1
|
Norman H, D'Souza MS. Endogenous opioid system: a promising target for future smoking cessation medications. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1371-1394. [PMID: 28285326 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine addiction continues to be a health challenge across the world. Despite several approved medications, smokers continue to relapse. Several human and animal studies have evaluated the role of the endogenous opioid system as a potential target for smoking cessation medications. METHODS In this review, studies that have elucidated the role of the mu (MORs), delta (DORs), and kappa (KORs) opioid receptors in nicotine reward, nicotine withdrawal, and reinstatement of nicotine seeking will be discussed. Additionally, the review will discuss discrepancies in the literature and therapeutic potential of the endogenous opioid system, and suggest studies to address gaps in knowledge with respect to the role of the opioid receptors in nicotine dependence. RESULTS Data available till date suggest that blockade of the MORs and DORs decreased the rewarding effects of nicotine, while activation of the MORs and DORs decreased nicotine withdrawal-induced aversive effects. In contrast, activation of the KORs decreased the rewarding effects of nicotine, while blockade of the KORs decreased nicotine withdrawal-induced aversive effects. Interestingly, blockade of the MORs and KORs attenuated reinstatement of nicotine seeking. In humans, MOR antagonists have shown benefits in select subpopulations of smokers and further investigation is required to realize their full therapeutic potential. CONCLUSION Future work must assess the influence of polymorphisms in opioid receptor-linked genes in nicotine dependence, which will help in both identifying individuals vulnerable to nicotine addiction and the development of opioid-based smoking cessation medications. Overall, the endogenous opioid system continues to be a promising target for future smoking cessation medications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haval Norman
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, 525 S Main Street, Ada, OH, 45810, USA
| | - Manoranjan S D'Souza
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, 525 S Main Street, Ada, OH, 45810, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shippenberg TS, Zapata A, Chefer VI. Dynorphin and the pathophysiology of drug addiction. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 116:306-21. [PMID: 17868902 PMCID: PMC2939016 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disease in which drug administration becomes the primary stimulus that drives behavior regardless of the adverse consequence that may ensue. As drug use becomes more compulsive, motivation for natural rewards that normally drive behavior decreases. The discontinuation of drug use is associated with somatic signs of withdrawal, dysphoria, anxiety, and anhedonia. These consequences of drug use are thought to contribute to the maintenance of drug use and to the reinstatement of compulsive drug use that occurs during the early phase of abstinence. Even, however, after prolonged periods of abstinence, 80-90% of human addicts relapse to addiction, suggesting that repeated drug use produces enduring changes in brain circuits that subserve incentive motivation and stimulus-response (habit) learning. A major goal of addiction research is the identification of the neural mechanisms by which drugs of abuse produce these effects. This article will review data showing that the dynorphin/kappa-opioid receptor (KOPr) system serves an essential function in opposing alterations in behavior and brain neurochemistry that occur as a consequence of repeated drug use and that aberrant activity of this system may not only contribute to the dysregulation of behavior that characterizes addiction but to individual differences in vulnerability to the pharmacological actions of cocaine and alcohol. We will provide evidence that the repeated administration of cocaine and alcohol up-regulates the dynorphin/KOPr system and that pharmacological treatments that target this system may prove effective in the treatment of drug addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T S Shippenberg
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ossipov MH, Lai J, King T, Vanderah TW, Malan TP, Hruby VJ, Porreca F. Antinociceptive and nociceptive actions of opioids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 61:126-48. [PMID: 15362157 DOI: 10.1002/neu.20091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the opioids are the principal treatment options for moderate to severe pain, their use is also associated with the development of tolerance, defined as the progressive need for higher doses to achieve a constant analgesic effect. The mechanisms which underlie this phenomenon remain unclear. Recent studies revealed that cholecystokinin (CCK) is upregulated in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) during persistent opioid exposure. CCK is both antiopioid and pronociceptive, and activates descending pain facilitation mechanisms from the RVM enhancing nociceptive transmission at the spinal cord and promoting hyperalgesia. The neuroplastic changes elicited by opioid exposure reflect adaptive changes to promote increased pain transmission and consequent diminished antinociception (i.e., tolerance).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Ossipov
