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Marchalonis JJ, Schluter SF, Bernstein RM, Shen S, Edmundson AB. Phylogenetic emergence and molecular evolution of the immunoglobulin family. Adv Immunol 1998; 70:417-506. [PMID: 9755343 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J J Marchalonis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA
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A comparative study of T and B lymphocytes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following their separation by nylon wool adherence and lectin agglutination techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00368268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Flory CM. Autonomic innervation of the spleen of the coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. a histochemical demonstration and preliminary assessment of its immunoregulatory role. Brain Behav Immun 1989; 3:331-44. [PMID: 2514816 DOI: 10.1016/0889-1591(89)90032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of immunity by the nervous system, now a well-established phenomenon in mammals, is effected in part through the autonomic innervation of lymphoid tissues. Noradrenergic fibers specifically target lymphocyte-rich areas in mammalian lymphoid tissues, and their ablation, or the administration of adrenergic agents, can significantly alter immune responses. This study demonstrates that the spleen of the coho salmon is also richly innervated by adrenergic neurons. While this innervation enters the spleen and remains largely associated with the splenic vasculature, fibers can also be observed entering the parenchyma. Although the coho spleen does not possess a well-developed white pulp, aggregations of leukocytes are found adjacent to the major blood vessels in close proximity to the vascular nervous tissue and parenchymal fibers. Chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine results in a significant enhancement of the splenic antibody-secreting cell response to trinitrophenylated sheep red blood cells. These results suggest that sympathectomy is removing a constraint, in the form of inhibitory catecholamines, on the immune response. The potential benefits from a teleost model of neural-immune interactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Flory
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
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Raison RL, Gilbertson P, Wotherspoon J. Cellular requirements for mixed leucocyte reactivity in the cyclostome, Eptatretus stoutii. Immunol Cell Biol 1987; 65 ( Pt 2):183-8. [PMID: 2956184 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1987.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Unfractionated peripheral blood leucocytes from allogeneic hagfish proliferated vigorously in one-way mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR) at 20-22 degrees. Maximum responsiveness was observed after 5 days of co-culture of responder and irradiated stimulator cells. Separation of leucocytes on the basis of laser scatter parameters yielded a small leucocyte population which responded but did not stimulate in MLR and a large leucocyte population capable of stimulating but not responding. Adherent cell depletion of the total leucocyte population did not affect the ability to respond in MLR but did ablate the stimulatory capacity of hagfish leucocytes. Together with previous phenotypic studies, these results confirm the presence of lymphocyte and macrophage/accessory cell populations in hagfish peripheral leucocytes.
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Kaattari SL, Irwin MJ, Yui MA, Tripp RA, Parkins JS. Primary in vitro stimulation of antibody production by rainbow trout lymphocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1986; 12:29-38. [PMID: 3765349 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(86)90107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Trinitrophenylated (TNP) forms of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) were used to produce antigen specific plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses with rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) splenocytes from unprimed fish in vitro. The culture system that was developed is described and characterized with respect to the kinetics and dose responses for both the haptenated and unhaptenated forms of the carriers. The induction of the PFC response to TNP-LPS was inhibited with TNP-lysine. Exposure to graded levels of gamma-radiation demonstrated a low dose augmentation of the PFC response with both antigens. Antigen addition experiments reveal that both antigens appear to stimulate the same population of antibody-producing B lymphocytes.
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Irwin MJ, Kaattari SL. Salmonid B lymphocytes demonstrate organ dependent functional heterogeneity. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1986; 12:39-45. [PMID: 3490046 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(86)90108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The passive hemolytic plaque assay was used to examine the functional heterogeneity of antibody producing cells in salmonid immune organs. In this study, the antibody response to Vibrio anguillarum antigens was induced by the injection of a somatic antigen extract. This antigen was also coated onto sheep red blood cells (SRBC) for plaque forming cell (PFC) determination. Previous studies have demonstrated that this response is antibody dependent and antigen specific (Kaattari and Irwin, 1985). The present study was focused upon the heterogeneity of antibody producing cells that arise in the spleen, anterior and posterior kidney of immunized coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). The functional heterogeneity of lymphocytes was assessed by histogram analysis of the antigen inhibition profiles of the plaque forming responses. These analyses have revealed that the anterior kidney lymphocytes possess a much more restricted profile of antibody specificities than do lymphocytes from the posterior kidney or spleen. These data suggest that B cell repetoires differ among the immune organs of salmonids.
