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Custodio V, Acosta J, Rubio C, Hernández L, Brito J, Taddei E. Accurate Neurosurgery for the Establishment of the Electric Kindling Model of Epilepsy in Mice. J INVEST SURG 2022; 35:1253-1262. [DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2022.2032488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Custodio
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, México
| | - Jorge Acosta
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, México
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, México
| | - Leonardo Hernández
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, México
| | - Javier Brito
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, México
| | - Elisa Taddei
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, México
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Rubio Osornio MDC, Custodio Ramírez V, Calderón Gámez D, Paz Tres C, Carvajal Aguilera KG, Phillips Farfán BV. Metformin Plus Caloric Restriction Show Anti-epileptic Effects Mediated by mTOR Pathway Inhibition. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1425-1438. [PMID: 30132243 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) has anti-epileptic effects in different animal models, at least partially due to inhibition of the mechanistic or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibits mTOR cascade function if energy levels are low. Since hyper-activation of mTOR participates in epilepsy, its inhibition results in beneficial anti-convulsive effects. A way to attain this is to activate AMPK with metformin. The effects of metformin, alone or combined with CR, on the electrical kindling epilepsy model and the mTOR cascade in the hippocampus and the neocortex were studied. Combined metformin plus CR beneficially affected many kindling aspects, especially those relating to generalized convulsive seizures. Therefore, metformin plus CR could decrease measures of epileptic activity in patients with generalized convulsive seizures. Patients that are obese, overweight or that have metabolic syndrome in addition to having an epileptic disease are an ideal population for clinical trials to test the effectiveness of metformin plus CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen Rubio Osornio
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama, Del. Tlalpan, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Verónica Custodio Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama, Del. Tlalpan, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniela Calderón Gámez
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3700, Letra C, Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Del. Coyoacán, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Paz Tres
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama, Del. Tlalpan, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla G Carvajal Aguilera
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3700, Letra C, Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Del. Coyoacán, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bryan V Phillips Farfán
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3700, Letra C, Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Del. Coyoacán, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Hernández-Cerón M, Martínez-Lazcano JC, Rubio C, Custodio V, González-Guevara E, Castillo-Pérez C, Paz C. Participation of the dentate-rubral pathway in the kindling model of epilepsy. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:1495-1502. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Hernández-Cerón
- Departamento de Neurofisiología; Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía M.V.S; Insurgentes Sur 3877 C.P 14269 México
| | - Juan Carlos Martínez-Lazcano
- Departamento de Neurofisiología; Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía M.V.S; Insurgentes Sur 3877 C.P 14269 México
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Departamento de Neurofisiología; Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía M.V.S; Insurgentes Sur 3877 C.P 14269 México
| | - Verónica Custodio
- Departamento de Neurofisiología; Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía M.V.S; Insurgentes Sur 3877 C.P 14269 México
| | - Edith González-Guevara
- Departamento de Neurofisiología; Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía M.V.S; Insurgentes Sur 3877 C.P 14269 México
| | - Carlos Castillo-Pérez
- Departamento de Neurofisiología; Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía M.V.S; Insurgentes Sur 3877 C.P 14269 México
| | - Carlos Paz
- Departamento de Neurofisiología; Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía M.V.S; Insurgentes Sur 3877 C.P 14269 México
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Phillips-Farfán BV, Rubio Osornio MDC, Custodio Ramírez V, Paz Tres C, Carvajal Aguilera KG. Caloric restriction protects against electrical kindling of the amygdala by inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:90. [PMID: 25814935 PMCID: PMC4356078 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to possess antiepileptic properties; however its mechanism of action is poorly understood. CR might inhibit the activity of the mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling cascade, which seems to participate crucially in the generation of epilepsy. Thus, we investigated the effect of CR on the mTOR pathway and whether CR modified epilepsy generation due to electrical amygdala kindling. The former was studied by analyzing the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, protein kinase B and the ribosomal protein S6. The mTOR cascade is regulated by energy and by insulin levels, both of which may be changed by CR; thus we investigated if CR altered the levels of energy substrates in the blood or the level of insulin in plasma. Finally, we studied if CR modified the expression of genes that encode proteins participating in the mTOR pathway. CR increased the after-discharge threshold and tended to reduce the after-discharge duration, indicating an anti-convulsive action. CR diminished the phosphorylation of protein kinase B and ribosomal protein S6, suggesting an inhibition of the mTOR cascade. However, CR did not change glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate or insulin levels; thus the effects of CR were independent from them. Interestingly, CR also did not modify the expression of any investigated gene. The results suggest that the anti-epileptic effect of CR may be partly due to inhibition of the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carlos Paz Tres