- Departments of Pharmacology, Anesthesiology and Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schmidt P, Schmolke C, Musshoff F, Menzen M, Prohaska C, Madea B. Area-specific increased density of mu-opioid receptor immunoreactive neurons in the cerebral cortex of drug-related fatalities. Forensic Sci Int 2003; 133:204-11. [PMID: 12787653 DOI: 10.1016/s0379-0738(03)00067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In animal experiments and in cell culture, chronic morphine treatment has been followed by "up-regulation" as well as "down-regulation" of the mu-opioid receptor (OR) number. The present postmortem morphometric study of morphine-related fatalities of drug-addicts (n=13, 20-35 years old, with blood unconjugated morphine levels from 27.1 ng/ml to 458 ng/ml, m.v. 198.5 ng/ml) versus a non-addicted control group (n=13, 10-44 years old) was intended to examine, whether chronic opiate exposure affects the numerical density of mu-OR expressing neurons in the human neocortex (areas 11, 24 and 25 according to Brodmann). For the immunohistochemical procedure, vibratome sections (100 microm) were incubated with a monoclonal antibody against the mu-OR, diluted 1:100, and immunolabelled sites were visualized using an immunoperoxidase protocol. The numerical densities of OR immunoreactive neuronal profiles and Nissl-stained central profiles were assessed morphometrically (camera lucida-drawings). In both groups, the anti-mu-OR-immunoreactivity was mainly localized in pyramidal neurons of layers (L) II/III and V and in multiform neurons of L VI. In the areas 24 and 25, the density of the immunoreactive neuronal profiles did not display a significant difference between the two examined groups. In the area 11, however, the number of immunolabelled neuronal profiles amounted to 2777+/-206 mm(3) in the drug-related fatalities and to 2320+/-124 mm(3) in the control group and thus was significantly increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schmidt
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, FRG, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Svingos AL, Colago EEO. Kappa-Opioid and NMDA glutamate receptors are differentially targeted within rat medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Res 2002; 946:262-71. [PMID: 12137930 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02894-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of kappa-opioid receptors (KOR) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) modulates excitatory transmission, which may involve interactions with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors. We investigated possible anatomical correlates of this modulation by using dual labeling electron microscopy to examine the cellular distributions of antibodies raised against KOR and the R1 subunit of the NMDA receptor (NR1). KOR immunoreactivity primarily was localized to plasma and vesicular membranes of axons and axon terminals that were morphologically heterogeneous. A small proportion of KOR immunoreactivity was associated with cytosolic compartments of dendrites and membranes of glial processes. NR1 labeling was mainly postsynaptic, associated most often with membranes of cytoplasmic organelles in cell bodies and large dendrites and plasmalemmal surfaces of distal dendrites. The remaining NR1-labeled profiles were axonal profiles and glial processes. Of all cellular associations between labeled profiles, the majority were KOR-labeled axons that contacted NR1-immunoreactive dendrites or cell bodies. Occasionally the two antigens were colocalized in axon terminals that formed either asymmetric synapses or displayed varicose morphology. KOR and NR1 also were colocalized within dendrites, and rarely were observed in the same cell bodies. Occasionally glial processes coursing adjacent to axo-spinous appositions expressed both KOR and NR1 immunoreactivity. These results indicate that ligand activation of KOR or NMDA receptors differentially modulates excitatory transmission in the mPFC through pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms, respectively. The data also suggest more minor roles for colocalized KOR and NMDA receptors in shared regulation of presynaptic transmitter release, postsynaptic responsivity, and glial function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adena L Svingos
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Division of Neurobiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 411 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Halasy K, Rácz B, Maderspach K. Kappa opioid receptors are expressed by interneurons in the CA1 area of the rat hippocampus: a correlated light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study. J Chem Neuroanat 2000; 19:233-41. [PMID: 11036240 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-0618(00)00068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A local GABA-system is known to have a mediatory function between several afferents and the principal cells of the hippocampus. This study examines the distribution and fine structure of kappa opioid receptor-immunoreactive elements in the CA1 subfield and reveals some new aspects concerning the structural basis of opioid-GABA interaction in the rat hippocampal formation. Kappa receptors were visualized immunocytochemically with a previously produced and characterized monoclonal antibody, the mAb KA8 (Maderspach, K., Németh, K., Simon, J., Benyhe, S., Szûcs, M., Wollemann, M., 1991. A monoclonal antibody recognizing kappa-, but not mu- and delta-opioid receptors. J. Neurochem. 