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Tromans J, Zhang B, Golding BT. Unlocking nature's antioxidants: a novel method for synthesising plasmalogens. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39233652 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01233j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are glycerophospholipids distinguished by their O-(Z)-vinyl ether at the sn-1 position. These lipids are implicated in several disease states requiring analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, which demand synthetic availability for a variety of structural types. By deploying the new O-protecting group 1,4-dimethoxynaphthyl-2-methyl ('DIMON') and a new stereospecific method for accessing Z-vinyl ethers, a reproducible, versatile synthetic route to plasmalogens [plasmenyl phosphocholines] has been developed. A key intermediate is (S,Z)-1-((1,4-dimethoxynaphthalen-2-yl)methoxy)-3-(hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy)propan-2-ol, which in principle, permits plasmalogen synthesis 'à la carte' at scale. The methodology compares favourably with all previous synthetic routes by virtue of the very high configurational (>99% Z) and optical purity (>99% ee), including the ability to incorporate polyunsaturated fatty acyl chains (e.g. all Z docosahexaenoic acid) reliably at the sn-2 position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Tromans
- School of Natural and Environmental Science - Chemistry, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Bian Zhang
- BiBerChem Research Ltd, The Biosphere, Draymans Way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5BX, UK
| | - Bernard T Golding
- School of Natural and Environmental Science - Chemistry, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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Vítová M, Palyzová A, Řezanka T. Plasmalogens - Ubiquitous molecules occurring widely, from anaerobic bacteria to humans. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 83:101111. [PMID: 34147515 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a group of lipids mainly found in the cell membranes. They occur in anaerobic bacteria and in some protozoa, invertebrates and vertebrates, including humans. Their occurrence in plants and fungi is controversial. They can protect cells from damage by reactive oxygen species, protect other phospholipids or lipoprotein particles against oxidative stress, and have been implicated as signaling molecules and modulators of membrane dynamics. Biosynthesis in anaerobic and aerobic organisms occurs by different pathways, and the main biosynthetic pathway in anaerobic bacteria was clarified only this year (2021). Many different analytical techniques have been used for plasmalogen analysis, some of which are detailed below. These can be divided into two groups: shotgun lipidomics, or electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in combination with high performance liquid chromatography (LC-MS). The advantages and limitations of both techniques are discussed here, using examples from anaerobic bacteria to specialized mammalian (human) organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milada Vítová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Novohradská 237, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Palyzová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Lankalapalli RS, Eckelkamp JT, Sircar D, Ford DA, Subbaiah PV, Bittman R. Synthesis and antioxidant properties of an unnatural plasmalogen analogue bearing a trans O-vinyl ether linkage. Org Lett 2009; 11:2784-7. [PMID: 19499908 PMCID: PMC2741175 DOI: 10.1021/ol9009078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To assess the antioxidant behavior of trans-1, we first synthesized trans-allyl ether 4 by opening an (S)-glycidol derivative with an (E)-alk-2-en-ol, and then produced the unnatural E-enol ether 1 by a stereoselective iridium(I)-catalyzed olefin isomerization. Natural cis-1 was preferentially degraded by HOCl and was more protective than trans-1 against lipid peroxidation induced by a free-radical initiator, demonstrating that the geometry of the 1'-alkenyloxy bond participates in the antioxidant defensive role of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S. Lankalapalli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of The City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367-1597
| | - Joseph T. Eckelkamp
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Debajit Sircar
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - David A. Ford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | | | - Robert Bittman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of The City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367-1597
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Masuzawa Y, Sugiura T, Sprecher H, Waku K. Selective acyl transfer in the reacylation of brain glycerophospholipids. Comparison of three acylation systems for 1-alk-1'-enylglycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1-acylglycero-3-phosphoethanolamine and 1-acylglycero-3-phosphocholine in rat brain microsomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 1005:1-12. [PMID: 2673414 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(89)90024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The activities of three acylation systems for 1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine (1-alkenyl-GPE), 1-acyl-GPE and 1-acylglycerophosphocholine (1-acyl-GPC) were compared in rat brain microsomes and the acyl selectivity of each system was clarified. The rate of CoA-independent transacylation of 1-[3H]alkenyl-GPE (approx. 