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Brock WJ, Greene T, Van Landingham C, Gentry R. A weight of evidence evaluation of the mode of action of isoeugenol. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 150:105642. [PMID: 38735521 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Isoeugenol is one of several phenylpropenoid compounds that is used as a fragrance, food flavoring agent and in aquaculture as a fish anesthetic. Carcinogenicity testing in rats and mice by NTP resulted in clear evidence of carcinogenicity (hepatic adenomas/carcinomas) in male mice only. A nongenotoxic threshold mode of action (MOA) is postulated for isoeugenol and is discussed considering the IPCS MOA and Human Relevance Framework. The weight of evidence indicates that isoeugenol is not genotoxic and that the carcinogenic outcome in male mice relates directly to the metabolism of individual compounds. Benchmark Dose (BMD) modeling was conducted to determine a Point of Departure (POD) and potential threshold of carcinogenicity. The results of the BMD evaluation for isoeugenol resulted in an estimated POD for carcinogenicity in the male mouse of 8 mg/kg with a lower limit of 4 mg/kg, representing a POD for the determination of an acceptable daily intake. With application of uncertainty factors, an ADI of 40 μg/kg is calculated. This daily dose in humans would be protective of human health, including carcinogenicity. A corresponding maximum residual level (MRL) of 3200 μg/kg fish is also estimated based on this POD that considers the threshold MOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Brock
- Brock Scientific Consulting, LLC, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA.
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2
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Choudhary BS, Kumar TA, Vashishtha A, Tejasri S, Kumar AS, Agarwal R, Chakrapani H. An esterase-cleavable persulfide donor with no electrophilic byproducts and a fluorescence reporter. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1727-1730. [PMID: 38240148 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04948e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and associated sulfur species known as persulfide or sulfane sulfur are considered among the first responders to oxidative stress. However, tools that reliably generate these species without any potentially toxic byproducts are limited, and even fewer report the generation of a persulfide. Here, using a latent fluorophore embedded with N-acetylcysteine persulfide, we report a new tool that is cleaved by esterase to produce a persulfide as well as a fluorescence reporter without any electrophilic byproducts. The rate of formation of the fluorescence reporter is nearly identical to the rate of formation of the persulfide suggesting that the use of this probe eliminates the need for secondary assays that report persulfide formation. Symptomatic with persulfide generation, the newly developed donor was able to protect chondrocyte cells from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat S Choudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - T Anand Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Akshi Vashishtha
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, Karnataka, India
| | - Sushma Tejasri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Amal S Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Rachit Agarwal
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, Karnataka, India
| | - Harinath Chakrapani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India.
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3
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Hu Q, Zhu C, Hankins RA, Murmello AR, Marrs GS, Lukesh JC. An ROS-Responsive Donor That Self-Reports Its H 2S Delivery by Forming a Benzoxazole-Based Fluorophore. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25486-25494. [PMID: 37950698 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous signaling molecule, is known to play a pivotal role in neuroprotection, vasodilation, and hormonal regulation. To further explore the biological effects of H2S, refined donors that facilitate its biological delivery, especially under specific (patho) physiological conditions, are needed. In the present study, we demonstrate that ortho-substituted, aryl boronate esters provide two unique and distinct pathways for H2S release from thioamide-based donors: Lewis acid-facilitated hydrolysis and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidation/cyclization. Through a detailed structure-activity relationship study, donors that resist hydrolysis and release H2S solely via the latter mechanism were identified, which have the added benefit of providing a potentially useful heterocycle as the lone byproduct of this novel chemistry. To highlight this, we developed an ROS-activated donor (QH642) that simultaneously synthesizes a benzoxazole-based fluorophore en route to its H2S delivery. A distinct advantage of this design over earlier self-reporting donors is that fluorophore formation is possible only if H2S has been discharged from the donor. This key feature eliminates the potential for false positives and provides a more accurate depiction of reaction progress and donor delivery of H2S, including in complex cellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown Campus, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Changlei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown Campus, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Rynne A Hankins
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown Campus, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Allison R Murmello
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown Campus, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Glen S Marrs
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - John C Lukesh
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown Campus, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
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4
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Zhang X, Felter SP, Api AM, Joshi K, Selechnik D. A Cautionary tale for using read-across for cancer hazard classification: Case study of isoeugenol and methyl eugenol. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 136:105280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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Zlatić K, Bogomolec M, Cindrić M, Uzelac L, Basarić N. Synthesis, photophysical properties, anti-Kasha photochemical reactivity and biological activity of vinyl- and alkynyl-BODIPY derivatives. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Claesson A, Parkes K. Non-innocuous Consequences of Metabolic Oxidation of Alkyls on Arenes. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11433-11453. [PMID: 36001003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactive metabolite (RM) formation is widely accepted as playing a pivotal role in causing adverse idiosyncratic drug reactions, with most attention paid to drug-induced liver injury. Mechanisms of RM formation are determined by the drug's properties in relation to human enzymes transforming the drug. This Perspective focuses on enzymatic oxidation of alkyl groups on aromatics leading to quinone methides and benzylic alcohol sulfates as RMs, a topic that has not received very much attention. Unlike previous overviews, we will include in our Perspective several fulvene-like methides such as 3-methyleneindole. We also speculate that a few older drugs may form non-reported methides of this class. In addition, we report a few guiding DFT calculations of changes in free energy on going from a benzylic alcohol to the corresponding methide. Particularly facile reactions of 2-aminothiazole-5-methanol and 4-aminobenzyl alcohol are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alf Claesson
- Awametox AB, Lilldalsvägen 17 A, SE-14461 Rönninge, Sweden
| | - Kevin Parkes
- Consultant, 39 Cashio Lane, Letchworth Garden City, Hertfordshire SG6 1AY, U.K
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7
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Edwards SW, Nelms M, Hench VK, Ponder J, Sullivan K. Mapping Mechanistic Pathways of Acute Oral Systemic Toxicity Using Chemical Structure and Bioactivity Measurements. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:824094. [PMID: 35295211 PMCID: PMC8915918 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.824094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory agencies around the world have committed to reducing or eliminating animal testing for establishing chemical safety. Adverse outcome pathways can facilitate replacement by providing a mechanistic framework for identifying the appropriate non-animal methods and connecting them to apical adverse outcomes. This study separated 11,992 chemicals with curated rat oral acute toxicity information into clusters of structurally similar compounds. Each cluster was then assigned one or more ToxCast/Tox21 assays by looking for the minimum number of assays required to record at least one positive hit call below cytotoxicity for all acutely toxic chemicals in the cluster. When structural information is used to select assays for testing, none of the chemicals required more than four assays and 98% required two assays or less. Both the structure-based clusters and activity from the associated assays were significantly associated with the GHS toxicity classification of the chemicals, which suggests that a combination of bioactivity and structural information could be as reproducible as traditional in vivo studies. Predictivity is improved when the in vitro assay directly corresponds to the mechanism of toxicity, but many indirect assays showed promise as well. Given the lower cost of in vitro testing, a small assay battery including both general cytotoxicity assays and two or more orthogonal assays targeting the toxicological mechanism could be used to improve performance further. This approach illustrates the promise of combining existing in silico approaches, such as the Collaborative Acute Toxicity Modeling Suite (CATMoS), with structure-based bioactivity information as part of an efficient tiered testing strategy that can reduce or eliminate animal testing for acute oral toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W. Edwards
- GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephen W. Edwards, ; Kristie Sullivan,
| | - Mark Nelms
- GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Virginia K. Hench
- GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jessica Ponder
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kristie Sullivan
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephen W. Edwards, ; Kristie Sullivan,
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8
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Rajczewski AT, Ndreu L, Pujari SS, Griffin TJ, Törnqvist MÅ, Karlsson I, Tretyakova NY. Novel 4-Hydroxybenzyl Adducts in Human Hemoglobin: Structures and Mechanisms of Formation. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1769-1781. [PMID: 34110810 PMCID: PMC10159211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to large numbers of electrophiles from their diet, the environment, and endogenous physiological processes. Adducts formed at the N-terminal valine of hemoglobin are often used as biomarkers of human exposure to electrophilic compounds. We previously reported the formation of hemoglobin N-terminal valine adducts (added mass, 106.042 Da) in the blood of human smokers and nonsmokers and identified their structure as 4-hydroxybenzyl-Val. In the present work, mass spectrometry-based proteomics was utilized to identify additional sites for 4-hydroxybenzyl adduct formation at internal nucleophilic amino acid side chains within hemoglobin. Hemoglobin isolated from human blood was treated with para-quinone methide (para-QM) followed by global nanoLC-MS/MS and targeted nanoLC-MS/MS to identify amino acid residues containing the 4-hydroxybenzyl modification. Our experiments revealed the formation of 4-hydroxybenzyl adducts at the αHis20, αTyr24, αTyr42, αHis45, βSer72, βThr84, βThr87, βSer89, βHis92, βCys93, βCys112, βThr123, and βHis143 residues (in addition to N-terminal valine) through characteristic MS/MS spectra. These amino acid side chains had variable reactivity toward para-QM with αHis45, αTyr42, βCys93, βHis92, and βSer72 forming the largest numbers of adducts upon exposure to para-QM. Two additional mechanisms for formation of 4-hydroxybenzyl adducts in humans were investigated: exposure to 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4-HBA) followed by reduction and UV-mediated reactions of hemoglobin with tyrosine. Exposure of hemoglobin to a 5-fold molar excess of 4-HBA followed by reduction with sodium cyanoborohydride produced 4-hydroxybenzyl adducts at several amino acid side chains of which αHis20, αTyr24, αTyr42, αHis45, βSer44, βThr84, and βHis92 were verified in targeted mass spectrometry experiments. Similarly, exposure of human blood to ultraviolet radiation produced 4-hydroxybenzyl adducts at αHis20, αTyr24, αTyr42, αHis45, βSer44, βThr84, and βSer89. Overall, our results reveal that 4-hydroxybenzyl adducts form at multiple nucleophilic sites of hemoglobin and that para-QM is the most likely source of these adducts in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Rajczewski
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Lorena Ndreu
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Suresh S Pujari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy J Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Margareta Å Törnqvist
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Isabella Karlsson
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Natalia Y Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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9
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Wang Y, Zhang C, Zhao YL, Zhao R, Houk KN. Understand the Specific Regio- and Enantioselectivity of Fluostatin Conjugation in the Post-Biosynthesis. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E815. [PMID: 32466453 PMCID: PMC7355926 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluostatins, benzofluorene-containing aromatic polyketides in the atypical angucycline family, conjugate into dimeric and even trimeric compounds in the post-biosynthesis. The formation of the C-C bond involves a non-enzymatic stereospecific coupling reaction. In this work, the unusual regio- and enantioselectivities were rationalized by density functional theory calculations with the M06-2X (SMD, water)/6-311 + G(d,p)//6-31G(d) method. These DFT calculations reproduce the lowest energy C1-(R)-C10'-(S) coupling pathway observed in a nonenzymatic reaction. Bonding of the reactive carbon atoms (C1 and C10') of the two reactant molecules maximizes the HOMO-LUMO interactions and Fukui function involving the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of nucleophile p-QM and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of electrophile FST2- anion. In particular, the significant π-π stacking interactions of the low-energy pre-reaction state are retained in the lowest energy pathway for C-C coupling. The distortion/interaction-activation strain analysis indicates that the transition state (TScp-I) of the lowest energy pathway involves the highest stabilizing interactions and small distortion among all possible C-C coupling reactions. One of the two chiral centers generated in this step is lost upon aromatization of the phenol ring in the final difluostatin products. Thus, the π-π stacking interactions between the fluostatin 6-5-6 aromatic ring system play a critical role in the stereoselectivity of the nonenzymatic fluostatin conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Changsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resource and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China;
| | - Yi-Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China;
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (R.Z.); (K.N.H.)
| | - Rosalinda Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (R.Z.); (K.N.H.)
| | - Kendall N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (R.Z.); (K.N.H.)
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10
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Serbian I, Loesche A, Sommerwerk S, Liebing P, Ströhl D, Csuk R. In the Mists of a Fungal Metabolite: An Unexpected Reaction of 2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenylglyoxylic Acid. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081978. [PMID: 32340302 PMCID: PMC7221594 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactions of phenylglyoxylic acids during the synthesis and biological evaluation of fungal metabolites led to the discovery of hitherto unknown compounds with a p-quinone methide (p-QM) structure. The formation of these p-QMs using 13C-labelled starting materials revealed a key-step of this reaction being a retro-Friedel–Crafts alkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immo Serbian
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (I.S.); (A.L.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Anne Loesche
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (I.S.); (A.L.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Sven Sommerwerk
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (I.S.); (A.L.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Phil Liebing
- Otto von Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Chemisches Institut, Universitätsplatz 2, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Dieter Ströhl
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (I.S.); (A.L.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - René Csuk
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (I.S.); (A.L.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-345-55-25660
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11
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Microwave-promoted solvent-free synthesis of para-quinone methides (p-QMs) derivatives. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Matsumoto Y, Hattori M. Characterization of multicopper oxidase genes in the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), with focus on salivary gland-specific genes. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 102:e21602. [PMID: 31328822 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multicopper oxidase (MCO) enzymes are present ubiquitously and act on diverse substrates. Recently, the presence of multiple MCO genes has been described in many insects. Based on sialotranscriptome data, we identified and comprehensively characterized six MCO genes: NcLac1S, 1G, and 2-5 in the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). NcLac1S and NcLac1G belong to the MCO1 ortholog of other insects. NcLac2 forms a clade with MCO2s involved in the sclerotization and pigmentation of the cuticle. NcLac3 and NcLac4 form a clade with NlMCO3 -5 of the hemipteran Nilaparvata luges. NcLac5 forms a clade with MCORPs (MCO-related proteins) that lack amino acid residues normally highly conserved in copper-coordinated MCOs. NcLac1S and NcLac3 were specifically expressed in the salivary glands; whereas NcLac5 was primarily expressed in the salivary glands. Only NcLac3 protein is considered to have laccase activity in the salivary glands and salivary sheaths ejected by the insect. NcLac1G expression was relatively high in the testis. NcLac2 and NcLac4 were specifically expressed in the integument and in Malpighian tubules, respectively. Knockdown by RNA interference (RNAi) of either NcLac2 and NcLac5 in nymphs caused high mortality. All NcLac2-knockdown nymphs showed depigmentation and soft cuticle, and eventually died, as did other MCO2-knockdown insects. DsNcLac5-injected nymphs (third, fourth, and fifth-instar) showed high mortality, but injection into adults had no effect on survival or number of eggs deposited, suggesting that NcLac5 is not essential for survival after molting (eclosion). NcLac5 could be a promising target gene for control of N. cincticeps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Matsumoto
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makoto Hattori
- Ex. Insect-Plant Interaction Research Unit, National Institute Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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13