56, 1897-1904). The antibody selectively recognizes the kappa opioid receptor with preference to the kappa(2) subtype. Neuronal cell bodies, proximal dendrites and occasionally glial processes surrounding neuronal perikarya were labelled in the CA1 area. The immunopositive cells were present mainly in the stratum oriens, followed by the stratum pyramidale in a rostrocaudally increasing number. Their shape was fusiform, or multipolar. Occasionally kappa receptor-immunoreactive boutons surrounding weakly immunopositive somata were also observed. Electron microscopy of immunopositive neurons showed that the DAB labelling was intensive in the perinuclear cytoplasm. The widths and electron densities of the postsynaptic densities of some axosomatic synapses were remarkably increased. Similar increase of postsynaptic densities were observable at some axodendritic and axospinous synapses. On the basis of their location and fine structural properties the labelled cells are suggested to be GABAergic inhibitory interneurons, probably belonging to the somatostatinergic sub-population. The axons of these inhibitory interneurons are known to arborize in the stratum lacunosum-moleculare where the entorhinal afferents terminate. A modulatory effect of opioids on the entorhinal input, mediated by somatostatinergic interneurons is suggested
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Halasy
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, István u.2., 1078, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mileusnic D, Lee JM, Magnuson DJ, Hejna MJ, Krause JE, Lorens JB, Lorens SA. Neurokinin-3 receptor distribution in rat and human brain: an immunohistochemical study. Neuroscience 1999; 89:1269-90. [PMID: 10362314 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Autoradiographic and immunohistochemical studies have shown that the neurokinin-3 receptor is widely distributed in the rodent CNS. Expression of the neurokinin-3 receptor in human brain, however, has been debated. These conflicting findings, as well as the poor resolution of autoradiographic images, prompted us to develop a polyclonal antibody against an oligopeptide derived from the carboxy-terminus consensus sequence of both the rat and human neurokinin-3 receptor ([C]ASTTSSFISSPYTSVDEYS, amino acids 434-452 of the rat neurokinin-3 receptor). Western blot analysis of both human and rat brain tissue revealed a major band in the molecular weight range 65,000-67,000, the proposed molecular weight of the neurokinin-3 receptor based on its amino acid sequence and presumed glycosylation state. The distribution of selective high affinity neurokinin-3 receptor agonist [3H]senktide binding and neurokinin-3 receptor immunoreactivity were virtually identical in the brains of male Fischer 344 rats. The highest concentrations of neurokinin-3 receptors were observed in cortical layers IV-V; the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus; the hypothalamic paraventricular, perifornical and supraoptic nuclei; the zona incerta; and the entopeduncular and interpeduncular nuclei. [3H]senktide binding and neurokinin-3 receptor immunoreactivity were compared in homologous cortical areas of the human and rat brain. In contrast to the rat, autoradiographic analysis of normal control human brains (35-75 years) revealed a distinct and predominant superficial cortical labeling in the glia limitans and the cortical layer I. However, neurokinin-3 receptor immunoreactivity could be found not only in the superficial cortical layers, but also on pyramidal neurons and astrocytes in the neuropil and white matter. These findings suggest species differences in both the cellular and anatomical distribution of the neurokinin-3 receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Mileusnic
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Endogenous opioid peptides and opioid receptors are expressed by brain cells early during normal development, and exogenous opiate exposure in this period is known to affect brain cell proliferation and maturation. Despite the abundant evidence that opioids affect brain development, little is known about the mechanisms involved. In this study cortical astrocytes in primary culture were examined immunohistochemically by using antibodies against the opioid receptors. The immunoreactivity for delta-opioid receptors was strongly upregulated during mitosis with an increase in immunostaining that started in early prophase and lasted through the M-phase to cytokinesis. Similar effects could not be observed when antibodies against the mu- or kappa-opioid receptor subtypes were used. Cultured neurons and microglia presented a strong and homogenous immunostaining for the delta-opioid receptor and no further upregulation of immunoreactivity could be detected in these cells. The presence of functional delta-opioid receptors on the mitotic astrocytes was verified by using microspectrofluorometry for detection of delta-opioid agonist induced changes in intracellular free calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i). In these experiments fluo-3/AM incubated cells showed a rapidly induced delta-opioid agonist (DPDPE, 10(-6) M) evoked increase in [Ca2+]i. These results suggest an upregulation of the delta-opioid receptors that could represent a mechanism involved in the response to opioids in the developing brain.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Astrocytes/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-
