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Martin RW, Kelly JE, Collier KA. Spatial reorientation experiments for NMR of solids and partially oriented liquids. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 90-91:92-122. [PMID: 26592947 PMCID: PMC6936739 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Motional reorientation experiments are extensions of Magic Angle Spinning (MAS) where the rotor axis is changed in order to average out, reintroduce, or scale anisotropic interactions (e.g. dipolar couplings, quadrupolar interactions or chemical shift anisotropies). This review focuses on Variable Angle Spinning (VAS), Switched Angle Spinning (SAS), and Dynamic Angle Spinning (DAS), all of which involve spinning at two or more different angles sequentially, either in successive experiments or during a multidimensional experiment. In all of these experiments, anisotropic terms in the Hamiltonian are scaled by changing the orientation of the spinning sample relative to the static magnetic field. These experiments vary in experimental complexity and instrumentation requirements. In VAS, many one-dimensional spectra are collected as a function of spinning angle. In SAS, dipolar couplings and/or chemical shift anisotropies are reintroduced by switching the sample between two different angles, often 0° or 90° and the magic angle, yielding a two-dimensional isotropic-anisotropic correlation spectrum. Dynamic Angle Spinning (DAS) is a related experiment that is used to simultaneously average out the first- and second-order quadrupolar interactions, which cannot be accomplished by spinning at any unique rotor angle in physical space. Although motional reorientation experiments generally require specialized instrumentation and data analysis schemes, some are accessible with only minor modification of standard MAS probes. In this review, the mechanics of each type of experiment are described, with representative examples. Current and historical probe and coil designs are discussed from the standpoint of how each one accomplishes the particular objectives of the experiment(s) it was designed to perform. Finally, applications to inorganic materials and liquid crystals, which present very different experimental challenges, are discussed. The review concludes with perspectives on how motional reorientation experiments can be applied to current problems in chemistry, molecular biology, and materials science, given the many advances in high-field NMR magnets, fast spinning, and sample preparation realized in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel W Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697-2025, United States; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697-3900, United States.
| | - John E Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697-2025, United States
| | - Kelsey A Collier
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine 92697-4575, United States
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Litvak IM, Espinosa CA, Shapiro RA, Oldham AN, Duong VV, Martin RW. Pneumatic switched angle spinning NMR probe with capacitively coupled double saddle coil. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2010; 206:183-189. [PMID: 20673643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Switched angle spinning (SAS) experiments can be used for generating isotropic-anisotropic correlations in oriented samples in a single experiment. In order for these methods to become widespread, specialized hardware is required. Here we describe the electronic and mechanical design and performance of a double-resonance SAS probe. Unlike many previous SAS probe implementations, the focus here is on systems where the dipolar couplings are partially averaged by molecular motion. This probe has a moving double saddle coil capacitively coupled to the stationary circuit. Angle switching is accomplished by a steam engine-type pneumatic mechanism. The speed and stability of the switching hardware for SAS experiments are demonstrated using spectra of model compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya M Litvak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, United States
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Qian C, Thureau P, Martin RW. Variable angle spinning (VAS) experiments for strongly oriented systems: methods development and preliminary results. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2008; 46:351-355. [PMID: 18306174 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Variable angle spinning (VAS) experiments provide a useful method for measuring long-range dipolar couplings and obtaining isotropic-anisotropic correlation spectra. These experiments make it possible to obtain correlations between isotropic and anisotropic spectra without altering the chemical composition of the sample. They also allow working with very strongly oriented systems that are not accessible to solution-state techniques. In this communication, we discuss recent hardware developments in our laboratory and show representative data from small molecules in strongly oriented liquid-crystalline samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqi Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Mamone S, Dorsch A, Johannessen OG, Naik MV, Madhu PK, Levitt MH. A Hall effect angle detector for solid-state NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2008; 190:135-41. [PMID: 17910927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new method for independent monitoring of the angle between the spinning axis and the magnetic field in solid-state NMR. A Hall effect magnetic flux sensor is fixed to the spinning housing, so that a change in the stator orientation leads to a change in the angle between the Hall plane and the static magnetic field. This leads to a change in the Hall voltage generated by the sensor when an electric current is passed through it. The Hall voltage may be measured externally by a precision voltmeter, allowing the spinning angle to be measured non-mechanically and independent of the NMR experiment. If the Hall sensor is mounted so that the magnetic field is approximately parallel to the Hall plane, the Hall voltage becomes highly sensitive to the stator orientation. The current angular accuracy is around 10 millidegrees. The precautions needed to achieve higher angular accuracy are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Mamone