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Budisa N, Schneider T. Expanding the DOPA Universe with Genetically Encoded, Mussel-Inspired Bioadhesives for Material Sciences and Medicine. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2163-2190. [PMID: 30830997 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Catechols are a biologically relevant group of aromatic diols that have attracted much attention as mediators of adhesion of "bio-glue" proteins in mussels of the genus Mytilus. These organisms use catechols in the form of the noncanonical amino acid l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) as a building block for adhesion proteins. The DOPA is generated post-translationally from tyrosine. Herein, we review the properties, natural occurrence, and reactivity of catechols in the design of bioinspired materials. We also provide a basic description of the mussel's attachment apparatus, the interplay between its different molecules that play a crucial role in adhesion, and the role of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of these proteins. Our focus is on the microbial production of mussel foot proteins with the aid of orthogonal translation systems (OTSs) and the use of genetic code engineering to solve some fundamental problems in the bioproduction of these bioadhesives and to expand their chemical space. The major limitation of bacterial expression systems is their intrinsic inability to introduce PTMs. OTSs have the potential to overcome these challenges by replacing canonical amino acids with noncanonical ones. In this way, PTM steps are circumvented while the genetically programmed precision of protein sequences is preserved. In addition, OTSs should enable spatiotemporal control over the complex adhesion process, because the catechol function can be masked by suitable chemical protection. Such caged residues can then be noninvasively unmasked by, for example, UV irradiation or thermal treatment. All of these features make OTSs based on genetic code engineering in reprogrammed microbial strains new and promising tools in bioinspired materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nediljko Budisa
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Müller-Breslau-Strasse 10, Berlin, 10623, Germany.,Chair of Chemical Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, R3T 2N2, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Tobias Schneider
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Müller-Breslau-Strasse 10, Berlin, 10623, Germany
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14
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Liu J, Li S, Aslam NA, Zheng F, Yang B, Cheng R, Wang N, Rozovsky S, Wang PG, Wang Q, Wang L. Genetically Encoding Photocaged Quinone Methide to Multitarget Protein Residues Covalently in Vivo. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9458-9462. [PMID: 31184146 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetically introducing covalent bonds into proteins in vivo with residue specificity is affording innovative ways for protein research and engineering, yet latent bioreactive unnatural amino acids (Uaas) genetically encoded to date react with one to few natural residues only, limiting the variety of proteins and the scope of applications amenable to this technology. Here we report the genetic encoding of (2 R)-2-amino-3-fluoro-3-(4-((2-nitrobenzyl)oxy) phenyl) propanoic acid (FnbY) in Escherichia coli and mammalian cells. Upon photoactivation, FnbY generated a reactive quinone methide (QM), which selectively reacted with nine natural amino acid residues placed in proximity in proteins directly in live cells. In addition to Cys, Lys, His, and Tyr, photoactivated FnbY also reacted with Trp, Met, Arg, Asn, and Gln, which are inaccessible with existing latent bioreactive Uaas. FnbY thus dramatically expanded the number of residues for covalent targeting in vivo. QM has longer half-life than the intermediates of conventional photo-cross-linking Uaas, and FnbY exhibited cross-linking efficiency higher than p-azido-phenylalanine. The photoactivatable and multitargeting reactivity of FnbY with selectivity toward nucleophilic residues will be valuable for addressing diverse proteins and broadening the scope of applications through exploiting covalent bonding in vivo for chemical biology, biotherapeutics, and protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute , University of California San Francisco , 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute , University of California San Francisco , 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Center for Therapeutics and Diagnostics , Georgia State University , Atlanta , Georgia 30302 , United States
| | - Nayyar A Aslam
- Hangzhou Research Institute of Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Hangzhou Research Institute of Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute , University of California San Francisco , 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
| | - Rujin Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
| | - Nanxi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute , University of California San Francisco , 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
| | - Sharon Rozovsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
| | - Peng G Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Therapeutics and Diagnostics , Georgia State University , Atlanta , Georgia 30302 , United States
| | - Qian Wang
- Hangzhou Research Institute of Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute , University of California San Francisco , 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
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15
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Doan P, Musa A, Candeias NR, Emmert-Streib F, Yli-Harja O, Kandhavelu M. Alkylaminophenol Induces G1/S Phase Cell Cycle Arrest in Glioblastoma Cells Through p53 and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:330. [PMID: 31001122 PMCID: PMC6454069 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common type of malignant brain tumor in adults. We show here that small molecule 2-[(3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)(p-tolyl)methyl]phenol (THTMP), a potential anticancer agent, increases the human glioblastoma cell death. Its mechanism of action and the interaction of selective signaling pathways remain elusive. Three structurally related phenolic compounds were tested in multiple glioma cell lines in which the potential activity of the compound, THTMP, was further validated and characterized. Upon prolonged exposer to THTMP, all glioma cell lines undergo p53 and cyclin-dependent kinase mediated cell death with the IC50 concentration of 26.5 and 75.4 μM in LN229 and Snb19, respectively. We found that THTMP strongly inhibited cell growth in a dose and in time dependent manner. THTMP treatment led to G1/S cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction of glioma cell lines. Furthermore, we identified 3,714 genes with significant changes at the transcriptional level in response to THTMP. Further, a transcriptional analysis (RNA-seq) revealed that THTMP targeted the p53 signaling pathway specific genes causing DNA damage and cell cycle arrest at G1/S phase explained by the decrease of cyclin-dependent kinase 1, cyclin A2, cyclin E1 and E2 in glioma cells. Consistently, THTMP induced the apoptosis by regulating the expression of Bcl-2 family genes and reactive oxygen species while it also changed the expression of several anti-apoptotic genes. These observations suggest that THTMP exerts proliferation activity inhibition and pro-apoptosis effects in glioma through affecting cell cycle arrest and intrinsic apoptosis signaling. Importantly, THTMP has more potential at inhibiting GBM cell proliferation compared to TMZ, the current chemotherapy treatment administered to GBM patients; thus, we propose that THTMP may be an alternative therapeutic option for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Doan
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland.,Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aliyu Musa
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, Tampere, Finland.,Predictive Medicine and Data Analytics Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland
| | - Nuno R Candeias
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Frank Emmert-Streib
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, Tampere, Finland.,Predictive Medicine and Data Analytics Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Yli-Harja
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, Tampere, Finland.,Computaional Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland.,Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland.,Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, Tampere, Finland
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16
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Rimpiläinen T, Andrade J, Nunes A, Ntungwe E, Fernandes AS, Vale JR, Rodrigues J, Gomes JP, Rijo P, Candeias NR. Aminobenzylated 4-Nitrophenols as Antibacterial Agents Obtained from 5-Nitrosalicylaldehyde through a Petasis Borono-Mannich Reaction. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:16191-16202. [PMID: 31458255 PMCID: PMC6643621 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacteria are one of the current biggest threats to public health and are responsible for most nosocomial infections. Herein, we report the efficient and facile synthesis of antibacterial agents aminoalkylphenols, derived from 5-nitrosalicyladehyde and prepared through a Petasis borono-Mannich multicomponent reaction. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) as low as 1.23 μM for a chlorine derivative were determined for multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, namely, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis, two of the main pathogens responsible for infections in a hospital environment. The most promising antibacterial agents were further tested against eight strains of four Gram-positive species in order to elucidate their antibacterial broadness. In vitro cytotoxicity assays of the most active aminoalkylphenol revealed considerably lower toxicity against mammalian cells, as concentrations one order of magnitude higher than the determined MICs were required to induce human keratinocyte cell death. The phenol moiety was verified to be important in deeming the antibacterial properties of the analyzed compounds, although no correlation between such properties and their antioxidant activity was observed. A density functional theory computational study substantiated the ability of aminoalkylphenols to serve as precursors of ortho-quinone methides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatu Rimpiläinen
- Laboratory
of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere
