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Matlack R, Yeh K, Rosini L, Gonzalez D, Taylor J, Silberman D, Pennello A, Riggs J. Peritoneal macrophages suppress T-cell activation by amino acid catabolism. Immunology 2006; 117:386-95. [PMID: 16476058 PMCID: PMC1782234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T-lymphocyte activation triggered by anti-CD3, endogenous or exogenous superantigen, and mitogens was suppressed in a cell-dose-dependent fashion by peritoneal cavity (PerC) leucocytes. Study of lymphocyte-deficient mice and the use of multiparameter fluorescence-activated cell sorter analyses revealed that macrophages were responsible for this form of immune regulation. Interferon-gamma was essential to trigger suppression, which, by enzyme inhibition studies, was shown to be the result of tryptophan and arginine catabolism. These results illustrate that macrophages, which are classically defined by their innate effector function as antigen-presenting cells, have the potential to temper adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matlack
- Department of Biology, Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648-3099, USA
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2
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Caulfield JJ, Hawrylowicz CM, Kemeny DM, Lee TH. GM-CSF increases the ability of cultured macrophages to support autologous CD4+ T-cell proliferation in response to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and PPD antigen. Immunol Suppl 1997; 92:123-30. [PMID: 9370934 PMCID: PMC1363991 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1997.00320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated an infiltration of monocytes and increased levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the asthmatic lung. To study the possible effects of this cytokine upon the differentiation and function of these newly recruited monocytes, we have developed a model in which monocytes isolated from human peripheral blood were differentiated into macrophages in serum in the presence or absence of GM-CSF. After 7 days, the macrophages increased in size and granularity, had increased phagocytic activity, and expressed various adhesion molecules, CD14 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II. The effects of GM-CSF on antigen presentation by cultured macrophages on the antigen-specific proliferative response of CD4+ T cells to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus or purified protein derivative of tuberculin and the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin was determined. CD4+ T-cell proliferation was reduced when either antigen was presented by macrophages cultured in serum alone, compared with the values obtained with freshly isolated monocytes. However, CD4+ cell proliferation was comparable to that observed with monocytes when antigen was presented by macrophages which had been pre-cultured with 50 U/ml GM-CSF. CD4+ T-cell proliferation to phytohaemagglutinin was similar when all three populations were used as accessory cells. High numbers of macrophages partially suppressed CD4+ T-cell proliferation in response to antigen presented by monocytes, but there was no significant difference between macrophages cultured in the presence or absence of GM-CSF. This data suggests that GM-CSF directs monocyte differentiation into macrophages with an antigen-presenting, rather than a suppressive, phenotype. Elevated levels of GM-CSF in the asthmatic lung may therefore maintain recently recruited monocytes in an inflammatory and T-cell activating state.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Caulfield
- Department of Allergy & Respiratory Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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3
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Pascual DW, Pascual VH, Bost KL, McGhee JR, Oparil S. Nitric oxide mediates immune dysfunction in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hypertension 1993; 21:185-94. [PMID: 7679089 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.21.2.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The immune system of the spontaneously hypertensive rat is dysfunctional compared with that of normotensive control strains. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that immunodepression in the spontaneously hypertensive rat was mediated by macrophages. The current study examines the mechanism for the depressed proliferative responses to concanavalin A typically observed by splenic mononuclear cells of spontaneously hypertensive rats. We tested various inhibitors of known macrophage products responsible for suppressing lymphoid function. The nitric oxide synthetase inhibitor NG-monomethyl L-arginine produced dose-dependent derepression of the proliferative responses of splenic mononuclear cells to concanavalin A. In contrast, indomethacin and catalase exhibited only weak derepression of the proliferative responses. Subsequent analysis showed that splenic mononuclear cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats generated greater nitric oxide levels than cells from Wistar-Kyoto rats, and nitric oxide levels were reduced when the inhibitor was added to splenic mononuclear cell cultures from spontaneously hypertensive rats. We further demonstrated that L-arginine is required for the development of the depressed mitogen-induced proliferative responses in these cells. Addition of L-arginine in excess of 10 microM to cultures diminished cell proliferation and increased nitric oxide. Polyclonal antibodies to murine interferon gamma reduced nitric oxide accumulation by approximately 50%, suggesting that interferon gamma is partially responsible for enhancing nitric oxide production in mitogen-stimulated splenic mononuclear cell cultures from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Thus, this study provides evidence that the immune depression observed in the spontaneously hypertensive rat is nitric oxide dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Pascual
