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Ullah I, Nasir A, Kashif M, Sikandar A, Sajid M, Adil M, Rehman AU, Iqbal MU, Ullah H. Incidence of aflatoxin M 1 in cows' milk in Pakistan, effects on milk quality and evaluation of therapeutic management in dairy animals. VET MED-CZECH 2023; 68:238-245. [PMID: 37982002 PMCID: PMC10581521 DOI: 10.17221/18/2023-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed at measuring the concentration of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in the milk of Holstein Friesian cows, its effect on the milk quality and seasonal trends, as well as to investigate the efficacy of a commercial clay-based toxin binder. For this purpose, milk samples from dairy cows (n = 72) were collected and assayed for AFM1 before employing a clay-based toxin binder. The milk samples (n = 72) were collected from selected animals, revealing that 69.4% of the milk samples had AFM1 levels above the United States permissible limit (0.5 μg/kg). The incidence of AFM1 in milk during the winter and summer was 82.5% and 53.1%, respectively. Owing to the presence of AFM1, the level of milk fat, solids-not-fat, and protein were found to be low. Subsequently, the affected animals were divided into two groups, i.e., AFM1 positive control (n = 10) and the experimental group (n = 40). The experimental group of animals were fed the clay-based toxin binder at 25 g/animal/day. A progressive decrease of 19.8% in the AFM1 levels was observed on day 4 and on day 7 (53.6%) in the treatment group. Furthermore, the fat, solids-non-fat and protein increased significantly in the milk. In conclusion, a high level of AFM1 contamination occurs in the milk in Pakistan, affecting the quality of the milk production. Clay-based toxin binders may be used to ensure the milk quality and to protect the animal and consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inayat Ullah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Sub-Campus Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amar Nasir
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Sub-Campus Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Sub-Campus Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arbab Sikandar
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sub-Campus Jhang UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- Department of Pathobiology, Sub-Campus Jhang UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adil
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sub-Campus Jhang UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aziz ur Rehman
- Department of Pathobiology, Sub-Campus Jhang UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Habib Ullah
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, Pakistan
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Endogenous retroviruses drive species-specific germline transcriptomes in mammals. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2020; 27:967-977. [PMID: 32895553 PMCID: PMC8246630 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-0487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gene regulation in the germline ensures the production of high-quality gametes, long-term maintenance of the species, and speciation. Male germline transcriptomes undergo dynamic changes after the mitosis-to-meiosis transition and have been subject to evolutionary divergence among mammals. However, the mechanisms underlying germline regulatory divergence remain undetermined. Here, we show that endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) influence species-specific germline transcriptomes. After the mitosis-to-meiosis transition in male mice, specific ERVs function as active enhancers to drive germline genes, including a mouse-specific gene set, and bear binding motifs for critical regulators of spermatogenesis such as A-MYB. This raises the possibility that a genome-wide transposition of ERVs rewired germline gene expression in a species-specific manner. Of note, independently evolved ERVs are associated with the expression of human-specific germline genes, demonstrating the prevalence of ERV-driven mechanisms in mammals. Together, we propose that ERVs fine-tune species-specific transcriptomes in the mammalian germline.