University of Technology, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Joana Andrade
- CBIOS-Universidade
Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Nunes
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, National Institute
of Health, Avenida Padre
Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Epole Ntungwe
- CBIOS-Universidade
Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana S. Fernandes
- CBIOS-Universidade
Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João R. Vale
- Laboratory
of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere
University of Technology, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33101 Tampere, Finland
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Rodrigues
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, National Institute
of Health, Avenida Padre
Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Gomes
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, National Institute
of Health, Avenida Padre
Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patricia Rijo
- CBIOS-Universidade
Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno R. Candeias
- Laboratory
of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere
University of Technology, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33101 Tampere, Finland
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17
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Degner A, Carlsson H, Karlsson I, Eriksson J, Pujari SS, Tretyakova NY, Törnqvist M. Discovery of Novel N-(4-Hydroxybenzyl)valine Hemoglobin Adducts in Human Blood. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:1305-1314. [PMID: 30375232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to a wide range of electrophilic compounds present in our diet and environment or formed endogenously as part of normal physiological processes. These electrophiles can modify nucleophilic sites of proteins and DNA to form covalent adducts. Recently, powerful untargeted adductomic approaches have been developed for systematic screening of these adducts in human blood. Our earlier untargeted adductomics study detected 19 unknown adducts to N-terminal valine in hemoglobin (Hb) in human blood. We now describe a full characterization of one of these adducts, which corresponds to the addition of a 4-hydroxybenzyl (4-OHBn) group to N-terminal valine in Hb to form N(4-hydroxybenzyl)valine (4-OHBn-Val). The adduct structure was determined by comparison of its accurate mass, HPLC retention time, and MS/MS fragmentation to that of authentic standards prepared by chemical synthesis. Average 4-OHBn-Val adduct concentrations in 12 human blood samples were estimated to 380 ± 160 pmol/g Hb. Two possible routes of 4-OHBnVal adduct formation are proposed using two different precursor electrophiles: 4-quinone methide (4-QM) and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4-OHBA). We found that 4-QM reacts rapidly with valine to form the 4-OHBn-Val adduct; however, the quinone methide is unstable under physiological conditions due to hydrolysis. It was shown that 4-OHBA forms reversible Schiff base adducts with valine, which can be stabilized via reduction in blood generating the 4-OHBn-Val adduct. In addition, trace amounts of isomeric 2-hydroxybenzyl-valine (2-OHBn-Val) adducts were detected in 12 human blood samples (estimated mean adduct level, 5.0 ± 1.4 pmol/g Hb). Further studies are needed to quantify the contributions from identified possible precursor electrophiles to the observed hydroxybenzyl adducts in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Degner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Masonic Cancer Center , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Henrik Carlsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Isabella Karlsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Johan Eriksson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Suresh S Pujari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Masonic Cancer Center , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Natalia Y Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Masonic Cancer Center , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Margareta Törnqvist
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
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18
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Tera M, Glasauer SMK, Luedtke NW. In Vivo Incorporation of Azide Groups into DNA by Using Membrane-Permeable Nucleotide Triesters. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1939-1943. [PMID: 29953711 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic incorporation of bioorthogonal functional groups into cellular nucleic acids can be impeded by insufficient phosphorylation of nucleosides. Previous studies found that 5azidomethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (AmdU) was incorporated into the DNA of HeLa cells expressing a low-fidelity thymidine kinase, but not by wild-type HeLa cells. Here we report that membrane-permeable phosphotriester derivatives of AmdU can exhibit enhanced incorporation into the DNA of wild-type cells and animals. AmdU monophosphate derivatives bearing either 5'-bispivaloyloxymethyl (POM), 5'-bis-(4-acetoxybenzyl) (AB), or "Protide" protective groups were used to mask the phosphate group of AmdU prior to its entry into cells. The POM derivative "POM-AmdU" exhibited better chemical stability, greater metabolic incorporation efficiency, and lower toxicity than "AB-AmdU". Remarkably, the addition of POM-AmdU to the water of zebrafish larvae enabled the biosynthesis of azide-modified DNA throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Tera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.,Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seikacho, Soraku, 619-0284, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Stella M K Glasauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nathan W Luedtke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
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19
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Paxman R, Plate L, Blackwood EA, Glembotski C, Powers ET, Wiseman RL, Kelly JW. Pharmacologic ATF6 activating compounds are metabolically activated to selectively modify endoplasmic reticulum proteins. eLife 2018; 7:37168. [PMID: 30084354 PMCID: PMC6080950 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacologic arm-selective unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathway activation is emerging as a promising strategy to ameliorate imbalances in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis implicated in diverse diseases. The small molecule N-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-3-phenylpropanamide (147) was previously identified (Plate et al., 2016) to preferentially activate the ATF6 arm of the UPR, promoting protective remodeling of the ER proteostasis network. Here we show that 147-dependent ATF6 activation requires metabolic oxidation to form an electrophile that preferentially reacts with ER proteins. Proteins covalently modified by 147 include protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), known to regulate ATF6 activation. Genetic depletion of PDIs perturbs 147-dependent induction of the ATF6-target gene, BiP, implicating covalent modifications of PDIs in the preferential activation of ATF6 afforded by treatment with 147. Thus, 147 is a pro-drug that preferentially activates ATF6 signaling through a mechanism involving localized metabolic activation and selective covalent modification of ER resident proteins that regulate ATF6 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Paxman
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Lars Plate
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Erik A Blackwood
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, United States.,San Diego State University Heart Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, United States
| | - Chris Glembotski
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, United States.,San Diego State University Heart Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, United States
| | - Evan T Powers
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
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20
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Zhang J, Liu X, Guo S, He C, Xiao W, Lin L, Feng X. Enantioselective Formal [4 + 2] Annulation of ortho-Quinone Methides with ortho-Hydroxyphenyl α,β-Unsaturated Compounds. J Org Chem 2018; 83:10175-10185. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songsong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changqiang He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanlong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People’s Republic of China
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21
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Driscoll JP, Yadav AS, Shah NR. Role of Glucuronidation and P450 Oxidation in the Bioactivation of Bromfenac. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:223-230. [PMID: 29569911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bromfenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that was approved in the United States in 1997. It was withdrawn from clinical use less than one year later, in 1998, due to hepatotoxicity. We investigate the potential of bromfenac to be metabolized to reactive intermediates to further the current understanding of bromfenac bioactivation. Incubations were conducted with hepatocytes and human, rat, and cynomolgus liver microsomes fortified with cofactors and N-acetylcysteine. One thioether adduct of hydroxylated bromfenac and three thioether adducts of hydroxylated bromfenac indolinone were detected in extracts following incubations in liver microsomes fortified with NADPH and UDPGA. These findings demonstrate a bioactivation pathway for bromfenac and contribute to the body of evidence that could advance the understanding of the toxicity associated with bromfenac.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Driscoll
- MyoKardia Inc , 333 Allerton Avenue , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Aprajita S Yadav
- MyoKardia Inc , 333 Allerton Avenue , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Nina R Shah
- MyoKardia Inc , 333 Allerton Avenue , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
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22