- Department of Oral Biology, Baptist Medical Centers, Birmingham, Ala
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4
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Offner H, Celnik B, Bringman TS, Casentini-Borocz D, Nedwin GE, Vandenbark AA. Recombinant human beta-galactoside binding lectin suppresses clinical and histological signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 1990; 28:177-84. [PMID: 1694534 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(90)90032-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human placental tissue contains regulatory molecules that may prevent allo-sensitization. Recently, a 14 kDa beta-galactoside binding protein with demonstrated immunoregulatory properties has been cloned using cDNA from human placenta and expressed in Escherichia coli. The present study assesses the ability of this recombinant immunomodulatory lectin (rIML-1), to prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a paralytic T cell-mediated disease directed against myelin basic protein (BP). Injection of rIML-1 into Lewis rats inhibited the induction of both clinical and histological signs of EAE, apparently by blocking sensitization of encephalitogenic BP-specific T cells and inducing BP-dependent suppressor cells. Because it is neither immunogenic nor toxic, rIML-1 may have application in humans, and would have distinct advantages over unselective cytotoxic immunosuppressive agents used currently in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Offner
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory 151D-P, VA Medical Center, Portland, OR 97201
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5
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Kobayashi H, Aso H, Ishida N, Maeda H, Pollard RB, Suzuki F. Depletion of macrophages expressing I-J antigen results in efficient generation of alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Cell Immunol 1990; 128:589-602. [PMID: 2162738 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(90)90051-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of suppressor macrophages (S-M phi) produced during generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) stimulated with allogeneic lymphocytes was investigated. Splenic CTL from C3H/He mice (H-2k) were generated by in vivo immunization and subsequent in vitro stimulation by splenic lymphocytes from C57B1/6 mice (H-2b) in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). In addition to in vitro standard 51Cr release assay, the CTL activity was mainly measured in vivo using the Winn assay against EL-4 thymoma cells in B6C3F1 mice (H-2b/k). In mice injected with CTL plus EL-4 cells survival rate was 20% compared with no survival of mice treated with normal spleen cells plus EL-4 cells. The antitumor activity of the CTL was significantly increased when immunized mice were treated with a 5 mg/kg ip dose of indomethacin at the time of immunization (80% survival). Macrophages were depleted from spleen cells of immunized mice by plastic adherence or carbonyl-iron treatment, replaced with an equivalent number of M phi from normal mice, and then introduced into a 5-day MLR. When the antitumor activity of the cells isolated from this MLR was measured in the Winn assay, 90-100% survival in EL-4-bearing mice was observed. In contrast, none of the mice inoculated with EL-4 alone and 20% of the mice that received CTL obtained after alloimmunization followed by MLR in addition to EL-4 survived. These results of CTL activity were confirmed by in vitro cytotoxicity tests. When the M phi isolated from spleens of immunized mice were analyzed for I-Jk antigen expression, a 2.5-fold increase was detected, compared with splenic M phi obtained from normal C3H/He mice. In contrast, Ia and I-Ak antigen expression was equivalent in M phi isolated from normal or immunized C3H/He mice. When immune spleen cells were treated with anti-I-Jk antiserum followed by complement and then, subjected to the MLR, the antitumor activity of CTL was significantly enhanced (80% survival). However, treatment of these cells with anti-I-Ak antiserum and complement did not alter CTL activity. These data suggest that the increase of S-M phi expressing I-Jk+ antigen to be induced during alloimmunization results in suppression of allospecific CTL-generation in MLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kobayashi