- Enkephalins/pharmacology
- Mitosis/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/drug effects
- Spectrometry, Fluorescence
- Up-Regulation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Thorlin
- Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Göteborg University, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pan EC, Bohn LM, Belcheva MM, Thomas GE, Manepalli AN, Mamone JY, Johnson FE, Coscia CJ. Kappa-opioid receptor binding varies inversely with tumor grade in human gliomas. Cancer 1998; 83:2561-6. [PMID: 9874464 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19981215)83:12<2561::aid-cncr23>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid agonists can inhibit cell proliferation in various neural tumor cell lines, including rat gliomas. Because opioid antimitogenic effects are mediated by opioid receptors, it was of interest to the authors to determine opioid receptor levels in human brain tumors. METHODS Specimens obtained at craniotomy from 30 patients with glioma and nonneoplastic brain disorders were evaluated for their kappa-opioid receptor binding. Kd and Bmax values were estimated from homologous competition binding curves with the kappa1-selective radioligand [3H]U69,593. RESULTS Receptor binding density was greatest in nonneoplastic brain tissue, less in Grade 2 and 3 astrocytoma, and least in glioblastoma multiforme. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that opioid receptor-based stratification of grade may have clinical utility in distinguishing glioblastoma multiforme from lower grade astrocytomas, and thereby may facilitate diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E C Pan
- E. A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University Health Sciences Center, Missouri 63110-0250, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hiller JM, Fan LQ. Laminar distribution of the multiple opioid receptors in the human cerebral cortex. Neurochem Res 1996; 21:1333-45. [PMID: 8947923 DOI: 10.1007/bf02532374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative autoradiographic assessment of cerebral cortical laminar distribution of mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors was carried out in coronal sections of five post-mortem human brains obtained at autopsy. The cortical areas studied were: cingulate, frontal, insular, parietal, parahippocampal, temporal, occipitotemporal, occipital and striate area. In general, the laminar patterns of distribution for the three types of receptors are distinctive. Peak levels of delta opioid binding are in laminae I, II, and IIIa. mu-Receptors are located in lamina III followed by I and II in cingulate, frontal, insular and parietal cortices and lamina IV in temporal and occiptotemporal cortices. kappa-Receptors are found concentrated in laminae V and VI. The patterns of opioid binding in cortical laminae showed remarkable consistency in all five brains examined. In contrast to other cortical areas, the parahippocampal gyrus, at the level of the amygdaloid formation, demonstrated peak kappa receptor density in laminae I, II and III. mu-Opioid binding was undetectable in the lateral occipital cortex and in the striate area.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Analgesics/metabolism
- Autoradiography
- Benzomorphans/metabolism
- Cerebral Cortex/metabolism
- Cerebral Cortex/pathology
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-
- Enkephalin, Leucine/analogs & derivatives
- Enkephalin, Leucine/metabolism
- Enkephalins/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Organ Specificity
- Postmortem Changes
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/analysis
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/analysis
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/analysis
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Tritium
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Hiller
- Department of Psychiatry New York University Medical Center, NY 10016, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gurwell JA, Duncan MJ, Maderspach K, Stiene-Martin A, Elde RP, Hauser KF. kappa-opioid receptor expression defines a phenotypically distinct subpopulation of astroglia: relationship to Ca2+ mobilization, development, and the antiproliferative effect of opioids. Brain Res 1996; 737:175-87. [PMID: 8930364 PMCID: PMC4859821 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(96)00728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To assess the role of kappa-opioid receptors in astrocyte development, the effect of kappa-agonists on the growth of astroglia derived from 1-2-day-old mouse cerebra was examined in vitro. kappa-Opioid receptor expression was assessed immunocytochemically (using KA8 and KOR1 antibodies), as well as functionally by examining the effect of kappa-receptor activation on intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) homeostasis and DNA synthesis. On days 6-7, as many as 50% of the astrocytes displayed kappa-receptor (KA8) immunoreactivity or exhibited increases in [Ca2+]i in response to kappa-agonist treatment (U69,593 or U50,488H). Exposure to U69,593 (100 nM) for 