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Zhu LJ, Sun SS, Hu YX, Liu YF. Metabolism studies of paeoniflorin in rat liver microsomes by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180759. [PMID: 30473826 PMCID: PMC6227959 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To explore metabolism mechanism of paeoniflorin in the liver and further understand intact metabolism process of paeoniflorin, a rapid, convenient and effective assay is described using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). The strategy was confirmed in the following primary processes: firstly, different concentration of paeoniflorin, rat liver microsomes, coenzymes and different incubated conditions were optimized to build a biotransformation model of rat liver microsomes in vitro by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD); secondly, the metabolites of paeoniflorin in rat liver microsomes were detected and screened using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS by comparing the total ion chromatogram (TIC) of the experimental group with those of control groups; finally, the molecular formulae and corresponding chemical structures of paeoniflorin metabolites were identified by comparing the MS and MS/MS spectra with the self-constructed database and simulation software. Based on this analytical strategy, 20 metabolites of paeoniflorin were found and 6 metabolites (including four new compounds) were tentatively identified. It was shown that hydrolysis and oxidation were the major metabolic pathways of paeoniflorin in rat liver microsomes, and the main metabolic sites were the structures of pinane and the ester bond. These findings were significant for a better understanding of the metabolism of paeoniflorin in rat liver microsomes and the proposed metabolic pathways of paeoniflorin might provide fundamental support for the further research in the pharmacological mechanism of Paeoniae Radix Rubra (PRR).
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Affiliation(s)
- L. J. Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - S. S. Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Y. X. Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Y. F. Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
- Natural Products Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
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Human brain microsomes: their abilities to metabolize tetrahydrocannabinols and cannabinol. Forensic Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-013-0181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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3
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PATON WDM, PERTWEE RG. Effect of cannabis and certain of its constituents on pentobarbitone sleeping time and phenazone metabolism. Br J Pharmacol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1972.tb07261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Dietz L, Glaz-Sandberg A, Nguyen H, Skopp G, Mikus G, Aderjan R. The Urinary Disposition of Intravenously Administered 11-Nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Humans. Ther Drug Monit 2007; 29:368-72. [PMID: 17529896 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e31805ba6fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the fraction of an administered dose of 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) that is actually excreted into urine and to determine its urinary half-life independent of the parent compound. Ten healthy, male marijuana nonusers who were enrolled in the study were administered a single dose of 5 mg THCCOOH by the intravenous route. Urine specimens were collected up to 96 hours after administration. Samples were extracted before and after alkaline hydrolysis. The concentration of unconjugated and total THCCOOH was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Most of the THCCOOH found in urine was conjugated, with only 0.14 +/- 0.08% of the dose present as unconjugated THCCOOH. The amount of conjugated THCCOOH ranged from 149.3 to 559.8 (mean +/- SD, 342.8 +/- 117.3) microg, representing a recovery of 3% to 11% of the administered dose. The measured amounts of total THCCOOH were low and highly varied among individuals. Renal excretion does not appear to be the preferred elimination pathway for THCCOOH. Urinary elimination half-life of unconjugated and conjugated THCCOOH ranged from 9.0 to 27.4 (mean +/- SD, 17.3 +/- 5.3) hours and from 10.7 to 27.6 (mean +/- SD, 16.0 +/- 5.0) hours, respectively. Although preliminary in nature, the actual urinary elimination half-life of THCCOOH appears to be significantly shorter than its apparent or terminal half-life reported from single or multiple dosing of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Dietz
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Traffic Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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Ambrosio ALB, Dias SMG, Polikarpov I, Zurier RB, Burstein SH, Garratt RC. Ajulemic acid, a synthetic nonpsychoactive cannabinoid acid, bound to the ligand binding domain of the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:18625-18633. [PMID: 17462987 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702538200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ajulemic acid (AJA) is a synthetic analog of THC-11-oic acid, a metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major active ingredient of the recreational drug marijuana derived from the plant Cannabis sativa. AJA has potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in vivo, but without the psychotropic action of THC. However, its precise mechanism of action remains unknown. Biochemical studies indicate that AJA binds directly and selectively to the isotype gamma of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARgamma) suggesting that this may be a pharmacologically relevant receptor for this compound and a potential target for drug development in the treatment of pain and inflammation. Here, we report the crystal structure of the ligand binding domain of the gamma isotype of human PPAR in complex with ajulemic acid, determined at 2.8-A resolution. Our results show a binding mode that is compatible with other known partial agonists of PPAR, explaining their moderate activation of the receptor, as well as the structural basis for isotype selectivity, as observed previously in vitro. The structure also provides clues to the understanding of partial agonism itself, suggesting a rational approach to the design of molecules capable of activating the receptor at levels that avoid undesirable side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre L B Ambrosio
- Centro de Biotecnologia Molecular Estrutural, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos-SP CEP 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Sandra M G Dias
- C3-137 Veterinary Medical Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- Centro de Biotecnologia Molecular Estrutural, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos-SP CEP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Robert B Zurier
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Sumner H Burstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Richard C Garratt
- Centro de Biotecnologia Molecular Estrutural, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos-SP CEP 13560-970, Brazil.