- Asai Germanium Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Whitham RH, Vandenbark AA, Bourdette DN, Chou YK, Offner H. Suppressor cell regulation of encephalitogenic T cell lines: generation of suppressor macrophages with cyclosporin A and myelin basic protein. Cell Immunol 1990; 126:290-303. [PMID: 1690080 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(90)90322-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (CR-EAE) can be adoptively transferred using myelin basic protein (BP)-specific helper T cell lines, and suppressor cells may be important in recovery from EAE. In order to generate suppressor cells, spleen cells obtained from BP-complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) inoculated SJL/J mice and from normal mice were cultured for 7 days with medium, with cyclosporin A (CsA), or with CsA and antigen (BP or purified protein derivative of mycobacterium (PPD)). Cultured spleen cells were assayed for suppressor activity in vitro by coculture with BP-specific and PPD-specific helper T cell lines derived from SJL/J mice. Immunized donor spleen cells cultured with cyclosporin A (CsA) and BP were potent inhibitors of T cell line proliferation, and suppressor activity was increased 17-fold compared with control splenocytes. The number of suppressor cells required to suppress PPD-specific line proliferation by 50% (I50) was significantly higher than the number required to suppress BP-specific line proliferation, suggesting an antigen-specific component to the suppression. The major effector cell required for suppression was a large granular Mac-1+ cell with the functional characteristics of a macrophage. Suppressor activity persisted after depletion of Thy 1.2+ cells, but suppression was no longer antigen-specific, suggesting that culture of spleen cells with CsA and BP may generate suppressor macrophages which are antigen-nonspecific and Thy 1.2+ suppressor cells which are antigen-specific. These suppressor cells may be important in the regulation of CR-EAE and the techniques described for their generation may prove useful for treatment and prevention of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Whitham
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97207
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7
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D'Onofrio C, Perno CF, Mazzetti P, Graziani G, Calio' R, Bonmassar E. Depression of early phase of HTLV-I infection in vitro mediated by human beta-interferon. Br J Cancer 1988; 57:481-8. [PMID: 2899440 PMCID: PMC2246394 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1988.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural human interferon beta (beta-IFN) was tested during the early phase of in vitro infection with HTLV-I virus of human cord blood mononuclear cells (CBL), to evaluate whether its antiviral and immunomodulating effects might prevent spreading of infection in the host. beta-IFN was found to reduce HTLV-I transmission and integration in CBL cultures. Moreover, beta-IFN had no effect in preventing virus transmission and integration in K562 and a very limited effect in HL60 and Molt-4 human tumour lines, suggesting a cell-type specific mode of action. beta-IFN induced a 'priming' response on CBL, since overnight pretreatment of recipient cells or one single treatment at the onset of the coculture were almost equally effective in protecting against HTLV-I infection. During the early days post infection (p.i.), IFN-treated CBL showed a pattern of phenotypic markers that was closer to that of non-infected CBL. In contrast, untreated CBL exposed to HTLV-I showed a percent increase of Tac+, M3+ and Leu 11+ subpopulations. Cell-mediated immune responses of CBL were depressed after coculturing with HTLV-I producer MT-2 cells. beta-IFN was able to boost the cell-mediated cytotoxicity of fresh and infected CBL against both K562 and MT-2 target cells. Leukocyte blastogenesis in mixed lymphocyte/tumour cell cultures, evaluated in terms of 3H-thymidine incorporation during the first week p.i., was also enhanced by IFN when macrophages and lymphocytes were reconstituted at an optimal 1:20 ratio. It is conceivable that this overall enhancement of the immune response induced by beta-IFN could contribute to reduce HTLV-I infection in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D'Onofrio
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, II University of Rome, Italy
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8
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Breel M, van der Ende MB, Sminia T, Kraal G. Subpopulations of non-lymphoid cells in bronchus associated lymphoid tissue and lung of the mouse. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1988; 237:607-13. [PMID: 3075868 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5535-9_92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Breel
- Department of Histology, Medical Faculty, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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The Reticuloendothelial System in Infection with RNA Tumor Viruses. Infection 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-3748-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Sedgwick JD, Holt PG. Induction of IgE-secreting cells and IgE isotype-specific suppressor T cells in the respiratory lymph nodes of rats in response to antigen inhalation. Cell Immunol 1985; 94:182-94. [PMID: 3160487 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(85)90095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Repeated exposure of high-IgE-responder Brown Norway (BN) rats to an aerosol of ovalbumin (OVA) once weekly triggered progressively increasing levels of OVA-specific IgG in serum. In