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de Matos Silva S, Echeverri CR, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Fusco-Almeida AM, Gonzalez A. Common virulence factors between Histoplasma and Paracoccidioides: Recognition of Hsp60 and Enolase by CR3 and plasmin receptors in host cells. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2024; 7:100246. [PMID: 39022313 PMCID: PMC11253281 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2024.100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the incidence of Invasive Fungal Infections (IFIs) globally has risen, posing a considerable challenge despite available antifungal therapies. Addressing this, the World Health Organization (WHO) prioritized research on specific fungi, notably Histoplasma spp. and Paracoccidioides spp. These dimorphic fungi have a mycelial life cycle in soil and a yeast phase associated with tissues of mammalian hosts. Inhalation of conidia and mycelial fragments initiates the infection, crucially transforming into the yeast form within the host, influenced by factors like temperature, host immunity, and hormonal status. Survival and multiplication within alveolar macrophages are crucial for disease progression, where innate immune responses play a pivotal role in overcoming physical barriers. The transition to pathogenic yeast, triggered by increased temperature, involves yeast phase-specific gene expression, closely linked to infection establishment and pathogenicity. Cell adhesion mechanisms during host-pathogen interactions are intricately linked to fungal virulence, which is critical for tissue colonization and disease development. Yeast replication within macrophages leads to their rupture, aiding pathogen dissemination. Immune cells, especially macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils, are key players during infection control, with macrophages crucial for defense, tissue integrity, and pathogen elimination. Recognition of common virulence molecules such as heat- shock protein-60 (Hsp60) and enolase by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), mainly via the complement receptor 3 (CR3) and plasmin receptor pathways, respectively, could be pivotal in host-pathogen interactions for Histoplasma spp. and Paracoccidioides spp., influencing adhesion, phagocytosis, and inflammatory regulation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the dynamic of these two IFIs between host and pathogen. Further research into these fungi's virulence factors promises insights into pathogenic mechanisms, potentially guiding the development of effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta de Matos Silva
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Paulista State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
- Nucleous of Proteomics, Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Paulista State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
- Basic and Applied Microbiology Group (MICROBA), School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carolina Rodriguez Echeverri
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Paulista State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
- Nucleous of Proteomics, Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Paulista State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
- Basic and Applied Microbiology Group (MICROBA), School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Paulista State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
- Nucleous of Proteomics, Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Paulista State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Paulista State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
- Nucleous of Proteomics, Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Paulista State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Angel Gonzalez
- Basic and Applied Microbiology Group (MICROBA), School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
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Rodrigues ME, Silva S, Azeredo J, Henriques M. Novel strategies to fight Candida species infection. Crit Rev Microbiol 2014; 42:594-606. [PMID: 25383647 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.974500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the incidence of human fungal infections. The increase in cases of infection caused by Candida species, and the consequent excessive use of antimicrobials, has favored the emergence of resistance to conventional antifungal agents over the past decades. Consequently, Candida infections morbidity and mortality are also increasing. Therefore, new approaches are needed to improve the outcome of patients suffering from Candida infections, because it seems unlikely that the established standard treatments will drastically lower the morbidity of mucocutaneous Candida infections and the high mortality associated with invasive candidiasis. This review aims to present the last advances in the traditional antifungal therapy, and present an overview of novel strategies that are being explored for the treatment of Candida infections, with a special focus on combined antifungal agents, antifungal therapies with alternative compounds (plant extracts and essential oils), adjuvant immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy and laser therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Rodrigues
- a CEB -- Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO -- Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Sónia Silva
- a CEB -- Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO -- Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- a CEB -- Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO -- Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Mariana Henriques
- a CEB -- Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO -- Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
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van de Veerdonk FL, Kullberg BJ, Netea MG. Adjunctive immunotherapy with recombinant cytokines for the treatment of disseminated candidiasis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 18:112-9. [PMID: 22032929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the discovery in the last decade of azoles and echinocandins as novel and potent antimycotic drugs, systemic Candida infections are still accompanied by an unacceptably high burden of morbidity and mortality. A rational novel therapeutic approach would be the use of adjuvant immunotherapy, with the aim of improving host defence against Candida. Increases in our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of Candida infections, such as the role played by pattern recognition receptors and the induction of proinflammatory cytokines during the early phases of infection, have led to the hypothesis of a potential therapeutic role of recombinant cytokines in systemic candidiasis. In the present review, we give an update of both experimental data and proof-of-principle studies in humans that argue for the use of adjunctive immunotherapy with recombinant cytokines in invasive Candida infections. Sufficiently powered studies on the role of cytokine-based treatment regimens for invasive candidiasis are needed to fully demonstrate the feasibility of this immunotherapeutic approach to improve the prognosis of severe invasive Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L van de Veerdonk
