intriguing from both phylogenetic and ontogenetic viewpoints that direct and putatively transient CS-MN connections were found only on MNs innervating the forearm muscles in infant rats, as this is analogous to the connection pattern seen in adult primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Maeda
- Department of Physiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukuda
- Department of Physiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kameda
- Department of Physiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Murabe
- Department of Physiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Noriko Isoo
- Department of Physiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Keiya Ozawa
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.,Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo University, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masaki Sakurai
- Department of Physiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
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46
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Suppression of excitotoxicity and foreign body response by memantine in chronic cannula implantation into the rat brain. Brain Res Bull 2015; 117:54-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Motor cortex is functionally organized as a set of spatially distinct representations for complex movements. J Neurosci 2015; 34:13574-85. [PMID: 25297087 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2500-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a long-standing debate regarding the functional organization of motor cortex. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) studies have provided two contrasting views depending on the duration of stimulation. In the rat, short-duration ICMS reveals two spatially distributed forelimb movement representations, the rostral forelimb area (RFA) and caudal forelimb area (CFA), eliciting identical movements. In contrast, long-duration ICMS reveals spatially distributed, complex, multijoint movement areas, with grasping found exclusively in the rostral area and reach-shaping movements of the arm located in the caudal area. To provide corroboration for which interpretation is correct, we selectively inactivated the RFA/grasp area during the performance of skilled forelimb behaviors using a reversible cortical cooling deactivation technique. A significant impairment of grasping in the single-pellet retrieval task and manipulations of pasta was observed during cooling deactivation of the RFA/grasp area, but not the CFA/arm area. Our results indicate a movement-based, rather than a muscle-based, functional organization of motor cortex, and provide evidence for a conserved homology of independent grasp and reach circuitry shared between primates and rats.
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48
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Avivi-Arber L, Lee JC, Sood M, Lakschevitz F, Fung M, Barashi-Gozal M, Glogauer M, Sessle BJ. Long-term neuroplasticity of the face primary motor cortex and adjacent somatosensory cortex induced by tooth loss can be reversed following dental implant replacement in rats. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:2372-89. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Limor Avivi-Arber
- Department of Prosthodontic; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Department of Oral Physiology; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
| | - Jye-Chang Lee
- Department of Oral Physiology; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
| | - Mandeep Sood
- Department of Oral Physiology; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Department of Orthodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
| | - Flavia Lakschevitz
- Department of Periodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
| | - Michelle Fung
- Department of Oral Physiology; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
| | - Maayan Barashi-Gozal
- Department of Periodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Department of Periodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
| | - Barry J. Sessle
- Department of Oral Physiology; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
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Touvykine B, Mansoori BK, Jean-Charles L, Deffeyes J, Quessy S, Dancause N. The Effect of Lesion Size on the Organization of the Ipsilesional and Contralesional Motor Cortex. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2015; 30:280-92. [PMID: 25967757 PMCID: PMC4766967 DOI: 10.1177/1545968315585356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recovery of hand function following lesions in the primary motor cortex (M1) is associated with a reorganization of premotor areas in the ipsilesional hemisphere, and this reorganization depends on the size of the lesion. It is not clear how lesion size affects motor representations in the contralesional hemisphere and how the effects in the 2 hemispheres compare. Our goal was to study how lesion size affects motor representations in the ipsilesional and contralesional hemispheres. In rats, we induced lesions of different sizes in the caudal forelimb area (CFA), the equivalent of M1. The effective lesion volume in each animal was quantified histologically. Behavioral recovery was evaluated with the Montoya Staircase task for 28 days after the lesion. Then, the organization of the CFA and the rostral forelimb area (RFA)—the putative premotor area in rats—in the 2 cerebral hemispheres was studied with intracortical microstimulation mapping techniques. The distal forelimb representation in the RFA of both the ipsilesional and contralesional hemispheres was positively correlated with the size of the lesion. In contrast, lesion size had no effect on the contralesional CFA, and there was no relationship between movement representations in the 2 hemispheres. Finally, only the contralesional RFA was negatively correlated with chronic motor deficits of the paretic forelimb. Our data show that lesion size has comparable effects on motor representations in premotor areas of both hemispheres and suggest that the contralesional premotor cortex may play a greater role in the recovery of the paretic forelimb following large lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Touvykine
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Babak K Mansoori
- Département de Biologie moléculaire, Biochimie médicale et pathologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Loyda Jean-Charles
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Joan Deffeyes
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephan Quessy
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Numa Dancause
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Deffeyes JE, Touvykine B, Quessy S, Dancause N. Interactions between rostral and caudal cortical motor areas in the rat. J Neurophysiol 2015; 113:3893-904. [PMID: 25855697 PMCID: PMC4480625 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00760.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In rats, forelimb movements can be evoked from two distinct cortical regions, the rostral (RFA) and the caudal (CFA) forelimb areas. RFA and CFA have numerous reciprocal connections, and their projections reach several common targets, which allows them to interact at multiple levels of the motor axis. Lesions affecting these areas result in profound and persistent deficits, supporting their essential role for the production of arm and hand movements. Whereas rats are widely used to study motor control and recovery following lesions, little is known as to how cortical motor areas in this model interact to generate movements. To study interactions between RFA and CFA, we used paired-pulse protocols with intracortical microstimulation techniques (ICMS). A conditioning stimulus (C) in RFA was applied simultaneously, or before a test stimulus (T) in CFA. The impact of RFA conditioning on CFA outputs was quantified by recording electromyographic signals (EMG) signals from the contralateral arm muscles. We found that stimulation of RFA substantially modulates the intensity of CFA outputs while only mildly affecting the latency. In general, the effect of RFA conditioning changed from predominantly facilitatory to inhibitory with increasing delays between the C and the T stimulus. However, inspection of individual cortical sites revealed that RFA has a wide range of influence on CFA outputs with each interstimulation delay we used. Our results show that RFA has powerful and complex modulatory effects on CFA outputs that can allow it to play a major role in the cortical control of forelimb movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Deffeyes
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and
| | - B Touvykine
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and
| | - S Quessy
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and
| | - N Dancause
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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