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Zhou CY, Wu H, Devaraj NK. Rapid access to phospholipid analogs using thiol-yne chemistry. Chem Sci 2015; 6:4365-4372. [PMID: 29218208 PMCID: PMC5707512 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00653h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids and glycolipids constitute an essential part of biological membranes, and are of tremendous fundamental and practical interest. Unfortunately, the preparation of functional phospholipids, or synthetic analogs, is often synthetically challenging. Here we utilize thiol-yne click chemistry methodology to gain access to phospho- and glycolipid analogs. Alkynyl hydrophilic head groups readily photoreact with numerous thiol modified lipid tails to yield the appropriate dithioether phospho- or glycolipids. The resulting structures closely resemble the structure and function of native diacylglycerolipids. Dithioether phosphatidylcholines (PCs) are suitable for forming giant unilamellar vesicles (GUV), which can be used as vessels for cell-free expression systems. The unnatural thioether linkages render the lipids resistant to phospholipase A2 hydrolysis. We utilize the improved stability of these lipids to control the shrinkage of GUVs composed of a mixture of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and dioleyl-dithioether PC, concentrating encapsulated nanoparticles. We imagine that these readily accessible lipids could find a number of applications as natural lipid substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun Yu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , USA .
| | - Haoxing Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , USA .
| | - Neal Krishna Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , USA .
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Lammers J, van Boom J. Synthesis of phospholipids via phosphotriester intermediates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19790980419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Eibl H. Phospholipid synthesis: Oxazaphospholanes and dioxaphospholanes as intermediates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 75:4074-7. [PMID: 16592558 PMCID: PMC336052 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.75.9.4074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of phospholipids described herein allows an almost quantitative conversion of 1,2-diacylglycerols to phospholipids via cyclic intermediates such as oxazaphospholanes or dioxaphospholanes, which are the only products observed when ethanolamine or ethylene glycol is allowed to react with phosphatidic acid dichlorides. The acidic hydrolysis of the cyclic intermediates occurs rapidly without the formation of by-products and results in phospholipids differing in the structure of the polar part depending on which vicinal aminoalcohols or diols are used. For instance, phosphatidylethanolamines, -(N-methyl)ethanolamines, and -serine benzyl esters are directly formed from the corresponding oxazaphospholanes. Phosphatidyl(N,N-dimethyl)ethanolamines and -cholines are prepared by amination of the bromoethyl esters of phosphatidic acids, which can be obtained by treatment of dioxaphospholanes with sodium bromide. A similar sequence of reactions starting from 1-acyl-2-benzylglycerols or monoacylpropane-1,3-diols will result in the respective monoacyl analogues such as lysophospholipids or the so-called desoxylysophospholipids. The mild reaction conditions, good yields (>90% based on diacylglycerol), and high purity of the products make this route an attractive procedure for phospholipid synthesis; in addition, it avoids the need for chromatography and thus can be utilized on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Eibl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, D-34 Göttingen, Postfach 968, Germany
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Nakanishi H, Iida Y, Shimizu T, Taguchi R. Separation and quantification of sn-1 and sn-2 fatty acid positional isomers in phosphatidylcholine by RPLC-ESIMS/MS. J Biochem 2009; 147:245-56. [PMID: 19880374 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous phosphatidylcholine in biological membranes exists as isomers with acyl moieties at the sn-1 or sn-2 positions of the glycerol backbone. However, detailed biochemical information on these positional isomers is not generally available. This study is the first report on the separation and identification of positional isomers of endogenous phosphatidylcholine using reversed-phase LC-ESIMS/MS. The separation of positional isomers in PC was achieved by using ultra performance LC, which uses a high-resolution HPLC system. To identify positional isomers in individual PC species, their lyso-PC-related fragments and fatty acids, which were obtained by MS/MS analysis in the negative ion mode, were used. From the application results of biological samples, the lipid extracts of mouse brain were found to be abundant in PC containing 22:6 at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone. However, the lipid extracts from mouse heart and liver were not abundant in positional isomers. This achievement demonstrates that the relative amounts of positional isomers in various tissues or molecular species differ. These results will be useful for the clarification of the biological mechanisms of remodelling enzymes such as phospholipase and acyltransferase. Thus, our report provides a novel and critical milestone in understanding how molecular composition of phospholipids is established and their biological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nakanishi
