1
|
Theuriet J, Cluse F, Gravier-Dumonceau A, Picard G, Closs S, Rogemond V, Timestit N, Bouhour F, Petiot P, Davy V, Chanson E, Arzalluz-Luque J, Marignier R, Honnorat J, Pegat A. Peripheral nervous system involvement accompanies central nervous system involvement in anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibody-related disease. J Neurol 2023; 270:5545-5560. [PMID: 37540278 PMCID: PMC10576672 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is expressed by astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), but also by immature and regenerative Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). GFAP antibodies (GFAP-Abs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been mainly described in patients with meningoencephalomyelitis. We aimed to study PNS symptoms in patients with CSF GFAP-Abs. METHODS We retrospectively included all patients tested positive for GFAP-Abs in the CSF by immunohistochemistry and confirmed by cell-based assay expressing human GFAPα since 2017, from two French reference centers. RESULTS In a cohort of 103 CSF GFAP-Abs patients, 25 (24%) presented with PNS involvement. Among them, the median age at onset was 48 years and 14/25 (56%) were female. Abnormal electroneuromyography was observed in 11/25 patients (44%), including eight isolated radiculopathies, one radiculopathy associated with polyneuropathy, one radiculopathy associated with sensory neuronopathy, and one demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Cranial nerve involvement was observed in 18/25 patients (72%). All patients except one had an associated CNS involvement. The first manifestation of the disease concerned the PNS in three patients. First-line immunotherapy was administered to 18/24 patients (75%). The last follow-up modified Rankin Scale was ≤ 2 in 19/23 patients (83%). Patients with PNS involvement had significantly more bladder dysfunction than patients with isolated CNS involvement (68 vs 40.3%, p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS PNS involvement in GFAP-Abs autoimmunity is heterogeneous but not rare and is mostly represented by acute or subacute cranial nerve injury and/or lower limb radiculopathy. Rarely, PNS involvement can be the first manifestation revealing the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Theuriet
- Service d'electroneuromyographie et de pathologies neuromusculaires, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, 59 boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Florent Cluse
- Service d'electroneuromyographie et de pathologies neuromusculaires, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, 59 boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
- Service de Neurologie C, troubles du mouvement et pathologies neuromusculaires, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, Bron, France
| | - Alice Gravier-Dumonceau
- Service de Neurologie C, troubles du mouvement et pathologies neuromusculaires, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, Bron, France
| | - Géraldine Picard
- French Reference Centre on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Sterenn Closs
- French Reference Centre on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Véronique Rogemond
- French Reference Centre on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Noémie Timestit
- Service de biostatistique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Françoise Bouhour
- Service d'electroneuromyographie et de pathologies neuromusculaires, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, 59 boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Philippe Petiot
- Service d'electroneuromyographie et de pathologies neuromusculaires, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, 59 boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Vincent Davy
- Service de neurologie, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Eve Chanson
- Service de neurologie, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Joaquín Arzalluz-Luque
- Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Romain Marignier
- Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Jerome Honnorat
- French Reference Centre on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- MeLiS-UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284-INSERM U1314, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Pegat
- Service d'electroneuromyographie et de pathologies neuromusculaires, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, 59 boulevard Pinel, Bron, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bark L, Larsson IM, Wallin E, Simrén J, Zetterberg H, Lipcsey M, Frithiof R, Rostami E, Hultström M. Central nervous system biomarkers GFAp and NfL associate with post-acute cognitive impairment and fatigue following critical COVID-19. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13144. [PMID: 37573366 PMCID: PMC10423244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A high proportion of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) experience post-acute COVID-19, including neuropsychiatric symptoms. Objective signs of central nervous system (CNS) damage can be investigated using CNS biomarkers such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAp), neurofilament light chain (NfL) and total tau (t-tau). We have examined whether CNS biomarkers can predict fatigue and cognitive impairment 3-6 months after discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU) in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Fifty-seven COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU were included with analysis of CNS biomarkers in blood at the ICU and at follow up. Cognitive dysfunction and fatigue were assessed with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Multidimensional Fatigue inventory (MFI-20). Elevated GFAp at follow-up 3-6 months after ICU discharge was associated to the development of mild cognitive dysfunction (p = 0.01), especially in women (p = 0.005). Patients who experienced different dimensions of fatigue at follow-up had significantly lower GFAp in both the ICU and at follow-up, specifically in general fatigue (p = 0.009), physical fatigue (p = 0.004), mental fatigue (p = 0.001), and reduced motivation (p = 0.001). Women showed a more pronounced decrease in GFAp compared to men, except for in mental fatigue where men showed a more pronounced GFAp decrease compared to women. NfL concentration at follow-up was lower in patients who experienced reduced motivation (p = 0.004). Our findings suggest that GFAp and NfL are associated with neuropsychiatric outcome after critical COVID-19.Trial registration The study was registered à priori (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04316884 registered on 2020-03-13 and NCT04474249 registered on 2020-06-29).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lovisa Bark
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Entr. 70, Floor 2, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ing-Marie Larsson
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Entr. 70, Floor 2, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ewa Wallin
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Entr. 70, Floor 2, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joel Simrén