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Luis PB, Boeglin WE, Schneider C. Thiol Reactivity of Curcumin and Its Oxidation Products. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:269-276. [PMID: 29569909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The polypharmacological effects of the turmeric compound curcumin may be partly mediated by covalent adduction to cellular protein. Covalent binding to small molecule and protein thiols is thought to occur through a Michael-type addition at the enone moiety of the heptadienedione chain connecting the two methoxyphenol rings of curcumin. Here we show that curcumin forms the predicted thiol-Michael adducts with three model thiols, glutathione, N-acetylcysteine, and β-mercaptoethanol. More abundant, however, are respective thiol adducts of the dioxygenated spiroepoxide intermediate of curcumin autoxidation. Two electrophilic sites at the quinone-like ring of the spiroepoxide are identified. Addition of β-mercaptoethanol at the 5'-position of the ring gives a 1,7-dihydroxycyclopentadione-5' thioether, and addition at the 1'-position results in cleavage of the aromatic ring from the molecule, forming methoxyphenol-thioether and a tentatively identified cyclopentadione aldehyde. The curcuminoids demethoxy- and bisdemethoxycurcumin do not form all of the possible thioether adducts, corresponding with their increased stability toward autoxidation. RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells activated with phorbol ester form curcumin-glutathionyl and the 1,7-dihydroxycyclopentadione-5'-glutathionyl adducts. These studies indicate that the enone of the parent compound is not the only functional electrophile in curcumin, and that its oxidation products provide additional electrophilic sites. This suggests that protein binding by curcumin may involve oxidative activation into reactive quinone methide and spiroepoxide electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula B Luis
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology , Vanderbilt University Medical School , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States
| | - William E Boeglin
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology , Vanderbilt University Medical School , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States
| | - Claus Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology , Vanderbilt University Medical School , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States
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23
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Hossain E, Deng SM, Gozem S, Krylov AI, Wang XB, Wenthold PG. Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Quinonimides. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11138-11148. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekram Hossain
- The
Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Shihu M. Deng
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory P.O. Box 999, MS k8-88 Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Samer Gozem
- Department
of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles, 90089, United States
| | - Anna I. Krylov
- Department
of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles, 90089, United States
| | - Xue-Bin Wang
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory P.O. Box 999, MS k8-88 Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Paul G. Wenthold
- The
Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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24
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Abstract
In search of antiparasitic agents, we here identify arylmethylamino steroids as potent compounds and characterize more than 60 derivatives. The lead compound 1o is fast acting and highly active against intraerythrocytic stages of chloroquine-sensitive and resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites (IC50 1–5 nM) as well as against gametocytes. In P. berghei-infected mice, oral administration of 1o drastically reduces parasitaemia and cures the animals. Furthermore, 1o efficiently blocks parasite transmission from mice to mosquitoes. The steroid compounds show low cytotoxicity in mammalian cells and do not induce acute toxicity symptoms in mice. Moreover, 1o has a remarkable activity against the blood-feeding trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni. The steroid and the hydroxyarylmethylamino moieties are essential for antimalarial activity supporting a chelate-based quinone methide mechanism involving metal or haem bioactivation. This study identifies chemical scaffolds that are rapidly internalized into blood-feeding parasites. Steroid units can facilitate membrane permeation and bioavailability in drugs. Here, using a medicinal chemistry program, Krieg et al. identify an arylmethylamino steroid that kills Plasmodium parasites, likely through a chelate-based quinone methide mechanism, and has activity against Schistosoma mansoni.
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25
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Bolton JL, Dunlap T. Formation and Biological Targets of Quinones: Cytotoxic versus Cytoprotective Effects. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:13-37. [PMID: 27617882 PMCID: PMC5241708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Quinones represent a class of toxicological intermediates, which can create a variety of hazardous effects in vivo including, acute cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and carcinogenesis. In contrast, quinones can induce cytoprotection through the induction of detoxification enzymes, anti-inflammatory activities, and modification of redox status. The mechanisms by which quinones cause these effects can be quite complex. The various biological targets of quinones depend on their rate and site of formation and their reactivity. Quinones are formed through a variety of mechanisms from simple oxidation of catechols/hydroquinones catalyzed by a variety of oxidative enzymes and metal ions to more complex mechanisms involving initial P450-catalyzed hydroxylation reactions followed by two-electron oxidation. Quinones are Michael acceptors, and modification of cellular processes could occur through alkylation of crucial cellular proteins and/or DNA. Alternatively, quinones are highly redox active molecules which can redox cycle with their semiquinone radical anions leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and ultimately the hydroxyl radical. Production of ROS can alter redox balance within cells through the formation of oxidized cellular macromolecules including lipids, proteins, and DNA. This perspective explores the varied biological targets of quinones including GSH, NADPH, protein sulfhydryls [heat shock proteins, P450s, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), glutathione S-transferase (GST), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, (NQO1), kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), IκB kinase (IKK), and arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR)], and DNA. The evidence strongly suggests that the numerous mechanisms of quinone modulations (i.e., alkylation versus oxidative stress) can be correlated with the known pathology/cytoprotection of the parent compound(s) that is best described by an inverse U-shaped dose-response curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L Bolton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Tareisha Dunlap
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
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26
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Pang YY, Tan YM, Chan ECY, Ho HK. Phase I Metabolic Stability and Electrophilic Reactivity of 2-Phenylaminophenylacetic Acid Derived Compounds. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1118-31. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yun Pang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore
| | - Yee Min Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore
| | - Han Kiat Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore
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27
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The Metabolic Fate of ortho-Quinones Derived from Catecholamine Metabolites. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17020164. [PMID: 26828480 PMCID: PMC4783898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
ortho-Quinones are produced in vivo through the oxidation of catecholic substrates by enzymes such as tyrosinase or by transition metal ions. Neuromelanin, a dark pigment present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus of the brain, is produced from dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) via an interaction with cysteine, but it also incorporates their alcoholic and acidic metabolites. In this study we examined the metabolic fate of ortho-quinones derived from the catecholamine metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol (DOPE), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylene glycol (DOPEG), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylmandelic acid (DOMA). The oxidation of catecholic substrates by mushroom tyrosinase was followed by UV-visible spectrophotometry. HPLC analysis after reduction with NaBH4 or ascorbic acid enabled measurement of the half-lives of ortho-quinones and the identification of their reaction products. Spectrophotometric examination showed that the ortho-quinones initially formed underwent extensive degradation at pH 6.8. HPLC analysis showed that DOPE-quinone and DOPEG-quinone degraded with half-lives of 15 and 30 min at pH 6.8, respectively, and >100 min at pH 5.3. The major product from DOPE-quinone was DOPEG which was produced through the addition of a water molecule to the quinone methide intermediate. DOPEG-quinone yielded a ketone, 2-oxo-DOPE, through the quinone methide intermediate. DOPAC-quinone and DOMA-quinone degraded immediately with decarboxylation of the ortho-quinone intermediates to form 3,4-dihydroxybenzylalcohol (DHBAlc) and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (DHBAld), respectively. DHBAlc-quinone was converted to DHBAld with a half-life of 9 min, while DHBAld-quinone degraded rapidly with a half-life of 3 min. This study confirmed the fact that ortho-quinones from DOPE, DOPEG, DOPAC and DOMA are converted to quinone methide tautomers as common intermediates, through proton rearrangement or decarboxylation. The unstable quinone methides afford stable alcoholic or carbonyl products.