- Department of Metabolome, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Bragina NA, Chupin VV. Methods of synthesis of deuterium-labelled lipids. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1997v066n11abeh000369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pondaven-raphalen A, Sturtz G. ETUDE DE LA REACTION DE DIHYDROXYLATION DE PHOSPHONATES α,β-, β,γ- ET γ,δ-ETHYLENIQUES A L'AIDE D'HYDROPEROXYDES CATALYSEE PAR LE TETROXYDE D'OSMIUM: SPECIFICITE D'ACTION DE L'HYDROPEROXYDE DE TERTIOBUTYLE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/03086648708080519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Pondaven-raphalen
- a Laboratoire de Chimie Hétéroorganique , Université de Bretagne Occidentale , 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, 29287, Brest Cédex, France
| | - G. Sturtz
- a Laboratoire de Chimie Hétéroorganique , Université de Bretagne Occidentale , 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, 29287, Brest Cédex, France
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Lichtenberg D, Barenholz Y. Liposomes: preparation, characterization, and preservation. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2006; 33:337-462. [PMID: 3282152 DOI: 10.1002/9780470110546.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Laube T, Kurreck H. Synthese von im Cholinteil deuterierten 3-sn- und 2-Phosphatidylcholine. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580200115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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ITABASHI Y, FUJISHIMA H, SATO R. Chiral Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Separation of Enantiomeric 1,2- and 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-sn-glycerols as 3,5-Dinitrophenylurethanes. J Oleo Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.53.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Morillo M, Sagristá LM, Africa de Madariaga M, Eritja R. Synthesis of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerophosphatidylserine from egg phosphatidylcholine by phosphoramidite methodology. Lipids 1996; 31:541-6. [PMID: 8727648 DOI: 10.1007/bf02522649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A simple chemical method for the synthesis of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerophosphatidylserine (PS), with the same fatty acid composition in the sn-1 and sn-2 glycerol positions as egg phosphatidylcholine (PC), is described. PS synthesis was carried out by a phosphite-triester approach, using 2-cyanoethyl-N,N,N',N'-tetraisopropylphosphorodiamidite (phosphoramiditate) as the phosphorylating agent, for the formation of phosphate linkage between serine and diacylglycerol. 1,2-Diacylglycerol, obtained from PC hydrolysis by phospholipase C, was coupled with N-t-BOC-L-serinebenzhydryl ester phosphoramidite with tetrazole as catalyst. Phosphite-triester was oxidized to the corresponding phosphate-triester with 30% H2O2 in CH2Cl2. The cyanoethyl group was removed by addition of an Et3N/CH3 CN/pyridine mixture, and trifluoroacetic acid was used to eliminate the protecting groups of O-(1,2-diacylglycero-3-phospho)-N-t-BOC-serinebenzhydryl ester. Purified PS was identified by thin-layer chromatography, infrared, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Spain
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Brachwitz H, Vollgraf C. Analogs of alkyllysophospholipids: chemistry, effects on the molecular level and their consequences for normal and malignant cells. Pharmacol Ther 1995; 66:39-82. [PMID: 7630930 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(95)00001-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the search for new approaches to cancer therapy, the first alkyllysophospholipid (ALP) analogs were designed and studied about two decades ago, either as potential immunomodulators or as antimetabolites of phospholipid metabolism. In the meantime, it has been demonstrated that they really act in this way. However, their special importance is based on the fact that, in addition, they interfere with key events of signal transduction, such as hormone (or cytokine)-receptor binding or processing, protein kinase C or phospholipase C function and phosphatidylinositol and calcium metabolism. There are no strict structural requirements for their activity. Differences in the cellular uptake or the state of cellular differentiation seem to be mainly responsible for higher or lower sensitivities of cells towards ALP analogs. Consequences of the molecular effects mentioned on the cellular level are cytostasis, induction of differentiation (while in contrast the effects of known inducers of differentiation such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate are inhibited, probably as a consequence of protein kinase C inhibition) and loss of invasive properties. Already in sublytic concentrations, alterations in the membrane structure were observed, and lysis may begin at concentrations not much higher than those causing the other effects described. Few ALP analogs have already entered clinical studies or are in clinical use. ALP analogs are the only antineoplastic agents that do not act directly on the formation and function of the cellular replication machinery. Therefore, their effects are independent of the proliferative state of the target cells. Because of their interference with cellular regulatory events, including those failing in cancer cells, ALP analogs, beyond their clinical importance, are interesting model compounds for the development of new, more selective drugs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Brachwitz