4.5 nmol/10 min per mg protein) was about twice as high as in the case of 1-[3H]acyl-GPE and 1-[14C]acyl-GPC. On the other hand, the rates of CoA-dependent transacylation and CoA + ATP-dependent acylation (acylation of free fatty acids by acyl-CoA synthetase and acyl-CoA acyltransferase) of lysophospholipids were in the order 1-acyl-GPC greater than 1-acyl-GPE much greater than 1-alkenyl-GPE. HPLC analysis of newly synthesized molecular species revealed that the CoA-independent transacylation system exclusively esterified docosahexaenoate and arachidonate, regardless of the lysophospholipid class. The CoA-dependent transacylation and CoA + ATP-dependent acylation systems were almost the same with respect to the selectivities for unsaturated fatty acids when the same acceptor lysophospholipid was used, but some distinctive acyl selectivities were observed with different acceptor lysophospholipids. 1-Alkenyl-GPE selectively acquired only oleate in these two systems. 1-Acyl-GPE and 1-acyl-GPC showed selectivities for both arachidonate and oleate. In addition, an appreciable amount of palmitate was transferred to 1-acyl-GPC, not to 1-acyl-GPE, in CoA- or CoA + ATP-dependent manner. The acylation of exogenously added acyl-CoA revealed that the acyl selectivities of the CoA-dependent transacylation and CoA + ATP-dependent acylation systems may be mainly governed through the selective action of acyl-CoA acyltransferase. The preferential utilization of oleoyl-CoA by all acceptors and the different utilization of arachidonoyl-CoA between alkenyl and acyllysophospholipids indicated that there might be two distinct acyl-CoA:lysophospholipid acyltransferases that discriminate between oleoyl-CoA and arachidonoyl-CoA, respectively. Our present results clearly show that all three microsomal acylation systems can be active in the reacylation of three major brain glycerophospholipids and that the higher contribution of the CoA-independent system in the reacylation of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids, especially alkenylacyl-GPE, may tend to enrich docosahexaenoate in these phospholipids, as compared with in the case of diacyl-GPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Masuzawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Mieth G, Elsner A, Brückner J, Weiss A, Behrens H. [Non-caloric compounds with fat-like functional properties (pseudofats)]. DIE NAHRUNG 1983; 27:853-76. [PMID: 6366571 DOI: 10.1002/food.19830270914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The review deals with the synthesis, characterization, physicochemical and physiological properties with respect to nutrition of acaloric fat-like compounds (pseudofats) with special regard to fatty acid esters of sucrose, glycerol ethers and glycerol dicarbonic acid esters. Furthermore an outlook is given of other classes of compounds that are potentially suited to substitute fat as for instance polycarbonic acid-, polyglycerol-, and polyglycol derivatives.
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Hermetter A, Paltauf F. Semisynthetic preparation of choline and ethanolamine plasmalogens. Chem Phys Lipids 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(82)90006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mangold HK. Synthesis and biosynthesis of alkoxylipids. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (INTERNATIONAL ED. IN ENGLISH) 1979; 18:493-503. [PMID: 115343 DOI: 10.1002/anie.197904933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Nolte D, Acker L. [Phospholipase D - a review (author's transl)]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR LEBENSMITTEL-UNTERSUCHUNG UND -FORSCHUNG 1975; 159:225-33. [PMID: 4933 DOI: 10.1007/bf01460064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.4) hydrolyses lecithin into phosphatidic acid and choline. A review is given on the properties of phospholipase D described in the literature; it deals with the occurrence and distribution of phospholipase D in higher plants, with it's pH and temperature, substrate specifity, activators, inhibitors and with occurrence and properties of bacterial phospholipase D.
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Rosenthal AF. Chemical synthesis of phospholipids and analogues of phospholipids containing carbon-phosphorus bonds. Methods Enzymol 1975; 35:429-529. [PMID: 1091813 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(75)35179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Assmann G, Krauss RM, Fredrickson DS, Levy RI. Positional Specificity of Triglyceride Lipases in Post-Heparin Plasma. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)43376-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Snyder F. Enzymatic systems that synthesize and degrade glycerolipids possessing ether bonds. ADVANCES IN LIPID RESEARCH 1972; 10:233-59. [PMID: 4344799 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-024910-7.50012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Synthesis and properties of 1-O-(hexadecen-1?-yl)-2-stearoylethylene glycol. Russ Chem Bull 1971. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00862219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Piantadosi C, Snyder F. Plasmalogens and related derivatives: their chemistry and metabolism. J Pharm Sci 1970; 59:283-97. [PMID: 4906440 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600590302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides by purified lipase preparations I. Substrate-, positional- and stereo-specificity. Chem Phys Lipids 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(70)90059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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de Haas GH, Postema NM, Nieuwenhuizen W, van Deenen LL. Purification and properties of phospholipase A from porcine pancreas. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 159:103-17. [PMID: 4967810 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(68)90248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Renkonen O. Chromatographic separation of plasmalogenic, alkyl-acyl, and diacyl forms of ethanolamine glycerophosphatides. J Lipid Res 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)43140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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