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Miklos Lipcsey
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Entr. 70, Floor 2, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
- Hedenstierna Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Frithiof
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Entr. 70, Floor 2, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elham Rostami
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Hultström
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Entr. 70, Floor 2, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tram M, Ibrahim T, Hovhannisyan A, Akopian A, Ruparel S. Lingual innervation in male and female marmosets. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2023; 14:100134. [PMID: 38099285 PMCID: PMC10719518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2023.100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Several gaps in knowledge exists in our understanding of orofacial pain. Some of these include type of peripheral sensory innervation in specific tissues, differences in innervation between sexes and validation of rodent studies in higher order species. The current study addresses these gaps by validating mouse studies for sensory innervation of tongue tissue in non-human primates as well as assesses sex-specific differences. Tongue and trigeminal ganglia were collected from naïve male and female marmosets and tested for nerve fibers using specific markers by immunohistochemistry and number of fibers quantified. We also tested whether specific subgroups of nerve fibers belonged to myelinating or non-myelinating axons. We observed that similar to findings in mice, marmoset tongue was innervated with nerve filaments expressing nociceptor markers like CGRP and TRPV1 as well as non-nociceptor markers like TrkB, parvalbumin (PV) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Furthermore, we found that while portion of TrkB and PV may be sensory fibers, TH-positive fibers were primarily sympathetic nerve fibers. Moreover, number of CGRP, TrkB and TH-positive nerve fibers were similar in both sexes. However, we observed a higher proportion of myelinated TRPV1 positive fibers in females than in males as well as increased number of PV + fibers in females. Taken together, the study for the first time characterizes sensory innervation in non-human primates as well as evaluates sex-differences in innervation of tongue tissue, thereby laying the foundation for future orofacial pain research with new world smaller NHPs like the common marmoset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meilinn Tram
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, USA
| | - Tarek Ibrahim
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, USA
| | - Anahit Hovhannisyan
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, USA
| | - Armen Akopian
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, USA
| | - Shivani Ruparel
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chu TH, Baral K, Labit E, Rosin N, Sinha S, Umansky D, Alzahrani S, Rancourt D, Biernaskie J, Midha R. Comparison of human skin- and nerve-derived Schwann cells reveals many similarities and subtle genomic and functional differences. Glia 2022; 70:2131-2156. [PMID: 35796321 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Skin is an easily accessible tissue and a rich source of Schwann cells (SCs). Toward potential clinical application of autologous SC therapies, we aim to improve the reliability and specificity of our protocol to obtain SCs from small skin samples. As well, to explore potential functional distinctions between skin-derived SCs (Sk-SCs) and nerve-derived SCs (N-SCs), we used single-cell RNA-sequencing and a series of in vitro and in vivo assays. Our results showed that Sk-SCs expressed typical SC markers. Single-cell sequencing of Sk- and N-SCs revealed an overwhelming overlap in gene expression with the exception of HLA genes which were preferentially up-regulated in Sk-SCs. In vitro, both cell types exhibited similar levels of proliferation, migration, uptake of myelin debris and readily associated with neurites when co-cultured with human iPSC-induced motor neurons. Both exhibited ensheathment of multiple neurites and early phase of myelination, especially in N-SCs. Interestingly, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurite outgrowth assay showed substantially more complexed neurite outgrowth in DRGs exposed to Sk-SC conditioned media compared to those from N-SCs. Multiplex ELISA array revealed shared growth factor profiles, but Sk-SCs expressed a higher level of VEGF. Transplantation of Sk- and N-SCs into injured peripheral nerve in nude rats and NOD-SCID mice showed close association of both SCs to regenerating axons. Myelination of rodent axons was observed infrequently by N-SCs, but absent in Sk-SC xenografts. Overall, our results showed that Sk-SCs share near-identical properties to N-SCs but with subtle differences that could potentially enhance their therapeutic utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tak-Ho Chu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kabita Baral
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elodie Labit
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicole Rosin
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarthak Sinha
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel Umansky
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Saud Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derrick Rancourt
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rajiv Midha
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
GFAP and desmin expression in lymphatic tissues leads to difficulties in distinguishing between glial and stromal cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13322. [PMID: 34172765 PMCID: PMC8233388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92364-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we found many immune cells including antigen presenting cells neurally hard wired in the T-cell zone of most lymphoid organs like amongst others, lymph nodes in rats, mice and humans. Single immune cells were reached by single neurites and enclosed with a dense neural meshwork. As it is well known that axons are always accompanied by glial cells, we were able to identify Schwann cells in the hilum, medullary and capsule region, like expected. Unexpected was the result, that we found oligodendrocyte-like cells in these regions, myelinating more than one axon. Likewise important was the finding, that one of the standard glial markers used, a polyclonal GFAP antibody equally bound to desmin and therefore marked nearly all stromal cells in cortical, paracortical and medullary cord regions. More detailed analysis showed that these results also appeared in many other non-lymphoid organs. Therefore, polyclonal GFAP antibodies are only conditionally usable for immunohistochemical analysis in peripheral tissues outside the central nervous system. It remains to be elucidated, if the binding of the GFAP antibody to desmin has its reason in a special desmin variant that can give stromal cells glial character.