contrast, responses in the IgE class were transient, declining from peak titers during the third week to background levels by Week 5, despite continuing aerosol exposure. Subsequent parenteral challenge of these animals revealed a state of antigen- and IgE isotype-specific tolerance. Adoptive transfer of splenocytes or pooled respiratory tract lymph node (RTLN) cells from aerosol-exposed animals to naive rats abrogated subsequent OVA-specific primary IgE responses in the recipients, but did not affect specific IgG responses, and kinetic studies indicated that these suppressor cells arose first in the RTLN. Transfer studies employing individual lymph node groups which constituted the RTLN pool pinpointed the superficial cervical nodes, which drain the uppermost portion of the respiratory tract, as the major source of suppressor cells. Fractionation of cell populations before adoptive transfer employing monoclonal antibodies directed against T-cell markers, defined a population of suppressor cells generated by aerosol exposure which expressed both the W3/13 (pan T-cell) and OX8 (cytotoxic/suppressor T-cell) antigens, but which was negative for the W3/25 (helper T-cell) marker. Analysis of the IgE and IgG responses induced by OVA inhalation was performed employing the ELISA plaque technique, recently developed in this laboratory. These studies revealed the parathymic and posterior mediastinal nodes draining the lower lung, as the major sites of specific IgE and IgG production; smaller numbers of OVA-specific IgG-secreting cells (but none secreting specific IgE) were detected in the nodes draining the upper respiratory tract, while antibody secretion outside the respiratory tract was restricted to comparatively few cells in the spleen. The ELISA plaque assay was also employed to enumerate total numbers of cells secreting the IgE isotype in aerosol-exposed and control rats, employing samples from 10 different lymphoid organs. Approximately 50% of the IgE-secreting cells in these animals were localized in RTLN, as opposed to 25% in gut-associated lymphoid tissues. These data are discussed in relation to the pivotal role of respiratory-tract associated lymphoid tissues in regulation of IgE responses to aeroallergens.
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11
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Middleton PA, Bullock WW. Ontogeny of T-cell mitogen response in Lewis rats. III. Juvenile adherent suppressor cells block adult mitogen responses. Cell Immunol 1984; 88:421-35. [PMID: 6237732 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(84)90175-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Spleen cells from suckling female Lewis rats (4 to 20 days old) were able to suppress mitogenic responses to concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) of spleen or thymus cells from adult female Lewis rats and thymus cells from suckling Lewis rats. Thymus cells from suckling rats were unable to suppress adult spleen cell mitogenic responses to Con A. Removal of carbonyl iron (cFe)-, plastic-, or nylon-wool-adherent cells removed the suppressive action of juvenile spleen cells, but irradiation did not. Separated plastic-adherent spleen cells from suckling animals suppressed adult mitogenic responses to Con A. at optimal Con A doses 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME, 2 X 10(-5) M) abolished the suppressive effect of juvenile cells, however, at the hyperoptimal dose of Con A (125 micrograms/ml) even higher doses of 2-ME did not relieve suppression by juvenile cells. These suppressor cells in suckling pups were affected by early weaning which decreased suppression, resulting in enhanced mitogenic responses of juvenile cells and removal of the ability to suppress adult mitogenic response.
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12
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Li W, Miller RA. T and B cells induce macrophages which suppress proliferation but not lymphokine secretion. Cell Immunol 1984; 87:366-78. [PMID: 6235922 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(84)90006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In vitro culture of mouse spleen cells for 2 days or more leads to the production of adherent, phagocytic, Thy-1-, Ia+, Lyt-2- cells ("suppressor macrophages") which strongly inhibit the proliferative response of T and B lymphocytes to a variety of stimuli: mitogens, specific antigens, and antigen-nonspecific growth factors. Suppressive activity fails to develop, however, in cultured spleen cells from which nonadherent cells have been removed before the initial 48-hr incubation, and only partial suppression is obtained from cell suspensions from which T cells have been depleted before culture. We find that the requirement for nonadherent cells can be replaced by graded doses of lymphocytes. Lyt-2- and Lyt-2+ T cells are about equally potent in inducing suppressive activity in nonadherent cells. Surprisingly, B cells (containing fewer than 0.1% contaminating T cells) are also able to induce suppression in this system. The suppression induced includes both indomethacin-sensitive and indomethacin-resistant components. Interestingly, not all stages of mitogen-induced T-cell activation are blocked by these adherent cells: proliferation is inhibited, but production of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interleukin 3 (IL-3) is unaffected.