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Klinikum Steglitz, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- F Paltauf
- Institut für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie der Technischen Universität Graz, Austria
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Kanzaki Y, Abe M. Intercalation and Bilayer Formation of Phospholipids in γ-Type Layered Transition Metal Phosphates. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1992. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.65.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Syntheses of 2H- and 13C-labeled 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamines and 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines. Chem Phys Lipids 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(89)90040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kramer JK, Sauer FD, Blackwell BA. Structure of two new aminophospholipids from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Biochem J 1987; 245:139-43. [PMID: 3663142 PMCID: PMC1148092 DOI: 10.1042/bj2450139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The methanogenic bacterium Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (A.T.C.C. 29183) was shown to contain two new aminophospholipids. These are 2-aminoethyl phosphate ester of diphytanylglycerol diether and a sugar containing bisdiphytanyldiglycerol tetraether. The two aminophospholipids were stable to acid methanolysis except for the sugar on the bisdiphytanyldiglycerol tetraether. Strong acid (6 M-HCl) hydrolysed the alkyl ether and aminophosphate ester bonds. The structure of the phosphate linkage was demonstrated by 31P n.m.r., and the 2-ethanolamine structure was elucidated by 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy and by fast-atom-bombardment m.s.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Kramer
- Animal Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
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Abstract
Cyclic 1-O-acyl-2-O-alkyl-glycero-3-phosphotriesters and 1-O-acyl-2-O-alkyl-glycero-3-bromoethylphosphate with a free acyl moiety in position 1 of the glycerol backbone were synthesized. These phospholipid intermediates were covalently bound to AH-Sepharose via the carbodiimide method. After immobilization the corresponding phosphatidylethanolamine analogues were obtained by acid hydrolysis of the cyclic phosphotriesters and by direct amination of the bromoethylphosphate. Thus, in a short, stepwise synthesis including minimum use of protecting groups, a variety of immobilized phospholipid analogues are available as affinity adsorbents for the purification of enzymes related to phospholipid metabolism.
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Hermetter A, Stütz H, Paltauf F. An improved method for the preparation of ‘Mixed-Chain’ phosphatidylethanolamines. Chem Phys Lipids 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(83)90049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Turcotte JG, Srivastava SP, Meresak WA, Rizkalla BA, Louzon F, Wunz TP. Cytotoxic liponucleotide analogs. I. Chemical synthesis of CDP-diacylglycerol analogs containing the cytosine arabinoside moiety. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 619:604-18. [PMID: 7459368 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(80)90110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cytidine and deoxycytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol are metabolic liponucleotides which are substrates for the biosynthesis of several classes of cellular phosphoglycerides. In addition to their essential biochemical function, liponucleotides can be considered unique from the point of view of molecular structure (lipid, phosphorus, sugar, heterocyclic moieties) and biophysical properties. Liponucleotides, therefore, have been investigated as possible models for anticancer drug design and development. The chemical synthesis of several liponucleotide analogs of cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDPdiacylglycerol/dCDPdiacylglycerol) containing the 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl moiety was undertaken for the purpose of evaluation of the antitumor activity of these compounds. The analogs were synthesized by reaction of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine-5'-(hydrogen morpholinophosphonate):N,N'-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholine carboxamide (1 : 1) in pyridine with either egg lecithin-derived phosphatidic acid, synthetic phosphatidic acid, or synthetic analogs of phosphatidic acid. The yields of liponucleotide analogs after purification were approx. 25-40%. Although reaction yields were not optimized, the condensation of phosphatidic acids and nucleotides represents an expedient laboratory-scale synthetic approach to liponucleotides, especially when phosphatidic acids are obtained from natural sources or by semisynthetic methods, and when 5'-nucleotides can be synthesized directly (i.e., without use of protecting groups) from precursor nucleosides.