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía México City, México
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Rubio C, Custodio V, González E, Retana-Márquez S, López M, Paz C. Effects of kainic acid lesions of the cerebellar interpositus and dentate nuclei on amygdaloid kindling in rats. Brain Res Bull 2011; 85:64-7. [PMID: 21335069 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Some neurophysiological studies suggest that the cerebellum could participate in epileptic activity. Therefore, to study the participation of the main efferent projections from the cerebellum to the forebrain, we injected small doses of kainic acid (KA) into the deep cerebellar nuclei to selectively injure neighboring cells while avoiding fiber lesions. Uninjured fibers were confirmed using histological findings and by assessing the number of cells in the main cerebellar afferents, compared with controls. Under such conditions, we found that dentate and interpositus nuclei lesions interfere with seizure expression, both at early kindling acquisition and at the kindled stage. We hypothesize that the cerebellar effect on epilepsy drives skeletal motor responses, mainly in generalized seizures when the thalamus and neocortex are affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rubio
- Instituto Nacional De Neurología Y Neurocirugía M. V. S. Insurgentes sur 3877 col. La fama, Mexico 14269, DF, Mexico
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Raffo E, Koning E, Nehlig A. Postnatal maturation of cytochrome oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase activity and age-dependent consequences of lithium-pilocarpine status epilepticus in the rat: a regional histoenzymology study. Pediatr Res 2004; 56:647-55. [PMID: 15295083 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000139604.47609.8c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The lithium-pilocarpine (Li-Pilo) model of epilepsy reproduces some pathophysiological, temporal, and developmental features of human temporal lobe epilepsy. In this model, rates of cerebral glucose utilization measured by the [(14)C]2-deoxyglucose technique increased during the initial status epilepticus (SE) and decreased during the latent or chronic periods. To correlate these metabolic changes with the activities of the enzymes of the glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways, we measured by histoenzymology the regional activity of two key enzymes of glucose metabolism, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) for the anaerobic pathway and cytochrome oxidase (CO) for the aerobic pathway coupled to oxidative phosphorylation, at various times after SE induced by Li-Pilo in 10- (P10), 21-d-old (P21) and adult rats for CO and in adult rats only for LDH. CO activity was slightly affected in P10 and P21 rats only at 4 and 24 h and normalized by 14 d after SE. In adult rats, CO activity decreased at 4 and 24 h in damaged areas, like entorhinal cortex, hippocampal CA3 area, amygdala, and thalamus. At 14 d after SE, CO activity was decreased only in entorhinal cortex and increased in brainstem regions involved in the remote control of seizures. In adult rats, LDH activity decreased at 24 h and 14 d after SE in sensorimotor and entorhinal cortex. These data show that the enzymatic equipment underlying the metabolism of glucose is not severely affected by Li-Pilo SE and confirm our previous observations concerning the relative metabolic hyperactivity of brain regions involved in the seizure circuit despite marked neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Raffo
- INSERM U 405, Université Louis Pasteur, 67085 Strasbourg, France
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Rubio C, Custodio V, Juárez F, Paz C. Stimulation of the superior cerebellar peduncle during the development of amygdaloid kindling in rats. Brain Res 2004; 1010:151-5. [PMID: 15126128 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar manipulations have been used successfully in some intractable epileptic patients, however, their intrinsic mechanisms are not fully understood. To further clarify the cerebellar participation in epilepsy, we stimulated 10 rats with 100 Hz, 20 microA at the superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP) during amygdaloid kindling. Results were compared to 10 rats with an electrode placed at the SCP without stimulation and 10 rats without electrodes at the SCP used as control. We found that SCP stimulation increased the theta and alpha rhythms at the contralateral motor cortex. Such a stimulation produced hypertonicity of the forelimbs and tremor of the head. In this condition, we found that each of the behavioral stages during amygdaloid kindling in the SCP stimulated rats was reached earlier, while the amygdaloid electrographic afterdischarges (ADs) were longer during the first and shorter in the final trials as compared to controls. Moreover, amygdaloid ADs recorded exclusively during the behavioral stage-5 were significantly shorter than those recorded in the control conditions. We suggest that SCP stimulation could change the customary electrographic and convulsive expression of amygdala kindling in such a manner as to initially facilitate the limbic seizures and impede the secondary generalized seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rubio