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Ogunade I, Jiang Y, Pech Cervantes A. DI/LC-MS/MS-Based Metabolome Analysis of Plasma Reveals the Effects of Sequestering Agents on the Metabolic Status of Dairy Cows Challenged with Aflatoxin B 1. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120693. [PMID: 31779109 PMCID: PMC6950757 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study applied a targeted metabolomics approach that uses a direct injection and tandem mass spectrometry (DI–MS/MS) coupled with a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS)-based metabolomics of plasma to evaluate the effects of supplementing clay with or without Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) on the metabolic status of dairy cows challenged with aflatoxin B1. Eight healthy, lactating, multiparous Holstein cows in early lactation (64 ± 11 DIM) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments in a balanced 4 × 4 duplicated Latin square design with four 33 d periods. Treatments were control, toxin (T; 1725 µg aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)/head/day), T with clay (CL; 200 g/head/day), and CL with SCFP (YEA; 35 g of SCFP/head/day). Cows in T, CL, and YEA were dosed with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from days 26 to 30. The sequestering agents were top-dressed from day 1 to 33. On day 30 of each period, 15 mL of blood was taken from the coccygeal vessels and plasma samples were obtained from blood by centrifugation and analyzed for metabolites using a kit that combines DI–MS/MS with LC–MS/MS-based metabolomics. The data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. The model included the effects of treatment, period, and random effects of cow and square. Significance was declared at p ≤ 0.05. Biomarker profiles for aflatoxin ingestion in dairy cows fed no sequestering agents were determined using receiver–operator characteristic (ROC) curves, as calculated by the ROCCET web server. A total of 127 metabolites such as amino acids, biogenic amines, acylcarnitines, glycerophospholipids, and organic acids were quantified. Compared with the control, T decreased (p < 0.05) plasma concentrations of alanine, leucine, and arginine and tended to decrease that of citrulline. Treatment with CL had no effects on any of the metabolites relative to the control but increased (p ≤ 0.05) concentrations of alanine, leucine, arginine, and that of citrulline (p = 0.07) relative to T. Treatment with YEA resulted in greater (p ≤ 0.05) concentrations of aspartic acid and lysine relative to the control and the highest (p ≤ 0.05) plasma concentrations of alanine, valine, proline, threonine, leucine, isoleucine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, and arginine compared with other treatments. The results of ROC analysis between C and T groups revealed that the combination of arginine, alanine, methylhistidine, and citrulline had sufficient specificity and sensitivity (area under the curve = 0.986) to be excellent potential biomarkers of aflatoxin ingestion in dairy cows fed no sequestering agents. This study confirmed the protective effects of sequestering agents in dairy cows challenged with aflatoxin B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibukun Ogunade
- College of Agriculture, Communities, and the Environment, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Yun Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Andres Pech Cervantes
- Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA 31030, USA;
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Ogunade I, Jiang Y, Adeyemi J, Oliveira A, Vyas D, Adesogan A. Biomarker of Aflatoxin Ingestion: ¹H NMR-Based Plasma Metabolomics of Dairy Cows Fed Aflatoxin B₁ with or without Sequestering Agents. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120545. [PMID: 30567330 PMCID: PMC6316819 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The study applied ¹H NMR-based plasma metabolomics to identify candidate biomarkers of aflatoxin B1 (AFB₁) ingestion in dairy cows fed no sequestering agents and evaluate the effect of supplementing clay and/or a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) on such biomarkers. Eight lactating cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a balanced 4 × 4 Latin square design with 2 squares. Treatments were: control, toxin (T; 1725 µg AFB₁/head/day), T with clay (CL; 200 g/head/day), and CL with SCFP (CL + SCFP; 35 g of SCFP/head/day). Cows in T, CL, and CL + SCFP were dosed with AFB₁ from d 26 to 30. The sequestering agents were top-dressed from d 1 to 33. On d 30 of each period, 15 mL of blood was taken from the coccygeal vessels and plasma samples were prepared by centrifugation. Compared to the control, T decreased plasma concentrations of alanine, acetic acid, leucine, arginine and valine. In contrast, T increased plasma ethanol concentration 3.56-fold compared to control. Treatment with CL tended to reduce sarcosine concentration, whereas treatment with CL + SCFP increased concentrations of mannose and 12 amino acids. Based on size of the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic and fold change (FC) analyses, ethanol was the most significantly altered metabolite in T (AUC = 0.88; FC = 3.56); hence, it was chosen as the candidate biomarker of aflatoxin ingestion in dairy cows fed no sequestering agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibukun Ogunade
- College of Agriculture, Communities, and the Environment, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601, USA.
| | - Yun Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - James Adeyemi
- College of Agriculture, Communities, and the Environment, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601, USA.
| | - Andre Oliveira
- Institute of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT 78557-267, Brazil.