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Abstract
Recent advances in the synthesis of phosphatidic acids, phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines are described. Methods for the synthesis of some alkylacyl and alk-1-enylacyl analogues of the common diacylglycerophospholipids are also discussed. In addition, synthetic routes are described, that lead to unusual phospholipids such as compounds containing the polar group at position 2 of the glycerol moiety, glycerophospholipids containing alkanolamines of different chain lengths, and glycolphospholipids. All of the common glycerophospholipids can be prepared without the use of protecting groups. Major advances in phospholipid synthesis involve the application of novel phosphorylating agents and the use of cyclic intermediates. Although phosphatidylserines and phosphatidylthreonines as well as phosphatidylglycerols and cardiolipins can be prepared by chemical synthesis, further systematic studies are required to work out procedures that lead to these compounds in high yields.
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Weltzien HU. Cytolytic and membrane-perturbing properties of lysophosphatidylcholine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 559:259-87. [PMID: 476122 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(79)90004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Eibl H, Blume A. The influence of charge on phosphatidic acid bilayer membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 553:476-88. [PMID: 36911 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(79)90303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A complete titration of phosphatidic acid bilayer membranes was possible for the first time by the introduction of a new anaologue, 1,2-dihexadecyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoric acid, which has the advantage of a high chemical stability at extreme pH values. The synthesis of the phosphatidic acid is described and the phase transition behaviour in aqueous dispersions is compared with that of three ester phosphatidic acids; 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoric acid, 1,3-dimyristoylglycerol-2-phosphoric acid and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoric acid. The phase transition temperatures (Tt) of aqueous phosphatidic acid dispersions at different degrees of dissociation were measured using fluorescence spectroscopy and 90 degrees light scattering. The Tt values are comparable to the melting points of the solid phosphatidic acids in the fully protonated states, but large differences exist for the charged states. The Tt vs. pH diagrams of the four phosphatidic acids are quite similar and of a characteristic shape. Increasing ionisation results in a maximum value for the transition temperatures at pH 3.5 (pK1). The regions between the first and the second pK of the phosphatidic acids are characterised by only small variations in the transition temperatures (extended plateau) in spite of the large changes occurring in the surface charge of the membranes. The slope of the plateau is very shallow with increasing ionisation. A further decrease in the H+ concentration results in an abrupt change of the transition temperature. The slope of the Tt vs. pH diagram beyond pK2 becomes very steep. This is the result of reduced hydrocarbon interaction energy, which was demonstrated by differential scanning calorimetry (Blume, A. and Eibl, H., unpublished data).
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Sacré MM, El Mashak EM, Tocanne JF. A monolayer (pi,deltaV) study of the ionic properties of alanylphosphatidylglycerol: effects of pH and ions. Chem Phys Lipids 1977; 20:305-18. [PMID: 23218 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(77)90071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
1,2-Didodecanolyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoryl-1'-(3'-O-L-alanyl)-sn-glycerol (Ala-PG) has been synthetized. Its ionic properties have been studied at the air-water interface through film compressions and surface potential measurements as a function of subphase pH and ionic content (NaCl, Na2MoO4, CaCl2). The existence of the polar head in a loop conformation allowing for interactions between phosphate and amino groups is suggested. Ionic properties of Ala--PG clearly depended on subphase ionic strength but no specific interactions between either cations or anions in the subphase and phosphate or amino groups in the film could be detected. Results are interpreted in terms of ion-pair interactions at the interface between these two groups and anions and cations from the subphase. Occurrence of charge separation between these two groups, induced by increasing subphase ionic strength, is postulated. Since the molecular packing appeared independent of the subphase ionic content over a large domain of pH (3--7) and surface pressure (pi greater than 5 dyne/cm) and since the lipid can be considered as zwitterionic or slightly positive below pH 5--6, it is suggested that in the parent bacteria, grown under acidic conditions, Ala--PG could play a role in maintaining the membrane integrity and in preventing the passive diffusion of protons.