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía M.V.S., Insurgentes Sur 3877, Mexico 14269 D.F., Mexico
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Dubé C, Boyet S, Marescaux C, Nehlig A. Progressive metabolic changes underlying the chronic reorganization of brain circuits during the silent phase of the lithium-pilocarpine model of epilepsy in the immature and adult Rat. Exp Neurol 2000; 162:146-57. [PMID: 10716895 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2000.7324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lithium-pilocarpine (Li-Pilo) model of epilepsy reproduces most of the features of human temporal lobe epilepsy. In the present study, we explored the correlation between metabolic changes, neuronal damage, and epileptogenesis during the silent phase following status epilepticus (SE) induced by Li-Pilo in 10- (P10) and 21-day-old (P21) and adult rats. Cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (CMR(glcs)) were measured at 14 and 60 days after SE by the 2-[(14)C]deoxyglucose method and neurodegeneration was assessed by the silver staining and cresyl violet techniques. In P10 rats, there was no damage and no metabolic consequences at any time after SE. In P21 rats, metabolic decreases were recorded at 14 days after SE, mainly in damaged forebrain regions. Conversely at 60 days after SE, P21 rats exhibited metabolic increases in both forebrain-damaged and brain-stem-intact areas. Finally, in adult rats studied at 14 days after SE, CMR(glcs) decreased in damaged forebrain areas involved in the circuitry of spontaneous seizures and increased in nondamaged brain-stem areas involved in the remote control of epilepsy. The increase in CMR(glcs) in damaged forebrain areas of P21 rats at 60 days after SE may reflect the genesis of a new circuitry underlying the occurrence of spontaneous seizures. The metabolic increase recorded in nondamaged brain-stem areas of P21 and adult rats occurs in regions involved in the remote control of seizures and might underlie a process of protection against the occurrence of seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dubé
- INSERM U398, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, 67085, France
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Calvillo M, Paz C, Sotelo J. A chronic granuloma in brain amygdala modifies the pattern of contralateral kindled seizures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6769(199605)18:3<169::aid-nrc153>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Min JK, Valentine PA, Teskey GC. Effect of complete and partial bilateral lesions of the deep cerebellar nuclei on amygdaloid kindling in rats. Epilepsia 1998; 39:692-9. [PMID: 9670896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The roles of the deep cerebellar nuclei in epileptogenesis and seizure expression are not well defined. To determine their properties, we examined the effects of lesions to the dentate, fastigial, and interpositus nuclei in adult rats that were electrically kindled in the amygdaloid complex. Changes in afterdischarge duration (ADD) as well as the expression and progression of behavioral seizures to fully generalized tonic-clonic convulsions (stage 5) were assessed. METHODS Fifty rats first underwent bilateral electrolytic lesions of either the dentate, fastigial, or interpositus nuclei. After a 7-day recovery period, they were kindled daily until they manifested two stage 5 convulsions. Careful histological examination was used to determine lesion extent. RESULTS When the dentate or fastigial nucleus was completely destroyed on the side contralateral to the stimulated amygdala, fewer stimulations were required to produce stage 5 seizures and latencies to the expression of forelimb clonus were shorter, as were ADD. On the other hand, when the dentate or fastigial nucleus was only partly obliterated on the contralateral side, more stimulations were required to produce stage 5 seizures and ADD was longer. Neither complete nor partial lesions of the interpositus nuclei had any effect on the number of stimulations to reach a stage 5 seizure, latency to the expression of clonus, or ADD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the dentate and fastigial nuclei, but not the interpositus nuclei, may normally retard epileptogenesis and inhibit clonic behaviors, but paradoxically may facilitate ADD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Min
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Escalante-Membrillo C, Paz C. Development of an experimental model of epilepsy in rats exposed to ozone. Toxicol Lett 1997; 93:103-7. [PMID: 9486945 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(97)00077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Paroxysmal activity has been reported in the olfactory bulb of rabbits chronically exposed to ozone (O3), postulating that this gas provokes alterations in the electrical activity of the central nervous system. The effects of 1 ppm of O3 inhaled daily for 1 or 3 h prior to each stimulation were studied using the kindling model of epilepsy. Results showed that O3 decreased the duration of the amygdaloid after-discharges during the development of kindling and shortened the latency to the onset of the first generalized seizure in rats exposed for 1 h to O3, while the group exposed for 3 h also decreased the after-discharge duration but delayed the appearance of seizures. Spread of seizure activity, defined as the latency to reach behavioral and electrographic signs of tonic clonic seizures was faster in the 1 h O3 exposed rats and slower in those exposed for 3 h. These findings demonstrate that O3 or its reaction products, such as free radicals, could affect the mechanisms involved in kindling course, such changes being dependent of the time of O3 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Escalante-Membrillo
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía M.V.S. Insurgentes Sur, México., D.F. Mexico
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