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Glaz-Sandberg A, Dietz L, Nguyen H, Oberwittler H, Aderjan R, Mikus G. Pharmacokinetics of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (CTHC) after intravenous administration of CTHC in healthy human subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 82:63-9. [PMID: 17410118 DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
After cannabis consumption there is only limited knowledge about the pharmacokinetic (PK) and metabolic properties of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (CTHC), which is formed by oxidative breakdown from Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Despite widely-varying concentrations observed in smoking studies, attempts have been made to interpret consumption behavior with special regard to a cumulated or decreasing concentration of CTHC in serum. Ten healthy nonsmoking white male individuals received 5 mg CTHC intravenously over 10 min. Highest serum concentrations of CTHC were observed at the end of the infusion (336.8+/-61.7 microg/l) followed by a quick decline. CTHC concentration could be quantified up to 96 h after administration, with a terminal elimination half-life of 17.6+/-5.5 h. Total clearance was low (91.2+/-24.0 ml/min), with renal clearance having only a minor contribution (0.136+/-0.094 ml/min). This first metabolite-based kinetic approach will allow an advanced understanding of CTHC PKs data obtained in previous studies with THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Glaz-Sandberg
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Burstein S. Ajulemic acid (IP-751): synthesis, proof of principle, toxicity studies, and clinical trials. AAPS JOURNAL 2005; 7:E143-8. [PMID: 16146336 PMCID: PMC2751505 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj070115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ajulemic acid (CT-3, IP-751, 1',1'-dimethylheptyl-Delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol-11-oic acid) (AJA) has a cannabinoid-derived structure; however, there is no evidence that it produces psychotropic actions when given at therapeutic doses. In a variety of animal assays, AJA shows efficacy in models for pain and inflammation. Furthermore, in the rat adjuvant arthritis model, it displayed a remarkable action in preventing the destruction of inflamed joints. A phase-2 human trial with chronic, neuropathic pain patients suggested that AJA could become a useful drug for treating this condition. Its low toxicity, particularly its lack of ulcerogenicity, further suggests that it will have a highly favorable therapeutic index and may replace some of the current anti-inflammatory/analgesic medications. Studies to date indicate a unique mechanism of action for AJA that may explain its lack of adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer Burstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Long L, Moschel RC, Dolan ME. Debenzylation of O(6)-benzyl-8-oxoguanine in human liver: implications for O(6)-benzylguanine metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 61:721-6. [PMID: 11266657 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
O(6)-Benzylguanine (BG) effectively inactivates the DNA repair protein O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase, and enhances the effectiveness of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea in cells in culture and tumor-bearing animals. BG is presently in phase II clinical trials. In humans, BG is converted to O(6)-benzyl-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoBG), a longer-lived, yet equally potent inactivator. We have isolated and identified the debenzylated product, 8-oxoguanine, in plasma and urine of patients following administration of BG. The purpose of this work was to determine the human liver enzymes responsible for the debenzylation of 8-oxoBG. Therefore, 8-oxoBG was incubated with human liver microsomes and cytosol, and the concentration of 8-oxoguanine was determined. No appreciable product was formed in the cytosol; however, increasing amounts of 8-oxoguanine were formed with increasing concentrations of pooled human liver microsomes. The amount of 8-oxoguanine formed increased with time and substrate concentration. Co-incubation of human liver microsomes with 8-oxoBG and various cytochrome P450 isoform-selective inhibitors suggested the possible involvement of CYP1A2, 2E1, and/or 2A6 in this reaction. Incubation of 8-oxoBG with baculovirus cDNA-overexpressed CYP1A2, 2E1, 2A6, and 3A4 demonstrated that formation of 8-oxoguanine was due mainly to CYP1A2. Debenzylation of 8-oxoBG complied with Michaelis-Menten kinetics with K(m) and V(max) values of 35.9 microM and 0.59 pmol/min/pmol of CYP1A2, respectively. CYP1A2 appears to be mainly responsible for the debenzylation of 8-oxoBG in human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Long