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Miller NW, Clem LW. Microsystem for in vitro primary and secondary immunization of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocytes with hapten-carrier conjugates. J Immunol Methods 1984; 72:367-79. [PMID: 6206160 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(84)90006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Methods are described for the in vitro generation and detection of antibody-secreting cells (PFC) from channel catfish. Hapten-specific PFC can readily be enumerated by an indirect plaque assay employing rabbit antiserum to catfish Ig and guinea pig complement. A modified Mishell-Dutton-type culture system was developed for effectively generating significant in vitro anti-hapten PFC responses with catfish leukocytes at 27 degrees C. The classical hapten-carrier effect and primary responses to both TI and TD antigens were demonstrable with catfish cells. Variables found to be important with catfish cells included the serum supplement, cell densities and, to a lesser extent, antigen form. Optimistically these methods will prove useful in attempts to delineate the functional roles of different lymphocyte subpopulations in fish.
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Abstract
The administration of cortisol in the food of brown trout produced peak plasma cortisol titres of about 140 ng ml-1 at 12 hr and markedly reduced the number of circulating lymphocytes, which reached their lowest count at 36 hr. Cortisol did not affect the erythrocyte, thrombocyte, or neutrophil count. Sexual maturation of the male fish was associated with an increase in erythrocytes and a decrease in lymphocytes in the blood. These findings are discussed in relation to the increased susceptibility of the brown trout to a variety of infections during sexual maturation and under conditions of stress.
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Clem LW, Faulmann E, Miller NW, Ellsaesser C, Lobb CJ, Cuchens MA. Temperature-mediated processes in teleost immunity: differential effects of in vitro and in vivo temperatures on mitogenic responses of channel catfish lymphocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1984; 8:313-322. [PMID: 6234190 DOI: 10.1016/0145-305x(84)90038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro mitogenic responses of channel catfish peripheral blood leucocytes to ConA and LPS were differentially affected by both in vitro and in vivo temperatures. The magnitude of the response to LPS was relatively independent of both in vitro culture temperature and in vivo acclimation temperature. The magnitude of the response to ConA was suppressed at lower in vitro temperatures although this suppression could be reduced by lower in vivo acclimation temperatures. In vitro temperature-shift experiments indicated that channel catfish PBL could respond to ConA at a lower in vitro temperature if first stimulated with ConA at a higher in vitro temperature. The converse, however was not true in that channel catfish PBL did not respond at a higher in vitro temperature after an initial stimulation with ConA at a lower in vitro temperature. This latter failure to respond could not be attributed to the induction of a suppressor cell (or factor) by exposure to ConA at a lower temperature. These studies, when coupled with other available data on channel catfish PBL subpopulations, are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that low temperature immunosuppression in fish may result from preferential inhibitory effects on T cells rather than B cells.
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Sakai DK. Induction of nonspecific immunosuppression in a primitive teleost, rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1984; 8:569-578. [PMID: 6238855 DOI: 10.1016/0145-305x(84)90089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Induction of immunological non-reactivity to goldfish red blood cells (GFRBC), sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and to formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida cells was obtained in yearling rainbow trout raised under laboratory aquarium conditions (at 10 degrees C). Haemolysin and agglutinin titres were measured 1 to 4 weeks after immunization. While trout immunized with low and high doses of antigen by intramuscular (im) and intraperitoneal (ip) injections produced high antibody titres, administration of high doses of antigen by intravascular (iv) injection induced a state of tolerance which was antigen nonspecific. This lack of response persisted for at least 3 weeks. The phagocytic activity of peritoneal exudate cells from immunosuppressed fish was reduced. The numbers of plaque-forming cells amongst peripheral lymphocytes collected from trout receiving a high dose of GFRBC iv was markedly low when compared with those from trout receiving a similar dose ip. These findings are of interest since they demonstrate that the induction of antigen-nonspecific tolerance by iv administration of high doses of antigen in rainbow trout may be due to the generation of nonspecific suppressor cells.
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Blazer VS, Bennett RO, Wolke RE. The cellular immune response of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) to sheep red blood cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1984; 8:81-87. [PMID: 6373423 DOI: 10.1016/0145-305x(84)90012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The cellular immune response of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, to sheep erythrocytes was investigated. Both the primary and secondary responses were measured using the migration inhibition factor (MIF), antigen-binding (ABC), and plaque-forming cell (PFC) assays. These immune function assays provide measures of both T and B cell activity. The kinetics of these three responses at 16 degrees C were determined by sampling fish over an 18 day period for the primary response and a ten day period for the secondary response. The peak MIF response occurred two days after injection, while the primary peak PFC response was observed 14 days post-injection. Two ABC peaks were observed in the primary response, one at four days and one at ten days after injection. In the secondary response the peak ABC response was observed four days and the peak PFC response six days post-inoculation. The possible interrelationships of the various cell populations are discussed.