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Qian C, Pines A, Martin RW. Design and construction of a contactless mobile RF coil for double resonance variable angle spinning NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2007; 188:183-9. [PMID: 17638585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Variable angle spinning (VAS) experiments can be used to measure long-range dipolar couplings and provide structural information about molecules in oriented media. We present a probe design for this type of experiment using a contactless resonator. In this circuit, RF power is transmitted wirelessly via coaxial capacitive coupling where the coupling efficiency is improved by replacing the ordinary sample coil with a double frequency resonator. Our probe constructed out of this design principle has shown favorable properties at variable angle conditions. Moreover, a switched angle spinning correlation experiment is performed to demonstrate the probe's capability to resolve dipolar couplings in strongly aligned molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqi Qian
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Pileio G, Guo Y, Pham TN, Griffin JM, Levitt MH, Brown SP. Residual dipolar couplings by off-magic-angle spinning in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:10972-3. [PMID: 17705478 DOI: 10.1021/ja0721115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pileio
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Robyr P, Tomaselli M, Straka J, Grob-Pisano C, Suter U, Meier B, Ernst R. RF-driven and proton-driven NMR polarization transfer for investigating local order. Mol Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00268979500100691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Takegoshi K, Nakamura S, Terao T. 13C–1H dipolar-driven 13C–13C recoupling without 13C rf irradiation in nuclear magnetic resonance of rotating solids. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1534105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Zandomeneghi G, Tomaselli M, van Beek JD, Meier BH. Manipulation of the director in bicellar mesophases by sample spinning: a new tool for NMR spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:910-3. [PMID: 11456624 DOI: 10.1021/ja0019326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is shown that bicellar nematic liquid-crystalline phases can be oriented with the director (the normal to the bicellar plane) at an arbitrary angle to the applied magnetic field by sample rotation around one axis (variable-angle sample spinning) or around two axes successively (switched-angle spinning). This promises to open novel possibilities for NMR studies of bicelles and proteins incorporated into bicelles or dissolved in a solution containing bicelles, including the correlation of several orientations in a two-dimensional NMR experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zandomeneghi
- Contribution from the Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH-Zentrum, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Baldus M, Rovnyak D, Griffin RG. Radio-frequency-mediated dipolar recoupling among half-integer quadrupolar spins. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.481187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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12
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NIJMAN MELANIE, ERNST MATTHIAS, KENTGENS ARNOPM, MEIER BEATH. Rotational-resonance NMR experiments in half-integer quadrupolar spin systems. Mol Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970009483280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Taylor DM, Ramamoorthy A. Analysis of dipolar-coupling-mediated coherence transfer in a homonuclear two spin-12 solid-state system. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 1999; 141:18-28. [PMID: 10527739 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.1999.1893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Homonuclear dipolar-mediated coherence transfer (DCT), a through-space transfer of magnetization between like spins, can yield otherwise difficult-to-obtain structural information for macromolecules by measuring the internuclear distances between two sites of interest. The behavior of a spin-12 system under DCT is analyzed in detail by computing the time development of the density matrix using the product operator formalism. The effect of coherence transfer (CT) via the homonuclear isotropic scalar coupling on DCT is examined. Analytical and computational results that yield useful information on the frequencies, first-maxima, and first-zero of CT for a uniaxially oriented or a single-crystal solid-state system are presented. The results predict that the evolution of the spin angular momentum operators under the homonuclear dipolar coupling Hamiltonian leads to "cylindrical mixing" unlike "isotropic mixing" due to the strong scalar coupling Hamiltonian. These results will find relevance in both the design of RF pulse sequences for the structural studies of uniaxially oriented biological solids and the interpretation of solution NMR results from proteins embedded in partially oriented bicelles. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- DM Taylor
- Biophysics Research Division, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055, USA