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Committee on Clinical Pharmacology, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered 14C-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and derived radiolabeled metabolites were studied in three dogs at two doses each at 0.1 or 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg. Two dogs were biliary cannulated; total bile was collected in one and sampled in the other. The time course for the fraction of the dose per milliliter of plasma was best fit by a sum of five exponentials, and there was no dose dependency. No drug was excreted unchanged. The mean apparent volume of distribution of the central compartment referenced to total drug concentration in the plasma was 1.31 +/- 0.07 liters, approximately the plasma volume, due to the high protein binding of 97%. The mean metabolic clearance of drug in the plasma was 124 +/- 3.8 ml/min, half of the hepatic plasma flow, but was 4131 +/- 690 ml/min referenced to unbound drug concentration in the plasma, 16.5 times the hepatic plasma flow, indicating that net metabolism of both bound and unbound drug occurs. Apparent parallel production of several metabolites occurred, but the pharmacokinetics of their appearance were undoubtedly due to their sequential production during liver passage. The apparent half-life of the metabolic process was 6.9 +/- 0.3 min. The terminal half-life of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the pseudo-steady state after equilibration in an apparent overall volume of distribtuion of 2170 +/- 555 liters referenced to total plasma concentration was 8.2 +/- 0.23 days, based on the consistency of all pharmacokinetic data. The best estimate of the terminal half-life, based only on the 7000 min that plasma levels could be monitored with the existing analytical sensitivity, was 1.24 days. However, this value was inconsistent with the metabolite production and excretion of 40-45% of dose in feces, 14-16.5% in urine, and 55% in bile within 5 days when 24% of the dose was unmetabolized and in the tissue at that time. These data were consistent with an enterohepatic recirculation of 10-15% of the metabolites. Intravenously administered radiolabeled metabolites were totally and rapidly eliminated in both bile and urine; 88% of the dose in 300 min with an apparent overall volume of distribution of 6 liters. These facts supported the proposition that the return of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol from tissue was the rate-determining process of drug elimination after initial fast distribution and metabolism and was inconsistent with the capability of enzyme induction to change the terminal half-life.
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Sofia RD. The lethal effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice enhanced by pretreatment with SKF 525-A or chloramphenicol. Eur J Pharmacol 1974; 26:383-5. [PMID: 4854932 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(74)90251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Bailey K, Toft P. Difference spectra of rat hepatic microsomes induced by cannabinoids and related compounds. Biochem Pharmacol 1973; 22:2780-3. [PMID: 4763612 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(73)90143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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12
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Dingell JV, Miller KW, Heath EC, Klausner HA. The intracellular localization of 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol in liver and its effects on drug metabolism in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 1973; 22:949-58. [PMID: 4693827 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(73)90219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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13
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Adams HR, Sofia RD. Interaction of chloramphenicol and 1 -tetrahydrocannabinol in barbital-anesthetized mice. EXPERIENTIA 1973; 29:181-2. [PMID: 4692759 DOI: 10.1007/bf01945462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Influence of Two Tetrahydrocannabinols (THC’s) on the Activity of Biotransformation Enzymes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1973. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3234-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Kupfer D, Jansson I, Orrenius S. Spectral interactions of marihuana constituents (cannabinoids) with rat liver microsomal monooxygenase system. Chem Biol Interact 1972; 5:201-6. [PMID: 5047752 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(72)90055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Burstein S, Rosenfeld J, Wittstruck T. Isolation and characterization of two major urinary metabolites of 1 -tetrahydrocannabinol. Science 1972; 176:422-3. [PMID: 5026162 DOI: 10.1126/science.176.4033.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Two of the major metabolites which appear in rabbit urine after the administration of Delta(1)-tetrahydrocannabinol have been isolated and their structures have been tentatively established. The available evidence indicates that they are 7-carboxy-Delta(1)-tetrahydrocannabinols with an additional hydroxyl group on the side chain. The substances occur both free and as conjugates.
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Peterson DW, Cohen GM, Sparber SB. The delay of the behavioral effects of 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol in rats by 2-diethylaminoethyl 2,2-diphenylvalerate HC1 (SKF 525-A). LIFE SCIENCES. PT. 1: PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 1971; 10:1381-6. [PMID: 5146321 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(71)90266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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