Collapse
|
6
|
Cobo R, García-Mesa Y, García-Piqueras J, Feito J, Martín-Cruces J, García-Suárez O, A. Vega J. The Glial Cell of Human Cutaneous Sensory Corpuscles: Origin, Characterization, and Putative Roles. Somatosens Mot Res 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
7
|
Monje PV. The properties of human Schwann cells: Lessons from in vitro culture and transplantation studies. Glia 2020; 68:797-810. [PMID: 32027424 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human Schwann cells (hSCs) can be isolated directly from peripheral nerve and cultured using methods similar to those used for SCs from other species. Yet, important interspecies differences are revealed when the primary or expanded hSCs are compared to their nonhuman counterparts. This review addresses the special properties of nerve-derived hSCs that have resulted to date from both in vitro studies and in vivo research on cell transplantation in animal models and human subjects. A consensus has yet to emerge about the essential attributes of cultured normal hSCs. Thus, an emphasis is placed on the importance of validating hSC cultures by means of purity, identity, and biological activity to reliably use them as in vitro models of the SC phenotype and cell therapy products for injury repair. Combining traditional immunological methods, high-resolution omics approaches, and assorted cell-based assays is so far the best approach to unequivocally identify hSC populations obtained by direct isolation or derivation from stem cells. Special considerations are required to understand and manage the variability and heterogeneity proper of donor batches, as well as to evaluate risk factors. This is particularly important if the intended use of the hSCs is implantation in the human body, diagnosis of disease, or drug testing aimed at targeting any aspect of SC function in human patients. To conclude, in view of their unique properties, new concepts and methods are needed to better understand the biology of hSCs and exploit their full potential in basic science and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula V Monje
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Much More Than a Scaffold: Cytoskeletal Proteins in Neurological Disorders. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020358. [PMID: 32033020 PMCID: PMC7072452 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent observations related to the structure of the cytoskeleton in neurons and novel cytoskeletal abnormalities involved in the pathophysiology of some neurological diseases are changing our view on the function of the cytoskeletal proteins in the nervous system. These efforts allow a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying neurological diseases and allow us to see beyond our current knowledge for the development of new treatments. The neuronal cytoskeleton can be described as an organelle formed by the three-dimensional lattice of the three main families of filaments: actin filaments, microtubules, and neurofilaments. This organelle organizes well-defined structures within neurons (cell bodies and axons), which allow their proper development and function through life. Here, we will provide an overview of both the basic and novel concepts related to those cytoskeletal proteins, which are emerging as potential targets in the study of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying neurological disorders.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang H, Wu J, Shen FF, Yuan YS, Li X, Ji P, Zhu L, Sun L, Ding J, Niu Q, Zhang KZ. Activated Schwann cells and increased inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in patients' sural nerve are lack of tight relationship with specific sensory disturbances in Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:518-526. [PMID: 31828965 PMCID: PMC7163790 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Neuroinflammation is one of the most important processes in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Sensory disturbances are common in patients with PD, but the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain unknown. This study aimed to characterize the activation of Schwann cells (SCs) and the increase of expression of inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α in the sural nerve of PD, and further explore whether peripheral nerve inflammation is the cause of PD sensory disturbances. Methods A total of 14 patients with PD (including 5 with sensory disturbances and 9 without sensory disturbances) and 6 controls were included. The excitation and conduction function of sural nerve was detected by sural nerve electrophysiological examination. With sural nerve biopsy samples, ultrastructural changes of sural nerve were observed by electron microscopy; Schwann cell biomarker glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and inflammatory cytokines including interleukin‐1beta (IL‐1β), interleukin 6 (IL‐6), and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) were detected by immunohistochemistry, and the outcome of immunostaining slice was semiquantitatively counted; double immunofluorescence was used to identify the locus immunoreactive for inflammatory cytokines. Results Compared with healthy controls, nerve conduction velocity (NCV) slowed down and sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitude decreased in PD patients, accompanied by axonal degeneration and demyelinating lesions, and expression of GFAP and inflammatory cytokines was increased. Inflammatory cytokines were significantly colocalized with GFAP and slightly colocalized with NF. These indicators did not differ significantly between PD patients with and without sensory disturbances. Conclusion Our study results suggest that peripheral sensory nerve injury exists in PD patients, accompanied by Schwann cell activation and inflammation, thus demonstrate peripheral nerve inflammation participates in the pathophysiological process of PD but it is not necessarily related to the patient's sensory disturbance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei-Fei Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pan Ji