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Qi YB, Wang XL, Shi T, Liu S, Xu ZH, Li X, Shi X, Xu P, Zhao YL. Multicomponent kinetic analysis and theoretical studies on the phenolic intermediates in the oxidation of eugenol and isoeugenol catalyzed by laccase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:29597-607. [PMID: 26477512 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03475b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Laccase catalyzes the oxidation of natural phenols and thereby is believed to initialize reactions in lignification and delignification. Numerous phenolic mediators have also been applied in laccase-mediator systems. However, reaction details after the primary O-H rupture of phenols remain obscure. In this work two types of isomeric phenols, EUG (eugenol) and ISO (trans-/cis-isoeugenol), were used as chemical probes to explore the enzymatic reaction pathways, with the combined methods of time-resolved UV-Vis absorption spectra, MCR-ALS, HPLC-MS, and quantum mechanical (QM) calculations. It has been found that the EUG-consuming rate is linear to its concentration, while the ISO not. Besides, an o-methoxy quinone methide intermediate, (E/Z)-4-allylidene-2-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-dienone, was evidenced in the case of EUG with the UV-Vis measurement, mass spectra and TD-DFT calculations; in contrast, an ISO-generating phenoxyl radical, a (E/Z)-2-methoxy-4-(prop-1-en-1-yl) phenoxyl radical, was identified in the case of ISO. Furthermore, QM calculations indicated that the EUG-generating phenoxyl radical (an O-centered radical) can easily transform into an allylic radical (a C-centered radical) by hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) with a calculated activation enthalpy of 5.3 kcal mol(-1) and then be fast oxidized to the observed eugenol quinone methide, rather than an O-radical alkene addition with barriers above 12.8 kcal mol(-1). In contrast, the ISO-generating phenoxyl radical directly undergoes a radical coupling (RC) process, with a barrier of 4.8 kcal mol(-1), while the HAT isomerization between O- and C-centered radicals has a higher reaction barrier of 8.0 kcal mol(-1). The electronic conjugation of the benzyl-type radical and the aromatic allylic radical leads to differentiation of the two pathways. These results imply that competitive reaction pathways exist for the nascent reactive intermediates generated in the laccase-catalyzed oxidation of natural phenols, which is important for understanding the lignin polymerization and may shed some light on the development of efficient laccase-mediator systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bing Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Schneider C, Gordon ON, Edwards RL, Luis PB. Degradation of Curcumin: From Mechanism to Biological Implications. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7606-14. [PMID: 25817068 PMCID: PMC4752206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin is the main bioactive ingredient in turmeric extract and widely consumed as part of the spice mix curry or as a dietary supplement. Turmeric has a long history of therapeutic application in traditional Asian medicine. Biomedical studies conducted in the past two decades have identified a large number of cellular targets and effects of curcumin. In vitro curcumin rapidly degrades in an autoxidative transformation to diverse chemical species, the formation of which has only recently been appreciated. This paper discusses how the degradation and metabolism of curcumin, through products and their mechanism of formation, provide a basis for the interpretation of preclinical data and clinical studies. It is suggested that the previously unrecognized diversity of its degradation products could be an important factor in explaining the polypharmacology of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Schneider
- Correspondence to: Claus Schneider, PhD; Department of Pharmacology, RRB514, 23 Ave S. at Pierce, Nashville, TN 37232;
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Improved synthesis of 4-benzylidene-2,6-di-tert-butylcyclohexa-2,5-dienone and its derivatives. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-014-1266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
The formation of quinone methides (QMs) from either direct 2-electron oxidation of 2- or 4-alkylphenols, isomerization of o-quinones, or elimination of a good leaving group could explain the cytotoxic/cytoprotective effects of several drugs, natural products, as well as endogenous compounds. For example, the antiretroviral drug nevirapine and the antidiabetic agent troglitazone both induce idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity through mechanisms involving quinone methide formation. The anesthetic phencyclidine induces psychological side effects potentially through quinone methide mediated covalent modification of crucial macromolecules in the brain. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) such as tamoxifen, toremifene, and raloxifene are metabolized to quinone methides which could potentially contribute to endometrial carcinogenic properties and/or induce detoxification enzymes and enhance the chemopreventive effects of these SERMs. Endogenous estrogens and/or estrogens present in estrogen replacement formulations are also metabolized to catechols and further oxidized to o-quinones which can isomerize to quinone methides. Both estrogen quinoids could cause DNA damage which could enhance hormone dependent cancer risk. Natural products such as the food and flavor agent eugenol can be directly oxidized to a quinone methide which may explain the toxic effects of this natural compound. Oral toxicities associated with chewing areca quid could be the result of exposure to hydroxychavicol through initial oxidation to an o-quinone which isomerizes to a p-quinone methide. Similar o-quinone to p-quinone methide isomerization reactions have been reported for the ubiquitous flavonoid quercetin which needs to be taken into consideration when evaluating risk-benefit assessments of these natural products. The resulting reaction of these quinone methides with proteins, DNA, and/or resulting modulation of gene expression may explain the toxic and/or beneficial effects of the parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L. Bolton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781) College of Pharmacy University of Illinois at Chicago 833 S. Wood Street Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
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Shan WG, Zhang LW, Xiang JG, Zhan ZJ. Natural Friedelanes. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:1392-434. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Philippens IHCHM, Wubben JA, Finsen B, 't Hart BA. Oral treatment with the NADPH oxidase antagonist apocynin mitigates clinical and pathological features of parkinsonism in the MPTP marmoset model. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:715-26. [PMID: 23504289 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the therapeutic efficacy of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin, isolated as principal bioactive component from the medicinal plant Picrorhiza kurroa, in a marmoset MPTP model of Parkinson's disease (PD). The methoxy-substituted catechol apocynin has a similar structure as homovanillic acid (HVA), a metabolite of dopamine (DA). Apocynin acquires its selective inhibitory capacity of the reactive oxygen species generating NADPH oxidase via metabolic activation by myeloperoxidase (MPO). As MPO is upregulated in activated brain microglia cells of PD patients and in MPTP animal models, the conditions for metabolic activation of apocynin and inhibition of microglia NADPH oxidase are in place. Marmoset monkeys received oral apocynin (100 mg/kg; p.o.) (n = 5) or Gum Arabica (controls; n = 5) three times daily until the end of the study, starting 1 week before PD induction with MPTP (1 mg/kg s.c. for 8 days). Parkinsonian symptoms, motor function, home-cage activity and body weight were monitored to assess the disease development and severity. Post-mortem numbers of the tyrosine hydroxylase expressing DA neurons in the substantia nigra were counted. During the MPTP injections, apocynin limited the body weight loss and relieved parkinsonian symptoms compared to controls (Linear regression, P < 0.05) indicating a reduction of disease progression. During the last test week, apocynin also improved the hand-eye coordination performance compared with vehicle treatment (resp. 39.3 ± 4.5 % and 17.7 ± 6.7 %; P = 0.048) and improved the home cage activity with 32 % (P = 0.029), indicating anti-Parkinson efficacy. Apocynin also increased the number of surviving DA neurons in MPTP-treated marmosets with 8.5 % (P = 0.059), indicating a tendency towards a neuroprotective efficacy. In conclusion, compensation for the loss of DA and its metabolite HVA by apocynin mitigates the PD progression and limits the parkinsonian signs and motor-function deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid H C H M Philippens
