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Sbodio JI, Snyder SH, Paul BD. Redox Mechanisms in Neurodegeneration: From Disease Outcomes to Therapeutic Opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1450-1499. [PMID: 29634350 PMCID: PMC6393771 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Once considered to be mere by-products of metabolism, reactive oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur species are now recognized to play important roles in diverse cellular processes such as response to pathogens and regulation of cellular differentiation. It is becoming increasingly evident that redox imbalance can impact several signaling pathways. For instance, disturbances of redox regulation in the brain mediate neurodegeneration and alter normal cytoprotective responses to stress. Very often small disturbances in redox signaling processes, which are reversible, precede damage in neurodegeneration. Recent Advances: The identification of redox-regulated processes, such as regulation of biochemical pathways involved in the maintenance of redox homeostasis in the brain has provided deeper insights into mechanisms of neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. Recent studies have also identified several post-translational modifications involving reactive cysteine residues, such as nitrosylation and sulfhydration, which fine-tune redox regulation. Thus, the study of mechanisms via which cell death occurs in several neurodegenerative disorders, reveal several similarities and dissimilarities. Here, we review redox regulated events that are disrupted in neurodegenerative disorders and whose modulation affords therapeutic opportunities. CRITICAL ISSUES Although accumulating evidence suggests that redox imbalance plays a significant role in progression of several neurodegenerative diseases, precise understanding of redox regulated events is lacking. Probes and methodologies that can precisely detect and quantify in vivo levels of reactive oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur species are not available. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Due to the importance of redox control in physiologic processes, organisms have evolved multiple pathways to counteract redox imbalance and maintain homeostasis. Cells and tissues address stress by harnessing an array of both endogenous and exogenous redox active substances. Targeting these pathways can help mitigate symptoms associated with neurodegeneration and may provide avenues for novel therapeutics. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 30, 1450-1499.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I. Sbodio
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Solomon H. Snyder
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bindu D. Paul
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Gu C, Lewis RJ, Wells AS, Svensson PH, Hosagrahara VP, Johnsson E, Hallström G. Lipid Peroxide-Mediated Oxidative Rearrangement of the Pyrazinone Carboxamide Core of Neutrophil Elastase Inhibitor AZD9819 in Blood Plasma Samples. Drug Metab Dispos 2015. [PMID: 26203069 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the mechanistic interpretation of ex vivo oxidation of a candidate drug in blood plasma samples. An unexpected lipid peroxide-mediated epoxidation followed by a dramatic rearrangement led to production of a five-membered oxazole derivative from the original six-membered pyrazinone-carboxamide core of a human neutrophil elastase inhibitor, 6-(1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-N-ethyl-5-methyl-3-oxo-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3,4-dihydropyrazine-2-carboxamide (AZD9819). The rearranged oxidation product 2-(1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-5-(N-ethylacetamido)-N-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)oxazole-4-carboxamide was characterized by accurate-mass tandem mass spectrometry fragmentations, by two-dimensional NMR and X-ray crystallography of an authentic standard, and by incorporation of an (18)O atom from molecular (18)O2 to the location predicted by our proposed mechanism. The lipid peroxide-mediated oxidation was demonstrated by using human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer and by inhibiting the oxidation with ascorbic acid or l-glutathione, two antioxidants effective in both plasma and the LDL incubation. A nucleophilic mechanism for the epoxidation of AZD9819 by lipid hydroperoxides explains the prevention of its ex vivo oxidation by acidification of the plasma samples. The discovery of the lipid peroxide-dependent oxidation of an analyte and the means of prevention could provide valuable information for biotransformation and bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungang Gu
- AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.G., V.P.H.); AstraZeneca, R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (R.J.L., E.J.); AstraZeneca, R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom (R.J.L., A.S.W.); AstraZeneca, R&D Södertälje, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S); AstraZeneca, R&D Wilmington, Wilmington, Delaware (C.G.); AstraZeneca, R&D Lund, Lund, Sweden (E.J., G.H.); SP Process Development, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S.); and Applied Physical Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (P.H.S.)
| | - Richard J Lewis
- AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.G., V.P.H.); AstraZeneca, R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (R.J.L., E.J.); AstraZeneca, R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom (R.J.L., A.S.W.); AstraZeneca, R&D Södertälje, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S); AstraZeneca, R&D Wilmington, Wilmington, Delaware (C.G.); AstraZeneca, R&D Lund, Lund, Sweden (E.J., G.H.); SP Process Development, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S.); and Applied Physical Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (P.H.S.)
| | - Andrew S Wells
- AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.G., V.P.H.); AstraZeneca, R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (R.J.L., E.J.); AstraZeneca, R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom (R.J.L., A.S.W.); AstraZeneca, R&D Södertälje, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S); AstraZeneca, R&D Wilmington, Wilmington, Delaware (C.G.); AstraZeneca, R&D Lund, Lund, Sweden (E.J., G.H.); SP Process Development, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S.); and Applied Physical Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (P.H.S.)
| | - Per H Svensson
- AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.G., V.P.H.); AstraZeneca, R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (R.J.L., E.J.); AstraZeneca, R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom (R.J.L., A.S.W.); AstraZeneca, R&D Södertälje, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S); AstraZeneca, R&D Wilmington, Wilmington, Delaware (C.G.); AstraZeneca, R&D Lund, Lund, Sweden (E.J., G.H.); SP Process Development, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S.); and Applied Physical Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (P.H.S.)
| | - Vinayak P Hosagrahara
- AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.G., V.P.H.); AstraZeneca, R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (R.J.L., E.J.); AstraZeneca, R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom (R.J.L., A.S.W.); AstraZeneca, R&D Södertälje, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S); AstraZeneca, R&D Wilmington, Wilmington, Delaware (C.G.); AstraZeneca, R&D Lund, Lund, Sweden (E.J., G.H.); SP Process Development, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S.); and Applied Physical Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (P.H.S.)
| | - Eskil Johnsson
- AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.G., V.P.H.); AstraZeneca, R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (R.J.L., E.J.); AstraZeneca, R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom (R.J.L., A.S.W.); AstraZeneca, R&D Södertälje, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S); AstraZeneca, R&D Wilmington, Wilmington, Delaware (C.G.); AstraZeneca, R&D Lund, Lund, Sweden (E.J., G.H.); SP Process Development, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S.); and Applied Physical Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (P.H.S.)
| | - Gösta Hallström
- AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.G., V.P.H.); AstraZeneca, R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (R.J.L., E.J.); AstraZeneca, R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom (R.J.L., A.S.W.); AstraZeneca, R&D Södertälje, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S); AstraZeneca, R&D Wilmington, Wilmington, Delaware (C.G.); AstraZeneca, R&D Lund, Lund, Sweden (E.J., G.H.); SP Process Development, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S.); and Applied Physical Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (P.H.S.)
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