72 h caused a significant reduction in number and proportion of glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive astrocytes incorporating bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) that could be prevented by co-administering the kappa-antagonist, nor-binaltorphimine (300 nM). In contrast, on day 14, only 5 or 14%, respectively, of the astrocytes were kappa-opioid receptor (KA8) immunoreactive or displayed functional increases in [Ca2+]i. Furthermore, U69,593 (100 nM) treatment failed to inhibit BrdU incorporation at 9 days in vitro. Experimental manipulations showed that kappa-receptor activation increases astroglial [Ca2+]i both through influx via L-type channels and through mobilization of intracellular stores (which is an important Ca2+ signaling pathway in cell division). Collectively, these results indicate that a subpopulation of developing astrocytes express kappa-opioid receptors in vitro, and suggest that the activation of kappa-receptors mobilizes [Ca2+]i and inhibits cell proliferation. Moreover, the proportion of astrocytes expressing kappa-receptors was greatest during a period of rapid cell growth suggesting that they are preferentially expressed by proliferating astrocytes.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer
- Analgesics/pharmacology
- Animals
- Astrocytes/chemistry
- Astrocytes/cytology
- Benzeneacetamides
- Bromodeoxyuridine
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium/pharmacology
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Cell Count
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/chemistry
- Cells, Cultured/cytology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- DNA/biosynthesis
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Naloxone/pharmacology
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Narcotics/pharmacology
- Nifedipine/pharmacology
- Phenotype
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/analysis
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/genetics
- Thapsigargin/pharmacology
- Time Factors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Gurwell
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Marilyn J. Duncan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Katalin Maderspach
- Department of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anne Stiene-Martin
- Department of Clinical Science, The University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Robert P. Elde
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kurt F. Hauser
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
- The Markey Cancer Center, The University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chao CC, Gekker G, Hu S, Sheng WS, Shark KB, Bu DF, Archer S, Bidlack JM, Peterson PK. kappa opioid receptors in human microglia downregulate human immunodeficiency virus 1 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:8051-6. [PMID: 8755601 PMCID: PMC38873 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.15.8051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells, the resident macrophages of the brain, play an important role in the neuropathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and recent studies suggest that opioid peptides regulate the function of macrophages from somatic tissues. We report herein the presence of kappa opioid receptors (KORs) in human fetal microglia and inhibition of HIV-1 expression in acutely infected microglial cell cultures treated with KOR ligands. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and sequencing analyses, we found that mRNA for the KOR was constitutively expressed in microglia and determined that the nucleotide sequence of the open reading frame was identical to that of the human brain KOR gene. The expression of KOR in microglial cells was confirmed by membrane binding of [3H]U69,593, a kappa-selective ligand, and by indirect immunofluorescence. Treatment of microglial cell cultures with U50,488 or U69,593 resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of expression of the monocytotropic HIV-1 SF162 strain. This antiviral effect of the kappa ligands was blocked by the specific KOR antagonist, nor-binaltrophimine. These findings suggest that kappa opioid agonists have immunomodulatory activity in the brain, and that these compounds could have potential in the treatment of HIV-1-associated encephalopathy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Analgesics/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Benzeneacetamides
- Brain/physiology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA, Complementary
- Dynorphins/pharmacology
- Fetus
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- HIV-1/drug effects
- HIV-1/physiology
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/physiology
- Microglia/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Open Reading Frames
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Phycoerythrin
- Pyrrolidines/metabolism
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Virus Replication/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Chao