| | - Diwakar Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Adegbola Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Abbasi F, Liu J, Zhang H, Shen X, Luo X. Effects of feeding corn naturally contaminated with aflatoxin on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility, serum hormones levels and gene expression of Na +, K +-ATPase in ducklings. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 31:91-97. [PMID: 28823127 PMCID: PMC5756929 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective A 14-d trial was conducted to determine the effects of feeding corn naturally contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility, serum hormones levels and gene expression of Na+, K+-ATPase in ducklings. Methods A total of 704 ducklings were blocked on the basis of sex and body weight (BW), and then allocated randomly to one of the following two treatments: i) CON, basal diet and ii) AFB1, diets with 100% of normal corn replaced with AFB1 contaminated corn. There were 22 pens per treatment and 16 birds per pen. The concentration of AFB1 was 195.4 and 124.35 μg/kg in the contaminated corn and AFB1 diet, respectively. Results The AFB1 decreased average daily gain, average daily feed intake, d 7 BW, final BW in the whole trial, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) during d 8 to 14 and d 1 to 14 by 10% to 47% (p<0.05), while FCR during d 1 to 7 was increased (p<0.05). AFB1 did not affect mortality to 7 d of age, and then increased to 5.8% from 8 to 14 d of age (p<0.01). Apparent ileal gross energy digestibility was reduced by AFB1, whereas apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and amino acid was improved (p<0.01). Feeding AFB1 diets increased serum concentration of leptin and insulin-like growth factors-1 (IGF-1) (p<0.05), but had no effect on neuropeptide Y, ghrelin, cholecystokinin-8 or insulin (p>0.05). Dietary treatments did not influence relative expression of jejunal Na+, K+-ATPase gene (p>0.05). Conclusion Taken together, feeding corn naturally contaminated with AFB1 reduced growth performance, improved apparent ileal digestibility, and affected serum leptin and IGF-1 in ducklings from d 1 to 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Abbasi
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyun Shen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.,State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Xuegang Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
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Gonçalves BL, Gonçalves JL, Rosim RE, Cappato LP, Cruz AG, Oliveira CAF, Corassin CH. Effects of different sources of Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass on milk production, composition, and aflatoxin M 1 excretion in milk from dairy cows fed aflatoxin B 1. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:5701-5708. [PMID: 28478008 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different sources of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) biomass (20.0 g/d) obtained from sugarcane (cell wall, CW; dried yeast, DY; autolyzed yeast, AY) and the beer industry (partially dehydrated brewery yeast, BY) on milk production, fat and protein percentages, and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) excretion in milk from dairy cows receiving 480 µg aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) per day. A completely randomized design was used with 2 lactating cows assigned to each of 10 dietary treatments, as follows: negative controls (no AFB1 or SC-based biomass), positive controls (AFB1 alone), DY alone, DY + AFB1, BY alone, BY + AFB1, CW alone, CW + AFB1, AY alone, and AY + AFB1. The cows in the aflatoxin treatment group received AFB1 from d 1 to 6, while the SC biomass was administered with the AFB1 bolus from d 4 to 6. Aflatoxin B1 or SC-based products did not affect milk production or milk composition during the experimental period. Aflatoxin M1 was detected in the milk from all aflatoxin treatment group cows, reaching maximum levels at d 3 and varying from 0.52 ± 0.03 to 1.00 ± 0.04 µg/L. At end of the treatment period, CW, AY, DY, and BY removed 78%, 89%, 45%, and 50% of AFM1 from the milk, respectively, based on the highest level found on d 3. Results indicate a potential application of industrial fermentation by-products, especially CW and AY, as a feed additive in the diets of dairy cows to reduce the excretion of AFM1 in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Gonçalves
- Department of Food Engineering, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil, 13633-900
| | - J L Gonçalves
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil, 13633-900
| | - R E Rosim
- Department of Food Engineering, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil, 13633-900
| | - L P Cappato
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Food Science, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 20260-100
| | - A G Cruz
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Food Science, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 20260-100
| | - C A F Oliveira
- Department of Food Engineering, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil, 13633-900
| | - C H Corassin
- Department of Food Engineering, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil, 13633-900.