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Qi Niu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Matias I, Morgado J, Gomes FCA. Astrocyte Heterogeneity: Impact to Brain Aging and Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:59. [PMID: 30941031 PMCID: PMC6433753 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, one of the largest glial cell population in the central nervous system (CNS), play a key function in several events of brain development and function, such as synapse formation and function, control of neurotransmitters release and uptake, production of trophic factors and control of neuronal survival. Initially described as a homogenous population, several evidences have pointed that astrocytes are highly heterogeneous, both morphologically and functionally, within the same region, and across different brain regions. Recent findings suggest that the heterogeneity in the expression profile of proteins involved in astrocyte function may predict the selective vulnerability of brain regions to specific diseases, as well as to the age-related cognitive decline. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes, either in aging as well as in brain disease are scarce. Neuroinflammation, a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases and aging, is reported to have a dubious impact on glial activation, as these cells release pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, anti-oxidants, free radicals, and neurotrophic factors. Despite the emerging evidences supporting that reactive astrocytes have a duality in their phenotype, neurotoxic or neuroprotective properties, depending on the age and stimuli, the underlying mechanisms of their activation, cellular interplays and the impact of regional astrocyte heterogeneity are still a matter of discussion. In this review article, we will summarize recent findings on astrocyte heterogeneity and phenotypes, as well as their likely impact for the brain function during aging and neural diseases. We will focus on the molecules and mechanisms triggered by astrocyte to control synapse formation in different brain regions. Finally, we will discuss new evidences on how the modulation of astrocyte phenotype and function could impact the synaptic deficits and glial dysfunction present in aging and pathological states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Matias
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Morgado
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia Carvalho Alcantara Gomes
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lo Furno D, Mannino G, Pellitteri R, Zappalà A, Parenti R, Gili E, Vancheri C, Giuffrida R. Conditioned Media From Glial Cells Promote a Neural-Like Connexin Expression in Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1742. [PMID: 30555356 PMCID: PMC6282092 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of neuronal and glial connexins (Cxs) has been evaluated in adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) whose neural differentiation was promoted by a conditioned medium (CM) obtained from cultures of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) or Schwann cells (SCs). By immunocytochemistry and flow cytometer analysis it was found that Cx43 was already considerably expressed in naïve ASCs and further increased after 24 h and 7 days from CM exposition. Cx32 and Cx36 were significantly improved in conditioned cultures compared to control ASCs, whereas a decreased expression was noticed in the absence of CM treatments. Cx47 was virtually absent in any conditions. Altogether, high basal levels and induced increases of Cx43 expression suggest a potential attitude of ASCs toward an astrocyte differentiation, whereas the lack of Cx47 would indicate a poor propensity of ASCs to become oligodendrocytes. CM-evoked Cx32 and Cx36 increases showed that a neuronal- or a SC-like differentiation can be promoted by using this strategy. Results further confirm that environmental cues can favor an ASC neural differentiation, either as neuronal or glial elements. Of note, the use of glial products present in CM rather than the addition of chemical agents to achieve such differentiation would resemble "more physiological" conditions of differentiation. As a conclusion, the overexpression of typical neural Cxs would indicate the potential capability of neural-like ASCs to interact with neighboring neural cells and microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debora Lo Furno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuliana Mannino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalia Pellitteri
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Zappalà
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Elisa Gili
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carlo Vancheri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Giuffrida
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Monje PV, Sant D, Wang G. Phenotypic and Functional Characteristics of Human Schwann Cells as Revealed by Cell-Based Assays and RNA-SEQ. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6637-6660. [PMID: 29327207 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0837-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study comprehensively addresses the phenotype, function, and whole transcriptome of primary human and rodent Schwann cells (SCs) and highlights key species-specific features beyond the expected donor variability that account for the differential ability of human SCs to proliferate, differentiate, and interact with axons in vitro. Contrary to rat SCs, human SCs were insensitive to mitogenic factors other than neuregulin and presented phenotypic variants at various stages of differentiation, along with a mixture of proliferating and senescent cells, under optimal growth-promoting conditions. The responses of human SCs to cAMP-induced differentiation featured morphological changes and cell cycle exit without a concomitant increase in myelin-related proteins and lipids. Human SCs efficiently extended processes along those of other SCs (human or rat) but failed to do so when placed in co-culture with sensory neurons under conditions supportive of myelination. Indeed, axon contact-dependent human SC alignment, proliferation, and differentiation were not observed and could not be overcome by growth factor supplementation. Strikingly, RNA-seq data revealed that ~ 44 of the transcriptome contained differentially expressed genes in human and rat SCs. A bioinformatics approach further highlighted that representative SC-specific transcripts encoding myelin-related and axon growth-promoting proteins were significantly affected and that a deficient expression of key transducers of cAMP and adhesion signaling explained the fairly limited potential of human SCs to differentiate and respond to axonal cues. These results confirmed the significance of combining traditional bioassays and high-resolution genomics methods to characterize human SCs and identify genes predictive of cell function and therapeutic value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula V Monje