- Neuroimmunobiology and Host Defense Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation and University of Minnesota Medical School, 55404, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mansour A, Burke S, Pavlic RJ, Akil H, Watson SJ. Immunohistochemical localization of the cloned kappa 1 receptor in the rat CNS and pituitary. Neuroscience 1996; 71:671-90. [PMID: 8867040 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(95)00464-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have demonstrated the presence of three opioid receptor types in the CNS and periphery. These receptors are referred to as mu, delta and kappa, and have been implicated in a wide variety of functions. The present study examines the localization of the kappa 1 receptor, a region of the receptor that has little homology with mu and delta receptors. Immunohistochemical studies in Zamboni-fixed rat tissue demonstrate immunoreactive perikarya and/or fibers in such regions as the deep layers of the parietal, temporal and occipital cortex, parasubiculum, central and medial amygdala, bed nucleus stria terminalis, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, endopiriform nucleus, claustrum, hypothalamic nuclei, median eminence, midline thalamic nuclei, zona incerta, central gray, caudal linear and dorsal raphe, substantia nigra, pars reticulata, ventral tegmental area, parabrachial nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, spinal cord and the dorsal root ganglia. Specific kappa 1 receptor-like immunohistochemical staining is also observed in the pituitary, where immunoreactive perikarya and fibers are localized in the neural and intermediate lobes. Transfection and preabsorption controls suggest that the antibody is selective for the cloned kappa 1 receptor, and does not recognize mu or delta. This immunohistochemical localization corresponds well to previously described kappa 1 receptor mRNA and binding distributions and provides new insights into the cellular localization and pre- and postsynaptic organization of the kappa 1 receptor-like proteins in the rat brain and pituitary. The functional implications of these results are discussed in light of the kappa 1 receptors play in hormonal regulation, antinociception and reward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mansour
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wevers A, Schmidt P, Cserpan E, Cserpan I, Maderspach K, Staak M, Schröder H. Cellular distribution of the mRNA for the kappa-opioid receptor in the human neocortex: a non-isotopic in situ hybridization study. Neurosci Lett 1995; 195:125-8. [PMID: 7478266 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(95)11797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Opioid receptors (OR) provide primary interaction sites of the human brain with opiates. Presently kappa-OR mRNA expression was studied in different cortical areas (A4, A10, A17) by in situ hybridization using digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotides and an alkaline phosphatase-mediated color reaction. kappa-OR mRNA was expressed mainly in layers II/III and V pyramidal and layer VI multiform neurons. A4 giant pyramidal and A17 giant stellate neurons stood out labeled. These findings fit in with our data on kappa-OR protein distribution. Combined cellular assessment of protein and mRNA will enable the study kappa-OR expression under physiological and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Wevers
- Department II of Anatomy, University of Köln, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Maderspach K, Takács J, Niewiadomska G, Csillag A. Postsynaptic and extrasynaptic localization of kappa-opioid receptor in selected brain areas of young rat and chick using an anti-receptor monoclonal antibody. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1995; 24:478-86. [PMID: 7595663 DOI: 10.1007/bf01181608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
kappa-opioid receptors were visualized by light and electron microscopical immunohistochemistry in young rat and chick brains, using a monoclonal antibody KA8 (IgG1, kappa) raised against a kappa-opioid receptor preparation from frog brain, which recognizes selectively the kappa-type receptor with preference for the kappa-2 subtype. The most pronounced kappa-opioid receptor-like immunoreactivity was observed in the hypothalamic nuclei of the rat brain and in the chick optic tectum, in regions where the functional significance of kappa-opioid receptors is well documented. Both neurons and glia were stained, the former on both somata and dendrites. At the ultrastructural level, the receptor-like immunoreactivity was similar in both species. Immunoprecipitate decorated the inner surface of the plasma membrane of glial cells, neuronal somata and dendrites, in a discontinuous arrangement. In the cytoplasm, labelling was associated with ribosomes, polyribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes but not with Golgi cisternae. In the neuropil, the immunoprecipitate was observed along the dendritic microtubules and was also associated with postsynaptic sites. Nuclei and axons were devoid of label and immunoreactivity was never visible presynaptically. Our findings indicate that the antibody used in the present study marks various forms of the kappa-opioid receptor protein including those synthesised in ribosomes, transported along dendritic microtubules and incorporated into postsynaptic and non-synaptic membranes. The antibody also recognizes glial opioid receptors. The observed subcellular distribution appears to be conserved in phylogenetically distant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Maderspach
- Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|