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Comfurius P, Zwaal RF. The enzymatic synthesis of phosphatidylserine and purification by CM-cellulose column chromatography. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 488:36-42. [PMID: 560868 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(77)90120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine has been prepared from phosphatidylcholine by a one-step transphosphatidylation catalyzed by phospholipase D in the presence of L-serine. The resulting mixture of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid is easily and rapidly separated by CM-cellulose column chromatography using step=wise elution with solvents containing increasing percentages of methanol in chloroform. The over-all yield of the procedure is 40-50% depending on the scale of the preparation. CM-Cellulose column chromatography proved to be extremely useful in separating phospholipid mixtures obtained by phosphatidyltransferase reactions of phospholipase D and is also suitable for fractionation of other lipid extracts.
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Doerr IL, Tang JC, Rosenthal AF, Engel R, Tropp BE. Synthesis of phosphonate and ether analogs of rac-phosphatidyl-L-serine. Chem Phys Lipids 1977; 19:185-202. [PMID: 890864 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(77)90042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of four phosphonate-containing phosphatidylserine analogs namely, L-serine (+/-)-[2,3-bis(hexadecyloxy) and 2,3-bis(Palmitoyloxy)-propyl] phosphonates, and L-serine (+/-)-[3,4-bis(hexadecyloxy and 3,4-bis(palmitoyloxy)-butyL]phosphonates is descirbed. (+/-)-2,3-Bis(hexadecyloxy) and 2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-prophylphosphonic acids and (+/-)-3,4-bis(hexadecyloxy)butylphosponic acid were prepared by reaction of tris(trimethylsily) phosphite on the corresponding haloalkane. Condensation of the above phosphonic acids or (+/-)-3,4-bis(palmitoyloxy)butylphosphonic acid with N-carboxy-L-serine dibenzyl ester in the presence of trichloroacetonitrile or triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride yielded the protected serine intermediates, which on hydrogenolysis gave the desired L-serine analogs. By a similar route, 1,2-dihexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphoric acid was converted to 1,2-dihexadecyl-rac-glycerophospho-L-serine (L-serine (+/-)-2,3-bis(hexadecyloxy)propyl hydrogen phosphate(ester).
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Keana JF, Ertle AR. Stearoyl paratoluenesulfonate. A powerful acylating agent for lipid synthesis. Chem Phys Lipids 1976; 17:402-6. [PMID: 991389 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(76)90041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The utility of the mixed carboxylic-sulfonic acid anhydride stearoyl p-toluenesulfonate as a powerful, mild acylating agent for lipid synthesis is shown by the synthesis of rac 1,2-distearoyl-3-iodopropane, lecithin and a spin-labeled choline derivative from the corresponding alcohols. The method constitutes a significant improvement of earlier acylating methods.
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Molotkovsky JG, Nikulina LF, Bergelson LD. A new protective group in the synthesis of phospholipids. Chem Phys Lipids 1976; 17:108-10. [PMID: 991372 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(76)90054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Horiguchi M, Rosenberg H. Phosphonopyruvic acid: A probable precursor of phosphonic acids in cell-free preparation of Tetrahymena. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1975; 404:333-40. [PMID: 170979 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(75)90341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. In cell-free preparations of Tetrahymena, doubly labelled [32P]phosphoenol-[3-14C]pyruvate gives rise to 2-aminoethylphosphonate and 2-amino-3-phosphonopropionate, labelled with the two isotopes in the same ratio as the starting compound. The result is consistent with an intra-molecular rearrangement of phosphoenolpyruvate in the biosynthetic sequence of carbon-phosphorus bond formation. 2. Incubation of [32P]phosphoenolpyruvate with the same preparation, followed by treatment with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, yielded labelled hydrazones. When these were subjected to hydrogenolysis, the radioactivity was recovered in 2-aminoethylphosphonate and 2-amino-3-phosphonopropionate, suggesting that 2-phosphonoacetaldehyde and 3-phosphonopyruvic acid were probable precursors of the aminoalkylphosphonic acids. 3. Radioactivity from 2-amino-3-phosphono-[3-14C]propionic acid was incorporated into 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid, but incorporation of the radioactivity into lipids was negligible.