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Chen X, Murdoch R, Zhang Q, Shafer D, Applegate T. Effects of dietary protein concentration on performance and nutrient digestibility in Pekin ducks during aflatoxicosis. Poult Sci 2016; 95:834-41. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Chen X, Zhang Q, Applegate TJ. Impact of dietary branched chain amino acids concentration on broiler chicks during aflatoxicosis. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1281-9. [PMID: 26957625 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A 20-day trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) on performance, nutrient digestibility, and gene expression of the mTOR pathway in broiler chicks when exposed to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The 6 dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with 3 BCAA concentrations (1.16, 1.94, and 2.73%) with or without 1.5 mg/kg AFB1 (1.77 mg/kg analyzed). Each diet was fed to 8 replicate cages (6 chicks per cage) from 6 to 20 d of age. Exposure to AFB1 significantly reduced gain:feed ratio and breast muscle weight (P < 0.05), and tended to decrease cumulative BW gain (P = 0.087), while increasing dietary BCAA improved all performance measures (P ≤ 0.0002), except relative breast muscle weight. Apparent ileal digestibility of N and 9 amino acids were increased by AFB1 (P ≤ 0.05), but were reduced by higher dietary BCAA (P ≤ 0.023). Jejunum histology was not affected by AFB1, while higher dietary BCAA tended to increase villus height (P = 0.08). Additionally, the gene expression of mTOR pathway (mTOR, 4EBP1, and S6K1) from liver and jejunum were not affected by dietary treatments, while muscle expression of S6K1 tended to be increased by AFB1 (P = 0.07). No significant interaction between AFB1 and dietary BCAA were observed for any measures in the current study. Results from this study suggested that feed AFB1 contamination can significantly reduce growth performance and breast muscle growth in broiler chicks at 20 d. Higher BCAA supply may have beneficial impact on bird performance, but this effect is independent of AFB1 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906
| | - Q Zhang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906
| | - T J Applegate
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906
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Chen X, Naehrer K, Applegate TJ. Interactive effects of dietary protein concentration and aflatoxin B1 on performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut health in broiler chicks. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1312-25. [PMID: 26944977 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A 20-day trial was conducted to determine the impact of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and dietary protein concentration on performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut health in broiler chicks. The 6 dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with 3 crude protein (CP) concentrations (16, 22, and 26%) with or without 1.5 mg/kg AFB1 Each diet was fed to 6 replicate cages (6 chicks per cage) from zero to 20 d of age. Endogenous N and amino acid loss were estimated from birds fed a N-free diet with or without 1.5 mg/kg AFB1 A significant interaction between AFB1 and CP concentration was observed for growth performance, where reduction of BW gain, feed intake, gain:feed ratio, and breast muscle weight by AFB1 were most profound in birds fed the 16%-CP diet, and were completely eliminated when birds were fed the 26%-CP diet (AFB1 by CP interaction; P ≤ 0.023). Similarly, AFB1 reduced serum albumin, total protein, and globulin concentrations in birds fed 16 and 22% CP diets, but not in those fed the 26%-CP (AFB1 by CP interaction; P ≤ 0.071). Gut permeability was increased in birds fed AFB1-contamiated diets as measured by serum lactulose/rhamnose ratio (main effect; P = 0.04). Additionally, AFB1 tended to increase endogenous N loss (P = 0.09), and significantly reduced apparent ileal digestible energy and standardized ileal N and amino acid digestibility in birds fed the 16%-CP diet, while birds fed higher dietary CP were not affected (AFB1 by CP interaction; P ≤ 0.01). Further, AFB1 increased the translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein (4EBP1), claudin1, and multiple jejunal amino acid transporters expression (main effect; P ≤ 0.04). Results from this study indicate that a 1.5 mg AFB1/kg diet significantly impairs growth, major serum biochemistry measures, gut barrier, endogenous loss, and energy and amino acid digestibility. Aflatoxicosis can be augmented by low dietary CP, while higher dietary CP completely eliminated the impairment of performance, serum proteins, and nutrient digestibility from aflatoxicosis in zero to 20 d broiler chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906
| | - K Naehrer
- Biomin Research Center, Tulln, Austria
| | - T J Applegate
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906 Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906
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Queiroz OCM, Han JH, Staples CR, Adesogan AT. Effect of adding a mycotoxin-sequestering agent on milk aflatoxin M₁ concentration and the performance and immune response of dairy cattle fed an aflatoxin B₁-contaminated diet. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:5901-8. [PMID: 22901480 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This project aimed to examine the effects of adding 2 doses of a montmorillonite-based mycotoxin adsorbent on milk aflatoxin M(1) (AFM(1)) concentrations and the performance and innate immune response of dairy cows fed an aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1))-contaminated diet. Eight lactating cows were used in a duplicated 4×4 Latin square design with 12-d periods. Treatments included the following: (1) control diet (C), (2) aflatoxin diet (T) containing C and 75 µg of AFB(1)/kg, 3) low-clay (LC) diet containing T and Calibrin A (Amlan International, Chicago, IL) added at 0.2% of the diet dry matter (DM), and 4) high-clay diet (HC) containing T and Calibrin A added at 1% of the diet DM. Milk production and DM intake were recorded daily and milk was sampled twice daily on d 5, 9, 10, 11, and 12 in each period. Blood samples were collected on d 5 and 9 of each period. Dietary treatments did not affect DM intake, milk yield, or feed efficiency. Even though cows were limit fed, feeding T instead of C reduced milk fat yield (0.67 vs. 0.74 kg/d) and milk protein concentration (3.28 vs. 3.36%). Concentrations of AFM(1) in milk of cows fed the T and LC diets were similar (0.57 and 0.64 µg/kg) and greater than those of cows fed the HC diet (0.46 µg/kg). Haptoglobin concentration was greater (22.0 vs. 14.4) and β(2)-integrin expression (220 vs. 131) tended to be greater in cows fed diet T instead of C, but values for cows fed LC, HC, and C did not differ. In comparison to C, feeding T increased the innate immune response and decreased milk fat yield and milk protein concentration, but feeding LC and HC did not affect these measures. Only the HC diet reduced milk AFM(1) concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- O C M Queiroz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Mashaly RI, Habib SL, Salem MH, el Deeb SA, Safwat MM, Sarhan F. In vitro effect of aflatoxin B1 on the transcriptional activity of DNA template, chromatin and soluble DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in buffalo liver. Toxicol Lett 1988; 41:69-75. [PMID: 3128897 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(88)90009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of aflatoxin B1 on the DNA template and DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in buffalo liver was studied. Aflatoxin B1 inhibited both Mg2+- and Mn2+-activated RNA polymerases in a dose-dependent manner. At 10 micrograms the inhibition of both enzymes was almost complete. The inhibitory effect on the solubilized enzymes was higher than the chromatin-bound, suggesting a direct effect at the enzyme level. On the other hand, incubating DNA or deoxyribonucleoprotein (DNP) with 2 micrograms aflatoxin reduces its transcriptional capacity with a greater effect on the Mg2+-activated RNA polymerase than the Mn2+-activated enzyme. These results suggest that aflatoxin B1 inhibits in vitro transcription in buffalo liver at both enzyme and template levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Mashaly
- Department of Agricultural Industries, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt
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White JS, Rees KR. Inhibitory effects of methyl glyoxal on DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in cultured guinea pig keratocytes. Chem Biol Interact 1982; 38:339-47. [PMID: 6174251 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(82)90063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory action of methyl glyoxal upon protein, RNA and DNA synthesis in guinea pig keratocytes has been investigated. Methyl glyoxal directly inhibits each of these processes. Inhibition of protein synthesis results from an action upon initiation of translation. Methyl glyoxal induces polysome degradation which is prevented by pretreatment with cycloheximide. Further analysis of translation indicates that elongation and termination are not affected. Inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis results from inhibition of maturation. Methyl glyoxal was found to inhibit the appearance of 28S rRNA in the cytoplasm from pulse-labelled precursors. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to cell injury by ketals.
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Wagner G, Unterreiner AM. Inhibition of rat liver aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in vitro after acute and chronic aflatoxin B1 administration in vivo. Chem Biol Interact 1981; 37:233-44. [PMID: 6793252 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(81)90180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In a cell-free system the influence of acute aflatoxin B1 administration on the fractions of the hepatic microsomal translation complex of female rats was examined and compared with the influence of chronic aflatoxin B1 treatment. Polypeptide synthesis determined by [14C]leucine incorporation with the postmitochondrial supernatant was inhibited by 80% 24 h after acute aflatoxin B1 administration whereas inhibition was only 17% in animals 30 weeks after chronic treatment. After acute aflatoxin B1 administration inhibition of protein synthesis was by 67%, mainly on the polysomal level, whereas inhibition with the pH 5 enzyme was only by 22%. After chronic aflatoxin B1 administration inhibition was by 18%, mainly with the pH 5 enzyme and by only 6% on the polysomes. The inhibition by pH 5 enzyme was further investigated with regard to aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, components of pH 5 enzyme. Leucine-specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis was inhibited by 20% 24 h after acute and by 12% 30 weeks after chronic aflatoxin B1 treatment. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities in a crude synthetase preparation tested with 5 amino acids were found to be noncompetitively inhibited. It is concluded that the inhibition of protein synthesis after acute and chronic aflatoxin B1 administration is in part due to decreased aminoacyl-tRNA levels caused by inhibited aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.
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White JS, Rees KR. Modification of the cytotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in rat liver cells by steroids. Chem Biol Interact 1981; 34:85-93. [PMID: 6161708 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(81)90093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The addition of steroids with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to rat liver cells in culture has been shown to increase the toxin's inhibitory action on growth and protein synthesis. In contrast the inhibition of RNA synthesis by AFB1 was unaffected. The steroid potentiates the direct action of AFB1 at initiation of translation.