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - David Sant
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lee YS, Wu S, Arinzeh TL, Bunge MB. Enhanced noradrenergic axon regeneration into schwann cell-filled PVDF-TrFE conduits after complete spinal cord transection. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:444-456. [PMID: 27570167 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cell (SC) transplantation has been utilized for spinal cord repair and demonstrated to be a promising therapeutic strategy. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of combining SC transplantation with novel conduits to bridge the completely transected adult rat spinal cord. This is the first and initial study to evaluate the potential of using a fibrous piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene (PVDF-TrFE) conduit with SCs for spinal cord repair. PVDF-TrFE has been shown to enhance neurite growth in vitro and peripheral nerve repair in vivo. In this study, SCs adhered and proliferated when seeded onto PVDF-TrFE scaffolds in vitro. SCs and PVDF-TrFE conduits, consisting of random or aligned fibrous inner walls, were transplanted into transected rat spinal cords for 3 weeks to examine early repair. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ astrocyte processes and GFP (green fluorescent protein)-SCs were interdigitated at both rostral and caudal spinal cord/SC transplant interfaces in both types of conduits, indicative of permissivity to axon growth. More noradrenergic/DβH+ (dopamine-beta-hydroxylase) brainstem axons regenerated across the transplant when greater numbers of GFAP+ astrocyte processes were present. Aligned conduits promoted extension of DβH+ axons and GFAP+ processes farther into the transplant than random conduits. Sensory CGRP+ (calcitonin gene-related peptide) axons were present at the caudal interface. Blood vessels formed throughout the transplant in both conduits. This study demonstrates that PVDF-TrFE conduits harboring SCs are promising for spinal cord repair and deserve further investigation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 444-456. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Shuan Lee
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Lois Pope LIFE Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016960, Mail locator R-48, Miami, Florida 33101
| | - Siliang Wu
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | | | - Mary Bartlett Bunge
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Lois Pope LIFE Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016960, Mail locator R-48, Miami, Florida 33101.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Serum biomarkers of neurologic injury in cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 94:1026-33. [PMID: 22857981 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.04.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of subtle neurocognitive decline after surgical procedures has been hampered by heterogeneous testing techniques and a lack of reproducibility. This review summarizes the sensitivity and specificity of biomarkers of neurologic injury to determine whether they can be applied in the postoperative period to accurately predict neurocognitive decline. Creatine kinase-brain type, neuron-specific enolase, and S100B can be released into serum during operations by extracranial sources. Glial fibrillary acidic protein is a sensitive marker, and there are extracranial sources that are antigenically different from the brain-derived form. Serum levels of tau protein after acute neurologic injury do not reliability correlate with incidence.
Collapse
|
15
|
Middeldorp J, van den Berge SA, Aronica E, Speijer D, Hol EM. Specific human astrocyte subtype revealed by affinity purified GFAP antibody; unpurified serum cross-reacts with neurofilament-L in Alzheimer. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7663. [PMID: 19888461 PMCID: PMC2766629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human GFAP splice variants GFAPΔ164 and GFAPΔexon6 both result in a GFAP protein isoform with a unique out-of-frame carboxy-terminus that can be detected by the GFAP+1 antibody. We previously reported that GFAP+1 was expressed in astrocytes and in degenerating neurons in Alzheimer's disease brains. In this study we aimed at further investigating the neuronal GFAP+1 expression and we started by affinity purifying the GFAP+1 antibody. The purified antibody resulted in a loss of neuronal GFAP+1 signal, although other antibodies directed against the amino- and carboxy-terminus of GFAPα still revealed GFAP-immunopositive neurons, as described before. With an in-depth analysis of a western blot, followed by mass spectrometry we discovered that the previously detected neuronal GFAP+1 expression was due to cross-reactivity of the antibody with neurofilament-L (NF-L). This was confirmed by double-label fluorescent immunohistochemistry and western blotting with the unpurified GFAP+1 antibody and an antibody against NF-L. Our data imply that NF-L can accumulate in some tangle-like structures in Alzheimer brains. More importantly, the purified GFAP+1 antibody clearly revealed a specific subtype of astrocytes in the adult human brain. These large astrocytes are present throughout the brain, e.g., along the subventricular zone, in the hippocampus, in the striatum and in the spinal cord of controls, Alzheimer, and Parkinson patients. The presence of a specific GFAP-isoform suggests a specialized function of these astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinte Middeldorp