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Op den Kamp JA, Kauerz MT, van Deenen LL. Action of pancreatic phospholipase A2 on phosphatidylcholine bilayers in different physical states. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 406:169-77. [PMID: 1191645 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(75)90001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Saturated and unsaturated phosphatidylcholines, dispersed as liposomes in water, can be hydrolysed by phospholipase A2 from pig pancreas. A pure saturated phosphatidylcholine is hydrolysed only near its transition temperature. An unsaturated phosphatidylcholine is hydrolysed preferentially near its transition temperature, but hydrolysis can occur also above the transition temperature, albeit at a much lower rate. 2. An equimolar mixture of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, which shows cocrystallization of the paraffin chains, is hydrolyzed between 25 and 40 degrees C with a maximum at 32 degrees C, in agreement with the calorimetric scan of the phase transition. 3. An equimolar mixture of dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine and distearoyl phosphatidylcholine, which shows a monotectic behaviour, is hydrolysed at all temperatures. Hydrolysis is maximal at 0 and 40 degrees C, at which temperatures dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine and distearoyl phosphatidylcholine undergo their phase transition, respectively. 4. Both in the mixture showing cocrystallization and in the mixture in which phase separation occurs, the phosphatidylcholine species with the shorter fatty acid chains is hydrolysed at a higher rate than the longer chain fatty acid species. 5. Hydrolysis is inhibited by the presence of cholesterol in liposomes prepared of saturated phosphatidylcholine. Inhibition is complete at a cholesterol concentration of 35 mol %. Subsequent addition of filipin and amphotericin B to the mixed cholesterol-phosphatidylcholine liposomes overcomes the inhibitory effect of cholesterol.
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A simple synthesis of phosphonate - containing lipids. Introduction of the phosphonic acid moiety into hydrolytically-labile compounds. Tetrahedron Lett 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)72621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rosenthal AF. Chemical synthesis of phospholipids and analogues of phospholipids containing carbon-phosphorus bonds. Methods Enzymol 1975; 35:429-529. [PMID: 1091813 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(75)35179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Tocanne JF, Verheij HM, den Kamp JA, van Deenen LL. Chemical and physicochemical studies of lysylphosphatidylglycerol derivatives. Occurrence of a2' yields 3' lysyl migration. Chem Phys Lipids 1974; 13:389-403. [PMID: 4452218 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(74)90012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Op den Kamp JA, de Gier J, van Deenen LL. Hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine liposomes by pancreatic phospholipase A2 at the transition temperature. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 345:253-6. [PMID: 4407745 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(74)90263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Nucleophilic substitution in glycerol derivatives. Part V. Formation of 1,3-diacylglycerol-2-phosphates in the reaction of 1,2-diacyl-3-iodoeoxy-rac-glycerol with silver dibenzyl phosphate. Chem Phys Lipids 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(74)90067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Slotboom AJ, Verheij HM, De Haas GH. Simplified pathways for the preparation of some well-defined phosphoglycerides. Chem Phys Lipids 1973; 11:295-317. [PMID: 4797898 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(73)90067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Gebicki JM, Hicks M. Ufasomes are stable particles surrounded by unsaturated fatty acid membranes. Nature 1973; 243:232-4. [PMID: 4706295 DOI: 10.1038/243232a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Yabusaki KK, Wells MA. A facile synthesis of 1-acyl ethylene glycol-2-phosphoryl-cholines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(73)90114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Parthasarathy S, Ganguly J. A simple biosynthetic method for the preparation of glycerol-labelled phosphatidylcholine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 296:62-4. [PMID: 4735044 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(73)90043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Deenen LL. [Phospholipids. Relationship between their chemical structure and biomembranes]. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1972; 59:485-91. [PMID: 4657649 DOI: 10.1007/bf00609812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Galliard T. A simple biochemical method for the preparation of high specific activity ( 14 C) acyl-labelled phosphatidylcholine and other phospholipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 260:541-6. [PMID: 4337559 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(72)90003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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