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Hartmann P, Jäger C, Zwanziger JW. Off-angle correlation spectroscopy applied to spin-1/2 and quadrupolar nuclei. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 1999; 13:245-254. [PMID: 10378433 DOI: 10.1016/s0926-2040(99)00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A two-dimensional correlation experiment is described, in which homonuclear dipolar couplings are used to realize through-space magnetization exchange on spin-1/2 (31P) and on quadrupolar nuclei (23Na and 11B). In the detection period, Magic Angle Spinning is applied to enhance resolution, and the dipole couplings are re-introduced in the mixing period by spinning off the Magic Angle. The dependency of the exchange rates on the mixing time and the spinning angle is investigated. The influence of strong spin-locking during mixing is discussed, and shown in the spin-1/2 case to remove the dependence on chemical shift offset effects. For quadrupolar spins, the experiment yields information on the relative tensor orientations of the coupled quadrupoles. Applications to crystalline sodium aluminum diphosphate, sodium sulphite, and potassium borate glasses are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hartmann
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Germany
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Bonhomme C, Livage J. Pictorial Representation of Anisotropy and Macroscopic Reorientations of Samples in Solid-State NMR: First-Order Interactions. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp972525s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Bonhomme
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée, URA CNRS 1466, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - J. Livage
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée, URA CNRS 1466, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, Cedex 05, France
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16
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Ernst M, Meier BH. Spin Diffusion in Solids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-6881(98)80007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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17
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De Paul SM, Ernst M, Shore JS, Stebbins JF, Pines A. Cross-Polarization from Quadrupolar Nuclei to Silicon Using Low-Radio-Frequency Amplitudes during Magic-Angle Spinning. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9623711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan M. De Paul
- Materials Sciences Division, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Department of Geology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Materials Sciences Division, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Department of Geology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Jay S. Shore
- Materials Sciences Division, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Department of Geology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Jonathan F. Stebbins
- Materials Sciences Division, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Department of Geology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Alexander Pines
- Materials Sciences Division, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Department of Geology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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Baldus M, Iuliucci RJ, Meier BH. Probing Through-Bond Connectivities and Through-Space Distances in Solids by Magic-Angle-Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9622259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Baldus
- Contribution from the NSR-Center for Molecular Structure, Design and Synthesis, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R. J. Iuliucci
- Contribution from the NSR-Center for Molecular Structure, Design and Synthesis, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - B. H. Meier
- Contribution from the NSR-Center for Molecular Structure, Design and Synthesis, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Tycko R. Prospects for resonance assignments in multidimensional solid-state NMR spectra of uniformly labeled proteins. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 1996; 8:239-51. [PMID: 8953215 DOI: 10.1007/bf00410323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of assigning the backbone 15N and 13C NMR chemical shifts in multidimensional magic angle spinning NMR spectra of uniformly isotopically labeled proteins and peptides in unoriented solid samples is assessed by means of numerical simulations. The goal of these simulations is to examine how the upper limit on the size of a peptide for which unique assignments can be made depends on the spectral resolution, i.e., the NMR line widths. Sets of simulated three-dimensional chemical shift correlation spectra for artificial peptides of varying length are constructed from published liquid-state NMR chemical shift data for ubiquitin, a well-characterized soluble protein. Resonance assignments consistent with these spectra to within the assumed spectral resolution are found by a numerical search algorithm. The dependence of the number of consistent assignments on the assumed spectral resolution and on the length of the peptide is reported. If only three-dimensional chemical shift correlation data for backbone 15N and 13C nuclei are used, no residue-specific chemical shift information, information from amino acid side-chain signals, and proton chemical shift information are available, a spectral resolution of 1 ppm or less is generally required for a unique assignment of backbone chemical shifts for a peptide of 30 amino acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tycko
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0520, USA
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Baldus M, Tomaselli M, Meier B, Ernst R. Broadband polarization-transfer experiments for rotating solids. Chem Phys Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(94)01209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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