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Llewellyn GC, Thomen LE, Katzen JS. Effects of dietary copper on developing aflatoxicosis in Syrian hamsters. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 1981; 16:211-225. [PMID: 7252061 DOI: 10.1080/03601238109372252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The possible suppression of toxic and carcinogenic activities of aflatoxin by the cupric ion were investigated. Weanling, male Syrian hamsters received diets of either ground meal, ground meal plus 22.9 ppm mixed aflatoxins (9.2 ppm AFB1, 0.4 ppm AFB2, 12.8 ppm AFG1, 0.5 ppm AFG2), ground meal plus copper acetate (0.5% by weight) and 22.9 ppm mixed aflatoxins, or ground meal plus copper acetate (0.5%). Experimental parameters measured included: food and water consumption, body weight responses, mortality, gross pathology and histopathological changes, as well as protein synthesis in the liver tissue during incubation in Krebs' medium. The results indicate that copper may act as a protective agent against low levels of these mycotoxins. Significantly, more animals undergoing combined treatment (aflatoxin plus copper) survived and had higher body weights. Less severe liver pathology was seen in these animals as compared to those receiving aflatoxin without a copper supplement.
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Abstract
The effect of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) upon translation has been studied in two cell lines in culture, which differ markedly in their sensitivity to the toxin. It was found that AFB1 predominantly inhibits initiation of translation in both cell lines.
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Abstract
Alterations in hepatocytes, progressing to necrosis, are the morphologic basis for the main clinical manifestations and aberrations in hepatic test results in acute and chronic liver disease. The light-microscopic manifestations of hepatocellular injury, the mechanisms of necrosis, the light-microscopic features of repair and regeneration, and the applications of histologic alterations to the management and prognosis of liver disease are reviewed.
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White JS, Garvican L, Rees KR. The synthesis of polyadenylated RNA and other RNA species in synchronised CHK cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 475:437-45. [PMID: 851534 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(77)90059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster kidney cells have been synchronised by the double thymidine block technique. The rate of incorporation of [5-3H]uridine into the polyadenylated RNA fraction has been analysed throughout two complete cell cycles and compared with the rate of incorporation into other RNA species and the UTP pool. In contrast with other reports, we have found that synthesis of 18 S rRNA continues steadily throughout the cell cycle, as does synthesis of 5 S RNA and tRNA. In the case of the polyadenylated RNA, however, our data indicate a major peak of synthesis during S phase and a smaller peak coinciding with G1.
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Clifford JI, Garvican L, Rees KR. The relationship between the turnover of UTP and RNA synthesis in cultured cells treated with aflatoxin B1. Chem Biol Interact 1976; 13:165-71. [PMID: 1260951 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(76)90005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Methods have been adapted to measure the specific activity of UTP in cells in monolayer culture. In HeLa cells labelled with [3H]uridine and treated with aflatoxin B1 there was reduced radioactivity in crude acid extracts, but the toxin did not affect the radioactive incorporation into UTP. Using cells in which the UTP was pre-labelled, the subsequent addition of aflatoxin B1 inhibited UTP incorporation into RNA. Accordingly aflatoxin B1 did not inhibit the uptake of uridine or the latter's conversion to UTP but inhibited the incorporation of UTP into RNA.
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Fuska J, Proksa B. Cytotoxic and antitumor antibiotics produced by microorganisms. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1976; 20:259-370. [PMID: 998366 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Sensky TE, Haines ME, Rees KR. The half-life of polyadenylated polysomal RNA from normal and transformed cells in monolayer culture. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 407:430-8. [PMID: 1182184 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(75)90295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The small genotypic differences between normal and transformed cells are insufficient to account directly for all their wide phenotypic differences, which probably in some cases at least involve alterations in control of gene expression. To ascertain whether such alterations involved changes in mRNA stability, RNA half-lives were estimated in five monolayer cell lines, including two pairs of normal cells and their transformed counterparts. The results for the polyadenylated fractions in all cases fit with those expected from a model in which the whole fraction has a single half-life, of less than one generation time. From both the transformed/untransformed cell pairs, there is evidence that a relationship exists between cell generation time and the half-life of the polyadenylated polysomal RNA fraction, which persists even through the process of transformation. Considerable alteration in the pattern of RNA stability is therefore unlikely to be obligatory in in vitro transformation.
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Garvican L, Rees KR. The effect of aflatoxin B, on the maturation of ribosomal and transfer RNA in monkey kidney (CV-1) cells in culture. Chem Biol Interact 1974; 9:429-34. [PMID: 4215574 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(74)90024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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