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Caspi RR, Shahrabani R, Kehati-Dan T, Avtalion RR. Heterogeneity of mitogen-responsive lymphocytes in carp (Cyprinus carpio). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1984; 8:61-70. [PMID: 6724093 DOI: 10.1016/0145-305x(84)90010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) of carp respond in vitro to a variety of phytomitogens, shown to be T-cell specific or B-cell specific in mammalian systems. Some basic differences have been observed in the proliferative response of carp PBL to PHA (phytohemagglutinin), ConA ( concanvalin A) and LPS (lipopolysaccharide): (1) The response to PHA and ConA was found to be highly dependent upon the continuous presence of mitogen in the medium, in contrast to LPS, where after the initial stimulation, cells could continue to proliferate for several days without mitogen. (2) Lymphoblasts grown in long term culture with either PHA or Con A could be transferred into medium containing the other mitogen without impairing cell proliferation, but cell growth was reduced to background level following transfer into LPS-containing medium. LPS grown cells continue to proliferate independently of the mitogen content of the medium. (3) Co-stimulation with LPS+PHA or LPS+ConA results in a synergistic response, while co-stimulation with PHA+ConA results in inhibition of DNA synthesis. (4) Several morphological differences have been observed between cells proliferating in the presence of PHA and those proliferating in the presence of LPS. It is suggested that while the PHA and ConA responsive cells may belong to the same lymphocyte subpopulation, they are distinct from the LPS-responsive subpopulation.
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DeLuca D, Wilson M, Warr GW. Lymphocyte heterogeneity in the trout, Salmo gairdneri, defined with monoclonal antibodies to IgM. Eur J Immunol 1983; 13:546-51. [PMID: 6347695 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830130706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody to trout serum IgM was tested by immunofluorescence analysis with lymphocytes from thymus, spleen and head kidney. By visual examination, the antibody reacted with only a subpopulation of lymphocytes. The mean values +/- SE for positive cells were 5.2 +/- 2.3% in the thymus, 30.3 +/- 7.9% in the spleen and 12.4 +/- 3.0% in the head kidney. Flow cytofluorometric analysis revealed evidence of heterogeneity by size among the membrane IgM-positive cells of the head kidney and spleen. Depletion of head kidney cells positive for surface IgM by an immune affinity adherence technique of panning, using monoclonal anti-IgM, significantly reduced the mitogenic response to lipopolysaccharide but not to concanavalin A. It is suggested that this information supports the existence of distinct subpopulations of fish lymphocytes that may be homologous in certain respects to mammalian T and B type cells.
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Warr GW, Simon RC. The mitogen response potential of lymphocytes from the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) re-examined. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1983; 7:379-384. [PMID: 6873431 DOI: 10.1016/0145-305x(83)90019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Pettey CL, McKinney EC. Mitogen induced cytotoxicity in the nurse shark. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1981; 5:53-64. [PMID: 7202793 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(81)80007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Bartos JM, Sommer CV. In vivo cell mediated immune response to M. tuberculosis and M. Salmoniphilum in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1981; 5:75-83. [PMID: 6781943 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(81)80009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Ruben LN, Edwards BF. Phylogeny of the emergence of T-B collaboration in humoral immunity. CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN IMMUNOBIOLOGY 1980; 9:55-89. [PMID: 6988165 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9131-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Warr GW. Membrane immunoglobulins of vertebrate lymphocytes. CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN IMMUNOBIOLOGY 1980; 9:141-70. [PMID: 6988162 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9131-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Marchalonis JJ, Moseley JM. Introduction -- the immunoglobulin-like T cell receptor problem. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1979; 114:145-56. [PMID: 88873 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9101-6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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DeLuca D, Warr GW, Marchalonis JJ. Phylogenetic origins of immune recognition: lymphocyte surface immunoglobulins and antigen binding in the genus Carassius (Teleostii). Eur J Immunol 1978; 8:525-30. [PMID: 357164 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830080713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Marchalonis JJ, Bucana C, Hoyer L, Warr GW, Hanna MG. Visualization of a guinea pig T lymphocyte surface component cross-reactive with immunoglobulin. Science 1978; 199:433-5. [PMID: 74094 DOI: 10.1126/science.74094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) show exquisite specificity in recognition of antigens, but the nature of the cell surface receptor is controversial. Although antigen recognition mediated by immunoglobulin variable (V) regions remains the minimal hypothesis, it has been extremely difficult to definitely establish the presence of immunoglobulins on these cells. Chicken antibodies, produced against the (Fab')2fragment of mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) and purified by binding to and elution from IgG-Sepharose 4B, bind to an endogenously synthesized surface component of guinea pig T cells. The binding occurred via a cross-reaction with murine k chain and a heavy chain determinant localized in the Fd region, and was visualized by immunofluorescence and immunoelectronmicroscopy using both transmission and scanning techniques. These data provide direct evidence for the presence of a surface component related to immunoglobulin on T lymphocytes.
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