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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Vanillin and ferulic acid: not the major degradation products of curcumin. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:361-3; author reply 363-4. [PMID: 22652257 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Roslie H, Chan KM, Rajab NF, Velu SS, Kadir SAIASA, Bunyamin I, Weber JFF, Thomas NF, Majeed ABA, Myatt G, Inayat-Hussain SH. 3,5-dibenzyloxy-4'-hydroxystilbene induces early caspase-9 activation during apoptosis in human K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. J Toxicol Sci 2012; 37:13-21. [PMID: 22293408 DOI: 10.2131/jts.37.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A series of 22 stilbene derivatives based on resveratrol were synthesized incorporating acetoxy-, benzyloxy-, carboxy-, chloro-, hydroxy- and methoxy functional groups. We examined the cytotoxicity of these 22 stilbenes in human K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. Only four compounds were cytotoxic namely 4'-hydroxy-3-methoxystilbene (15), 3'-acetoxy-4-chlorostilbene (19), 4'-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxystilbene or pterostilbene (3) and 3,5-dibenzyloxy-4'-hydroxystilbene (28) with IC(50)s of 78 µM, 38 µM, 67 µM and 19.5 µM respectively. Further apoptosis assessment on the most potent compound, 28, confirmed that the cells underwent apoptosis based on phosphatidylserine externalization and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Importantly, we observed a concentration-dependent activation of caspase-9 as early as 2 hr with resultant caspase-3 cleavage in 28-induced apoptosis. Additionally, a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study proposed a possible mechanism of action for compound 28. Taken together, our data suggests that the pro-apoptotic effects of 28 involve the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway characterized by an early activation of caspase-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haslan Roslie
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Selangor, Malaysia
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Structure, biosynthesis and possible function of tunichromes and related compounds. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 163:1-25. [PMID: 22580032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Several species of ascidians (phylum Chordata, subphylum Urochordata) contain a group of oligopeptides called "tunichromes" in their blood cells. These peptides have been implicated in (a) metal chelation and accumulation/sequestration of vanadium or iron; (b) crosslinking of structural fibers in tunic formation, (c) wound healing and (d) defense reactions. However, their biosynthesis, metabolism, and biological function remain largely un-elucidated due to their extreme instability and high reactivity. Tunichromes and related compounds uniquely possess dehydrodopamine moieties, all originating from post-translational modification of peptidyl tyrosine. It is conceivable that the presence of such novel post-translationally modified groups provide attributes that are crucial for their biological roles. Therefore, we examined the chemistry and reactivity of tunichromes in light of the available knowledge of the biochemistry of simple monomeric dehydro-N-acyldopamine units. Based on the reactivity of such simple compounds, the potential biological activities of tunichromes are predicted. Their possible biosynthetic route from peptidyl tyrosine is critically evaluated to provide a better basis for unraveling their biological functions. Prevalence of dehydro-N-acyldopamine units in different tunichromes, some marine antibiotic compounds, insect cuticular sclerotizing precursors and some bioadhesive marine proteins may aid in the de novo design of unique biomaterials with potential antibiotic/adhesive properties.
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Hemodiafiltration with online regeneration of ultrafiltrate for severe nevirapine intoxication in a HIV-infected patient. AIDS 2012; 26:653-5. [PMID: 22398572 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3283509770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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39
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Mulcahy SP, Woo CM, Ding W, Ellestad GA, Herzon SB. Characterization of a reductively-activated elimination pathway relevant to the biological chemistry of the kinamycins and lomaiviticins. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc00854h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Wu M, Xu Q, Strid Å, Martell JM, Eriksson LA. Theoretical Study of Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) Photolysis. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:13556-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jp205724k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Qi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Cape Breton University, Sydney NS, Canada B1P 6L2
| | - Åke Strid
- Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Jaime M. Martell
- Department of Chemistry, Cape Breton University, Sydney NS, Canada B1P 6L2
| | - Leif A. Eriksson
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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Abstract
It is generally believed that metabolic bioactivation of drug molecules to form reactive metabolites, followed by their covalent binding to endogenous macromolecules, is one of the mechanisms that can lead to hepatotoxicity or idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs). Although the role of bioactivation in drug-induced liver injury has been reasonably well established and accepted, and methodologies (e.g., structural alerts, reactive metabolite trapping, and covalent binding) continue to emerge in an attempt to detect the occurrence of bioactivation, the challenge remains to accurately predict the likelihood for idiosyncratic liver toxicity. Recent advances in risk-assessment methodologies, such as by the estimate of total body burden of covalent binding or by zone classification, taking the clinical dose into consideration, are positive steps toward improving risk assessment. The ability to better predict the potential of a drug candidate to cause IADRs will further be dependent upon a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of such reactions. Until a thorough understanding of the relationship between liver toxicity and the formation of reactive metabolites is achieved, it appears, at present, that the most practical strategy in drug discovery and development to reduce the likelihood of idiosyncratic liver toxicity via metabolic activation is to minimize or eliminate the occurrence of bioactivation and, at the same time, to maximize the pharmacological potency (to minimze the clinical dose) of the drug of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Leung
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340-5196, USA.
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Tu T, Giblin D, Gross ML. Structural determinant of chemical reactivity and potential health effects of quinones from natural products. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1527-39. [PMID: 21721570 DOI: 10.1021/tx200140s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although many phenols and catechols found as polyphenol natural products are antioxidants and have putative disease-preventive properties, others have deleterious health effects. One possible route to toxicity is the bioactivation of the phenolic function to quinones that are electrophilic, redox-agents capable of modifying DNA and proteins. The structure-property relationships of biologically important quinones and their precursors may help understand the balance between their health benefits and risks. We describe a mass-spectrometry-based study of four quinones produced by oxidizing flavanones and flavones. Those with a C2-C3 double bond on ring C of the flavonoid stabilize by delocalization of an incipient positive charge from protonation and render the protonated quinone particularly susceptible to nucleophilic attack. We hypothesize that the absence of this double bond is one specific structural determinant that is responsible for the ability of quinones to modify biological macromolecules. Those quinones containing a C2-C3 single bond have relatively higher aqueous stability and longer half-lives than those with a double bond at the same position; the latter have short half-lives at or below ∼1 s. Quinones with a C2-C3 double bond show little ability to depurinate DNA because they are rapidly hydrated to unreactive species. Molecular-orbital calculations support that quinone hydration by a highly structure-dependent mechanism accounts for their chemical properties. The evidence taken together support a hypothesis that those flavonoids and related natural products that undergo oxidation to quinones and are then rapidly hydrated are unlikely to damage important biological macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Tu
- Center for Biomedical and Bioorganic Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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Zhou Q, Qu Y, Mangrum JB, Wang X. DNA Alkylation with N-Methylquinolinium Quinone Methide to N2-dG Adducts Resulting in Extensive Stops in Primer Extension with DNA Polymerases and Subsequent Suppression of GFP Expression in A549 Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:402-11. [PMID: 21306116 DOI: 10.1021/tx100351c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qibing Zhou
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
- Department of medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, United States
| | - Yun Qu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, United States
| | - John B. Mangrum
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, United States
| | - Xing Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