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Bielefeldt Ohmann H, Filion LG, Babiuk LA. Cellular interactions in the generation of bovine Con A-suppressor cells and in the mitogenic proliferative response. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1984; 6:307-20. [PMID: 6237484 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(84)90056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Previously we have shown that macrophages acted as accessory cells for the induction of bovine suppressor cells with concanavalin A (Con A) and in mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferation. In exploration of possible mechanisms for the lymphocyte-macrophage interaction, it was found that the requirement for macrophages could not be substituted for with 2-mercaptoethanol. Furthermore, direct contact between lymphocytes and macrophages was necessary for optimal generation of suppressor cells. However, de novo protein synthesis by macrophages or lymphocytes apparently was not essential for the induction of Con A suppressor cells. For generation of suppressor cells, Con A had to be present in a soluble form during the entire induction period, as mitogen "pulsing" of either lymphocytes or macrophages prior to cocultivation did not lead to generation of suppressor activity.
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Middleton PA, Bullock WW. Ontogeny of T-cell mitogen response in Lewis rats: II. Early appearance and loss of suppressor activity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1984; 8:907-919. [PMID: 6240420 DOI: 10.1016/0145-305x(84)90073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Spleen cells from rats 2 to 132 days old were cultured with 1-125 micrograms/ml Concanavalin A (Con A). At high doses of Con A, the high spontaneous thymidine uptake of spleen cells from rats 15 to 21 days old was suppressed, whereas spleen cells from younger rats showed no suppression of spontaneous mitogenesis at equally high Con A doses. Removal of either plastic-, nylon wool-, or carbonyl iron (cFe) adherent cells not only removed suppression of background by high Con A doses, but also allowed mitogenic responses at adult levels in normally unresponsive 15 to 21 day old pups. Low doses of X-irradiation did not cause a similar loss of suppression. We suggest that although there is an influx of ConA responsive cells into the rat spleens at 15 to 16 days, the mitogen responses of these cells are suppressed by an adherent cell population which is activated by high doses of Con A.
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15
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Ting CC, Zhang SR. Studies of the mechanisms for the induction of in vivo tumor immunity. VII. Development of specific antitumor immunity in progressors and regressors. Int J Cancer 1983; 32:385-91. [PMID: 6604036 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910320320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at comparing the development of specific antitumor immunity between hosts with progressively growing tumors and hosts with regressing tumors. The experiments were performed with a Friend virus-induced leukemia FBL-3 in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. The specific antitumor immunity was determined by in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay and in vivo tumor neutralization test. Both the systemic immunity (demonstrated in spleen) and immunity developed at tumor site were examined. For progressors, the tumor site was in the peritoneal cavity. For regressors, it was in a subcutaneous site of both flanks. Testing by the cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay showed that immune hosts and regressors had higher levels of systemic immunity than the progressors. However, when lymphocytes isolated from tumor sites were assayed, it was found that there was no remarkable difference between lymphocytes from progressor tumors (PTL) and lymphocytes from regressor tumors (RTL). Both lymphocyte populations were similar in profile analysis; they were characterized as T cells and possessed the same antigenic specificity. Nevertheless, when in vivo tumor transplantation experiments were performed, RTL were found to give protection against FBL-3 challenge whereas PTL consistently failed to do so. On cytomorphological examination, the PTL were seen to contain large amounts of macrophages. The presence of macrophages in PTL appeared to have an inverse relationship to the in vivo protective effect. After removal of macrophages from PTL by Petri dish adherence, the nonadherent PTL were found to give in vivo protection. Furthermore, thymocytes from progressors and macrophages isolated from the progressor tumors were found to suppress the in vivo T-cell-mediated immunity. These findings demonstrated that suppressor T cells and suppressor macrophages were present in tumor-bearing hosts. These suppressor cells could interfere with the function of immune T cells at the efferent arm of the immune response.
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16
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Sestini P, Bozelka BE, deShazo RD, Salvaggio JE. Murine alveolar macrophage-mediated lymphocyte cytostasis: kinetics and mechanisms. Cell Immunol 1982; 73:264-74. [PMID: 6984361 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(82)90454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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18
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Bell ET, Bell JE. Regulation of the immune response in the rat: evidence for the existence of contrasuppressor cells. Cell Immunol 1982; 71:388-95. [PMID: 6982770 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(82)90272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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