- Department of Astrocyte Biology & Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A. van den Berge
- Department of Astrocyte Biology & Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Epilepsy Institute in the Netherlands Foundation (Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Dave Speijer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M. Hol
- Department of Astrocyte Biology & Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Notturno F, Capasso M, Delauretis A, Carpo M, Uncini A. Glial fibrillary acidic protein as a marker of axonal damage in chronic neuropathies. Muscle Nerve 2009; 40:50-4. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.21323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
17
|
Characterisation of human mesenchymal stem cells following differentiation into Schwann cell-like cells. Neurosci Res 2009; 64:41-9. [PMID: 19428682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies provide a clinically applicable and available alternative to nerve autografts. Our previous studies have characterised rat-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and here we have investigated the phenotypic, molecular and functional characteristics of human-derived MSC (hMSC) differentiated along a Schwann cell lineage. The hMSC were isolated from healthy human donors and the identity of the undifferentiated hMSC was confirmed by the detection of MSC specific cells surface markers. The hMSC were differentiated along a glial cell lineage using an established cocktail of growth factors including glial growth factor-2. Following differentiation, the hMSC expressed the key Schwann cell (SC) markers at both the transcriptional and translational level. More importantly, we show the functional effect of hMSC on neurite outgrowth using an in vitro co-culture model system with rat-derived primary sensory neurons. The number of DRG sprouting neurites was significantly enhanced in the presence of differentiated hMSC; neurite length and density (branching) were also increased. These results provide evidence that hMSC can undergo molecular, morphological and functional changes to adopt a SC-like behaviour and, therefore, could be suitable as SC substitutes for nerve repair in clinical applications.
Collapse
|
18
|
Notturno F, Caporale CM, De Lauretis A, Uncini A. Glial fibrillary acidic protein: a marker of axonal Guillain-Barrè syndrome and outcome. Muscle Nerve 2008; 38:899-903. [PMID: 18508349 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) is increased in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and multiple sclerosis. To determine whether GFAP is increased in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) we evaluated serum GFAP in 30 controls, 20 patients with acute inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy (AIDP), and 17 with primary axonal GBS. Serum GFAP levels were increased in axonal GBS (median, 0.74) compared with controls (median, 0.41; P < 0.0001) and AIDP (median, 0.58; P = 0.0015). GFAP levels correlated with Hughes grades (serum r = 0.74; P < 0.0001) 6 months after neuropathy onset. Applying the cutoff value in serum of 0.63 to the diagnosis of axonal GBS, we obtained a sensitivity of 76.5% and a specificity of 86%. Thus, serum GFAP levels may be used in GBS as a diagnostic marker of the axonal variant and to predict outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Notturno
- Department of Human Motor Sciences and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, University G. d'Annunzio and Institute of Aging, Foundation University G. d'Annunzio, Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale SS. Annunziata, via Dei Vestini, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Byers MR, Maeda T, Brown AM, Westenbroek RE. GFAP immunoreactivity and transcription in trigeminal and dental tissues of rats and transgenic GFP/GFAP mice. Microsc Res Tech 2005; 65:295-307. [PMID: 15662620 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sensory mechanisms in teeth are not well understood and may involve pulpal-neural interactions. Tooth cells that proliferate in vitro have polyclonal immunoreactivity (IR) for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), growth-associated protein (GAP-43), and vimentin, plus glial-like ion channels. Here, we analyzed GFAP-IR patterns in dental and trigeminal tissues of rats, for comparison with green fluorescent protein (GFP) associated with GFAP transcription in transgenic mice, in order to better characterize glial-like cells in dental tissues. Astrocytes, ganglion satellite cells, and epineurial Schwann cells were demonstrated by anti-GFAP antibodies and GFP-GFAP, as expected. Odontoblasts did not stain by any of these methods and cannot be the glial-like cells. Fibroblasts and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in pulp had polyclonal GFAP-IR and vimentin-IR, while nerve fibers reacted only with polyclonal antibody. Some Schwann cell subtypes in trigeminal nerve and oral mucosa were positive for GFP and for polyclonal anti-GFAP, but not for monoclonal antibody. In pulp almost all Schwann cells were unstained, but many Schwann cells in periodontal ligament had polyclonal GFAP-IR. These results show greater heterogeneity for Schwann cells than expected, and suggest that the glial-like pulp cells are fibroblasts and/or undifferentiated mesenchymal cells or stem cells. We also found that polyclonal GFAP revealed intermediate filaments in preterminal sensory nerve fibers, thereby providing a useful marker for that neural subregion. GFP transcription by some Schwann cell subtypes in oral mucosae and trigeminal nerve, but not trigeminal root was a novel finding that reveals more complexity in peripheral glia than previously recognized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R Byers
- Anesthesiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bartolami S, Augé C, Travo C, Ventéo S, Knipper M, Sans A. Vestibular Schwann cells are a distinct subpopulation of peripheral glia with specific sensitivity to growth factors and extracellular matrix components. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 57:270-90. [PMID: 14608663 DOI: 10.1002/neu.10302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Vestibular nerve Schwann cells are predisposed to develop schwannoma. While knowledge concerning this condition has greatly improved, little is known about properties of normal vestibular Schwann cells. In an attempt to understand this predisposition, we evaluated cell density regulation and proliferative features of these cells taken from 6-day-old rats. Data were compared to those obtained with sciatic Schwann cells. In both vestibular and sciatic 7-day-old cultures, Schwann cells appear as bipolar or flattened cells. However, sciatic and vestibular cells greatly differ in other aspects: on poly-L-lysine coating, sciatic cells specifically synthesize myelin basic protein, while expression of P0 mRNAs is restricted to some vestibular cells. Laminin increases sciatic cell density but not that of vestibular cells. Fibronectin selectively enhances the proliferation of vestibular Schwann cells and lacks an effect on sciatic ones. Comparison of cell density changes between sciatic and vestibular cells shows that they are sensitive to two different sets of growth factors. Progesterone and FGF-2 combined with forskolin selectively enhance the cell density of sciatic glia, while IGF-1 and GDNF specifically increase vestibular cell density. Furthermore, BrdU incorporation assays indicate that GDNF is also a mitogen for vestibular cells. Altogether, vestibular Schwann cells display phenotypic features and responsiveness to exogenous signals that are significantly different from sciatic Schwann cells, suggesting that vestibular glia form a subpopulation of Schwann cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Bartolami
- INSERM U583, Université Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ajima H, Kawano Y, Takagi R, Aita M, Gomi H, Byers MR, Maeda T. The exact expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in trigeminal ganglion and dental pulp. ARCHIVES OF HISTOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY 2001; 64:503-11. [PMID: 11838710 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.64.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The expression in various cell types of peripheral tissues of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), first discovered as an intermediate filament specific for astrocytes, remains controversial owing to numerous reports of a wide distribution for GFAP-immunoreactivity in various cells. The present study employed immunohistochemistry to investigate the precise expression of GFAP in the dental pulp and trigeminal ganglion of adult rats and wild-type mice as well as GFAP-knockout mice. The exhibition of GFAP-immunoreactivity in the trigeminal ganglion was further examined by a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique, and in situ hybridization histochemistry using a specific cRNA probe prepared by us. The immunoreaction for GFAP was recognizable in the axons, Schwann cells, and the fibroblasts in the dental pulp of rats and wild-type littermate mice. However, mice with null mutations in the GFAP gene remained immunoreactive for GFAP in all these locations. Intense GFAP-immunoreactivity was found in a small number of satellite cells in the trigeminal ganglion in all animals examined in this study. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated bands for the GFAP gene corresponding to the length expected from the primer design in the samples of trigeminal ganglion and dental pulp. In situ hybridization histochemistry also showed intense signals for GFAP mRNA in some satellite cells of the trigeminal ganglion, but never in the neurons. These data suggest that the GFAP-immunoreactive molecules in the pulpal axons and fibroblasts react non-specifically with the polyclonal antibody and are probably a closely related type of intermediate filament.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Ajima
- Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
This paper reviews the immunohistochemical characteristics of two kinds of human cutaneous sensory nerve formations (SNFs), the Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles. In both kinds of SNF the central axon might be easily identifiable because it displays immunoreactivity (IR) for the neuroendocrine markers neuron-specific enolase and protein gene product 9.5, as well as for neuron-specific intermediate filament proteins, i.e., neurofilaments. Other intermediate filament proteins such as vimentin are localized in the lamellar cells of Meissner corpuscles, and in the inner core, outer core and capsule of Pacinian corpuscles. However, they lack cytokeratins or glial fibrillary acidic protein IR. On the other hand, and in agreement with ultrastructural data, IR for basement membrane constituents laminin and type IV collagen is found underlying all SNF constituents, with the exception of the axon. One of the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) homeostasis is the calcium binding proteins. Ca2+ play a key role in the mechanoelectric transduction and have been localized in SNFs. In this way IR for the Ca(2+)-binding proteins calbindin D28K, parvalbumin and calretinin, is present and colocalized in both Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles; furthermore, S-100 protein is exclusively localized in the lamellar cells and the inner core. On the other hand, the skin is a main source of neurotrophins for a subset of neural crest sensory neurons, some of which end forming SNF. These factors are conveyed via retrograde axonal transport from the skin to the cell body of the responsive neurons. Interestingly, Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles also display IR for the pan-neurotrophin low-affinity receptor (p75), and for the trkA receptor protein, a basic constituent of the high-affinity receptor for some neurotrophins. Moreover, they express IR for the epidermal growth factor receptor. Finally, other antigens not proper to the cells forming human cutaneous SNF, such as the epithelial membrane antigen and the leucocytary antigen-7, have also been detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Vega