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Mahajan MK, Uttamsingh V, Daniels JS, Gan LS, LeDuc BW, Williams DA. In vitro metabolism of oxymetazoline: evidence for bioactivation to a reactive metabolite. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 39:693-702. [PMID: 21177487 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.036004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxymetazoline (6-tert-butyl-3-(2-imidazolin-2-ylmethyl)-2,4-dimethylphenol) has been widely used as a nonprescription nasal vasoconstrictor for >40 years; however, its metabolic pathway has not been investigated. This study describes the in vitro metabolism of oxymetazoline in human, rat, and rabbit liver postmitochondrial supernatant fraction from homogenized tissue (S9) fractions and their microsomes supplemented with NADPH. The metabolites of oxymetazoline identified by liquid chromatography (LC)/UV/tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), included M1 (monohydroxylation of the t-butyl group), M2 (oxidative dehydrogenation of the imidazoline to an imidazole moiety), M3 (monohydroxylation of M2), M4 (dihydroxylation of oxymetazoline), and M5 (dihydroxylation of M2). Screening with nine human expressed cytochromes P450 (P450s) identified CYP2C19 as the single P450 isoform catalyzing the formation of M1, M2, and M3. Glutathione conjugates of oxymetazoline (M6) and M2 (M7) were identified in the liver S9 fractions, indicating the capability of oxymetazoline to undergo bioactivation to reactive intermediate species. M6 and M7 were not detected in those liver S9 incubations without NADPH. Cysteine conjugates (M8 and M9) derived from glutathione conjugates and hydroxylated glutathione conjugates (M10 and M11) were also identified. The reactive intermediate of oxymetazoline was trapped with glutathione and N-acetyl cysteine and identified by LC/MS/MS. M6 was isolated and identified by one-dimensional or two-dimensional NMR as the glutathione conjugate of a p-quinone methide. We have shown the tendency of oxymetazoline to form p-quinone methide species via a bioactivation mechanism involving a CYP2C19-catalyzed two-electron oxidation. Nevertheless, we conclude that the formation of this reactive species might not be a safety concern for oxymetazoline nasal products because of the typical low-dose and brief dosage regimen limited to nasal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh K Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Anichina J, Zhao Y, Hrudey SE, Le XC, Li XF. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry characterization of interactions of newly identified water disinfection byproducts halobenzoquinones with oligodeoxynucleotides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:9557-9563. [PMID: 21069955 DOI: 10.1021/es1024492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Four halobenzoquinones, 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,6-dichloro-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, and 2,3,6-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, were recently identified as drinking water disinfection byproducts. Understanding their interactions with biomolecules could provide useful insights into their potential toxic effects. We report here electrospray ionization mass spectrometry characterization of the interactions between these new halobenzoquinone disinfection byproducts and oligodeoxynucleotides. The study demonstrates that 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone exhibits much stronger binding to single- and double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides than chlorobenzoquinones. The binding affinity of 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone to oligodeoxynucleotides is similar to that of ethidium bromide, a well-known intercalator and carcinogen. Tandem mass spectrometry characterization confirms the formation of 1:1 and 2:1 complexes of 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone binding to oligodeoxynucleotides. Collision-induced dissociation analysis of these adducts demonstrates neutral loss and charge separation, suggesting that 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone binds to oligodeoxynucleotides through partial intercalation and H-bonding modes. The three chlorobezoquinones also form 1:1 adducts with the oligodeoxynucleotides, but their binding to the oligodeoxynucleotides was much weaker compared to that of 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone. The relative binding affinity of the studied disinfection byproducts to oligodeoxynucleotides is in the order of 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone≫2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone > 2,6-dichloro-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone ∼ 2,3,6-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, indicating potential structural effects on the interactions of halobenzoquinones with oligodeoxynucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Anichina
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, and Environmental Health Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 10-102 Clinical Science Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
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Griesser M, Pistis V, Suzuki T, Tejera N, Pratt DA, Schneider C. Autoxidative and cyclooxygenase-2 catalyzed transformation of the dietary chemopreventive agent curcumin. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:1114-24. [PMID: 21071447 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.178806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of the diphenol curcumin as a cancer chemopreventive agent is limited by its chemical and metabolic instability. Non-enzymatic degradation has been described to yield vanillin, ferulic acid, and feruloylmethane through cleavage of the heptadienone chain connecting the phenolic rings. Here we provide evidence for an alternative mechanism, resulting in autoxidative cyclization of the heptadienone moiety as a major pathway of degradation. Autoxidative transformation of curcumin was pH-dependent with the highest rate at pH 8 (2.2 μM/min) and associated with stoichiometric uptake of O(2). Oxidation was also catalyzed by recombinant cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (50 nm; 7.5 μM/min), and the rate was increased ≈10-fold by the addition of 300 μM H(2)O(2). The COX-2 catalyzed transformation was inhibited by acetaminophen but not indomethacin, suggesting catalysis occurred by the peroxidase activity. We propose a mechanism of enzymatic or autoxidative hydrogen abstraction from a phenolic hydroxyl to give a quinone methide and a delocalized radical in the heptadienone chain that undergoes 5-exo cyclization and oxygenation. Hydration of the quinone methide (measured by the incorporation of O-18 from H(2)(18)O) and rearrangement under loss of water gives the final dioxygenated bicyclopentadione product. When curcumin was added to RAW264.7 cells, the bicyclopentadione was increased 1.8-fold in cells activated by LPS; vanillin and other putative cleavage products were negligible. Oxidation to a reactive quinone methide is the mechanistic basis of many phenolic anti-cancer drugs. It is possible, therefore, that oxidative transformation of curcumin, a prominent but previously unrecognized reaction, contributes to its cancer chemopreventive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Griesser
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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47
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Dhiman SB, Naik DB. Pulse radiolysis studies of 2- and 3-hydroxybenzyl alcohols: inhibition of dehydration of ·OH-(hydroxybenzyl alcohols) adducts by H2
PO4
−
ions. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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48
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Jiang J, Zeng D, Li S. Photogenerated Quinone Methides as Protein Affinity Labeling Reagents. Chembiochem 2009; 10:635-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Cai M, Sugumaran M, Robinson WE. The crosslinking and antimicrobial properties of tunichrome. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 151:110-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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Rayne S, Eggers NJ. 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol in wines: estimating non-microbial sourced contributions and toxicological considerations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2007; 42:887-897. [PMID: 17978957 DOI: 10.1080/03601230701623365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of commercially available wines suggested non-Brettanomyces sources of 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol. Grapes, enological additions, exposure to plastics, and oak-barrel aging were potential inputs considered. Investigations of whole grape bunch samples from two major red wine Vitis vinifera cultivars (L. cv. Cabernet Franc and Pinot Noir), a commercial mannoprotein additive, and three commercial enological tannin additions indicated they are not likely significant sources of these compounds. Studies on 15 commercial oak barrelled red wines from six Vitis vinifera cultivars (L. cv. Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Dunkelfelder, Merlot, Pinot Meunier, and Pinot Noir), and a review of volatile phenol extraction from toasted oak wood, suggested that oak-aging may produce concentrations of up to 50 microg L(-1) 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol. Thus, following potential Brettanomyces-sourced aroma impacts in wine using 4-ethylphenol and/or 4-ethylguaiacol concentrations as proxies should only be considered reliable at analyte levels>100 microg L(-1). A review of worldwide 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol concentrations in wine, consumption patterns, and available toxicological data also suggested that levels of 4-ethylphenol being observed in wines worldwide do not warrant concerns about acute or long-term effects. While little is known about the toxicology of 4-ethylguaiacol, it is unlikely that elevated concentrations will pose any health-related concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra Rayne
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, British Columbia.
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