- Nijmegen University Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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van de Veerdonk FL, Netea MG, Joosten LA, van der Meer JWM, Kullberg BJ. Novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of Candida infections: the potential of immunotherapy. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 34:1063-75. [PMID: 20528948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Candida spp. continue to be a substantial cause of disease burden, especially in immunocompromised patients. New approaches are needed to improve the outcome of patients suffering from Candida infections, because it seems unlikely that the established standard treatment will drastically lower the morbidity of mucocutaneous Candida infections and the high mortality associated with invasive candidiasis. New insights into the mechanisms of the anti-Candida host response have contributed to the design of novel immunotherapeutic approaches that have been proposed as adjuvant therapy in Candida infections. This review presents an overview of novel strategies in the prevention and treatment of Candida infections, with a special focus on adjuvant immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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van Asbeck EC, Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Candida parapsilosis: a review of its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, typing and antimicrobial susceptibility. Crit Rev Microbiol 2010; 35:283-309. [PMID: 19821642 DOI: 10.3109/10408410903213393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The Candida parapsilosis family has emerged as a major opportunistic and nosocomial pathogen. It causes multifaceted pathology in immuno-compromised and normal hosts, notably low birth weight neonates. Its emergence may relate to an ability to colonize the skin, proliferate in glucose-containing solutions, and adhere to plastic. When clusters appear, determination of genetic relatedness among strains and identification of a common source are important. Its virulence appears associated with a capacity to produce biofilm and production of phospholipase and aspartyl protease. Further investigations of the host-pathogen interactions are needed. This review summarizes basic science, clinical and experimental information about C. parapsilosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline C van Asbeck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, and California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128, USA
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Roilides E, Blake C, Holmes A, Pizzo P, Walsh T. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interferon-γ prevent dexamethasone-induced immunosuppression of antifungal monocyte activity against Aspergillus fumigatushyphae. Med Mycol 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/02681219680000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Kullberg BJ, van 't Wout JW. Cytokines in the treatment of fungal infections. BIOTHERAPY (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 1994; 7:195-210. [PMID: 7865351 DOI: 10.1007/bf01878486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of invasive fungal infections in the immunocompromized host has increased during the past decade. Even the recently developed antifungal drugs are unable to cure these infections in patients with severely impaired host defense mechanisms. Cytokines have great potential to augment host resistance and as adjunctive therapy of invasive mycoses. We discuss the mechanisms of host defense against invasive candidiasis, aspergillosis, and cryptococcosis, and review the use of cytokines and growth factors in this setting. Interleukin-1 has been shown effective in an animal model of disseminated candidiasis, even during severe granulocytopenia. Interferon-gamma has been very effective as a modulator of resistance against a variety of fungal infections in vitro. The effect of interferon-gamma against disseminated candidiasis has been demonstrated in a mouse model. Activation of neutrophils is the main mechanism by which interferon-gamma enhances the elimination of Candida, and consequently the agent is not effective in severely granulocytopenic animals. Data on the role of colony-stimulating factors against fungal pathogens are accumulating, and trials with these agents for hematologic patients with invasive fungal infections are now being performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Kullberg
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Pitzurra L, Puliti M, Fuad MA, Bistoni F, Blasi E. Tetanus toxin selectively impairs anti-tumoral but not anti-microbial macrophage-mediated effector functions. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1993; 7:289-95. [PMID: 8136779 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1993.tb00410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to establish the susceptibility of macrophage-mediated effector functions to tetanus toxin (TT). Using the murine macrophage cell line, GG2EE, generated in vitro by v-raf/v-myc oncogenes, we have previously provided evidence that TT selectively inhibits interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), but not basal, lysozyme activity. Here we show that while neither phagocytic nor candidacidal activities are affected by TT treatment, antitumoral activity is significantly impaired after exposure to TT. This phenomenon, which is dose-dependent, is fully ascribed to the holotoxin, as heat inactivated TT, C or A-B fragments result ineffective. Furthermore, C but not A-B fragment competes with TT in abrogating its inhibitory effects. Overall, these data indicate that TT is not a broad-spectrum, down-regulating signal on macrophage-mediated functions, thus implying that its toxic action is exerted on specific molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pitzurra
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
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Roilides E, Uhlig K, Venzon D, Pizzo PA, Walsh TJ. Enhancement of oxidative response and damage caused by human neutrophils to Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and gamma interferon. Infect Immun 1993; 61:1185-93. [PMID: 7681040 PMCID: PMC281347 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.4.1185-1193.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis is a serious fungal infection caused by the proliferation and invasion of Aspergillus hyphae in tissue. Neutrophils (PMNs) are the most important line of defense against Aspergillus hyphae. To investigate the role of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) against Aspergillus fumigatus, we studied the effects of the two cytokines on the oxidative burst and the capacity of normal human PMNs to damage hyphae of the organism. G-CSF enhanced PMN oxidative burst measured as superoxide anion (O2-) production in response to N-formylmethionyl leucyl phenylalanine, serum opsonized hyphae, and nonopsonized hyphae by 75, 37, and 24%, respectively, compared with control PMNs (P < 0.015). IFN-gamma also induced increases of 52, 71, and 96%, respectively, in response to the same stimuli (P < 0.006). In addition, the capacity of PMNs to damage hyphae as measured by the 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MMT) colorimetric metabolic assay was significantly enhanced by G-CSF and IFN-gamma (P < 0.01 and < 0.05, respectively). The enhancement was achieved irrespective of serum opsonization of the hyphae, suggesting upregulatory actions of the two cytokines on signal pathways specific for opsonized and nonopsonized hyphae. The combination of the two cytokines exhibited an additive effect at the higher concentrations compared with the effects of the cytokines alone (P < 0.05). Pretreatment of PMNs with protein synthesis inhibitors showed that IFN-gamma activates PMN function through transcriptional regulation, whereas the effect of G-CSF does not require new proteins. These in vitro effects suggest modulatory roles for G-CSF and IFN-gamma in the host defense against Aspergillus hyphae irrespective of serum opsonization and a potential utility of the cytokines as adjuncts for the prevention and possible treatment of invasive aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Roilides
- Infectious Diseases Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Kagaya K, Watanabe K, Fukazawa Y, Suzuki S, Kobayashi M, Okawa Y, Suzuki M, Takahashi H, Brummer E, Kurita N. Biochemical mechanisms of intracellular killing of fungi. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND VETERINARY MYCOLOGY : BI-MONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR HUMAN AND ANIMAL MYCOLOGY 1992; 30 Suppl 1:179-87. [PMID: 1474442 DOI: 10.1080/02681219280000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Kagaya
- Yamanashi Medical College, Japan
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