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Central Hospital of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Van den Berg LH, Bär PR, Sodaar P, Mollee I, Wokke JJ, Logtenberg T. Selective expansion and long-term culture of human Schwann cells from sural nerve biopsies. Ann Neurol 1995; 38:674-8. [PMID: 7574467 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410380419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fragments of sural nerve biopsy specimens were cultured in the presence of the supernatant of lymphokine-activated killer cells, resulting in the selective outgrowth of cells with bipolar or tripolar morphology, reminiscent of that of Schwann cells. Immunofluorescent staining with antibodies to the S-100 protein, the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor, and the surface Thy-1 antigen confirmed that these cultures contained more than 99% Schwann cells and no detectable fibroblasts. The mitotic activity of Schwann cells was measured by bromodeoxyuridine labeling, and was increased when the cells were grown in medium with lymphokine-activated killer cell supernatant compared with medium without this supernatant. In the presence of lymphokine-activated killer cell supernatant, Schwann cells could be maintained in continuous culture for a minimum of 8 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L H Van den Berg
- Rudolf Magnus Research School in the Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kelley LC, Hill JE, Hafner S, Wortham KJ. Spontaneous equine pulmonary granular cell tumors: morphologic, histochemical, and immunohistochemical characterization. Vet Pathol 1995; 32:101-6. [PMID: 7771048 DOI: 10.1177/030098589503200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous equine pulmonary granular cell tumors were diagnosed in six mature horses at slaughter. These tumors were grossly recognized as multiple (5/6) or single (1/6) creamy white, firm nodules. The tumors, located adjacent to bronchi and bronchioles, often invaded airways, resulting in partial to complete occlusion of the lumina. Neoplastic cells were rounded to polyhedral with numerous eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules that reacted uniformly positive with S-100 and neuron-specific enolase antibodies and multifocally with glial fibrillary acidic protein antibodies. These cells were negative for muscle-specific actin, lysozyme, cytokeratin, chromogranin A, and myelin basic protein antigens and did not stain with silver by the Grimelius technique. Uniformly blue-green and scattered pink intracytoplasmic granules were evident with luxol fast blue and periodic acid-Schiff counterstain for myelin and myelin breakdown products. Histochemical and immunohistochemical staining results of these tumors suggest that they are composed primarily of myelinating Schwann cells with lesser numbers of scattered nonmyelinating Schwann cells. The morphologic features of the equine pulmonary granular cell tumors are strikingly similar to those of endobronchial granular cell tumors of human beings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Kelley
- Pathology Division, US Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Intradental, i.e. pulpal, cells may play an important part in sensory transduction in teeth, although the cellular mechanisms and the identity of the specific cell types involved are still unclear. Because the majority of cells in dental pulp are derived from neural crest, it seemed likely that these might have the membrane properties of other neural-derived cells found in the peripheral or central nervous system. The patch-clamp recording technique was used to show that cells in explant cultures from human dental pulp contain a voltage-gated, tetrodotoxin-sensitive inward current. Mean activation potential of the current was -42 +/- 2.5 mV and the voltage at half-inactivation was -79.4 +/- 5.3 mV, suggesting a neural-like sodium conductance. In addition, these cells were immunoreactive to glial acidic fibrillary protein, growth-associated protein (GAP-43), and vimentin, further suggesting that dental pulp contains a population of cells with membrane properties similar to neuronal satellite cells. These cells may contribute, either directly or indirectly, to somatosensation in teeth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Davidson
- Department of Periodontology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cadoni A, Mancardi GL, Zaccheo D, Nocera A, Barocci S, Bianchini D, Schenone A, Capello E, Zicca A. Expression of common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CD 10) by myelinated fibers of the peripheral nervous system. J Neuroimmunol 1993; 45:61-6. [PMID: 8392520 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(93)90164-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA), CD10, is a 100-kDa surface glycoprotein endowed with neutral endopeptidase activity, shared by a number of hemopoietic and non-hemopoietic cells. In this report, immunohistochemical and Western blot techniques, using different anti-CD10 monoclonal antibodies, were utilized to demonstrate that CD10 is also expressed by myelin sheaths of the human peripheral nervous system (PNS), but not of the central nervous system. CD10-positive immunoreactivity appeared to be localized in the outer and inner borders of myelinated fibers, in nodes of Ranvier and in the Schmidt-Lantermann clefts, thus showing a distribution pattern very similar to that of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG). The above findings suggest that CD10 antigen, through its enzymatic activity, may have a functional role in the assembly and maintenance of PNS myelin. In addition, it is not known whether CD10, similarly to MAG, may be a target antigen in some PNS immune-mediated disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Cadoni
- Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|