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Yamatoya K, Nagai Y, Teramoto N, Kang W, Miyado K, Nakata K, Yagi T, Miyamoto Y. Cryopreservation of undifferentiated and differentiated human neuronal cells. Regen Ther 2022; 19:58-68. [PMID: 35059480 PMCID: PMC8749124 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective use of human-derived cells that are difficult to freeze, such as parenchymal cells and differentiated cells from stem cells, is crucial. A stable supply of damage-sensitive cells, such as differentiated neuronal cells, neurons, and glial cells can contribute considerably to cell therapy. We developed a serum-free freezing solution that is effective for the cryopreservation of differentiated neuronal cells. The quality of the differentiated and undifferentiated SK-N-SH cells was determined based on cell viability, live-cell recovery rate, and morphology of cultured cells, to assess the efficacy of the freezing solutions. The viability and recovery rate of the differentiated SK-N-SH neuronal cells were reduced by approximately 1.5-folds compared to that of the undifferentiated SK-N-SH cells. The viability and recovery rate of the differentiated SK-N-SH cells were remarkably different between the freezing solutions containing 10% DMSO and that containing 10% glycerol. Cryoprotectants such as fetal bovine serum (FBS), antifreeze proteins (sericin), and sugars (maltose), are essential for protecting against freeze damage in differentiated neuronal cells and parenchymal cells. Serum-free alternatives (sericin and maltose) could increase safety during cell transplantation and regenerative medicine. Considering these, we propose an effective freezing solution for the cryopreservation of neuronal cells. The timing of freezing during cell differentiation. More effective serum-free freezing solution for differentiated neuronal cells. Improving the quality of damage-sensitive cells, such as differentiated neuronal cells.
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Sitaula R, Elmoazzen H, Toner M, Bhowmick S. Desiccation tolerance in bovine sperm: A study of the effect of intracellular sugars and the supplemental roles of an antioxidant and a chelator. Cryobiology 2009; 58:322-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Holovati JL, Gyongyossy-Issa MI, Acker JP. Investigating Interactions of Trehalose-Containing Liposomes with Human Red Blood Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1089/cpt.2008.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena L. Holovati
- Canadian Blood Services, Research and Development, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria I.C. Gyongyossy-Issa
- Canadian Blood Services, Research and Development, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason P. Acker
- Canadian Blood Services, Research and Development, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Canada
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Haidar ZS, Hamdy RC, Tabrizian M. Protein release kinetics for core–shell hybrid nanoparticles based on the layer-by-layer assembly of alginate and chitosan on liposomes. Biomaterials 2008; 29:1207-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Experimental and computational studies investigating trehalose protection of HepG2 cells from palmitate-induced toxicity. Biophys J 2007; 94:2869-83. [PMID: 18096630 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.120717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of saturated fatty acid-induced hepatocyte toxicity may provide insight into cures for diseases such as obesity-associated cirrhosis. Trehalose, a nonreducing disaccharide shown to protect proteins and cellular membranes from inactivation or denaturation caused by different stress conditions, also protects hepatocytes from palmitate-induced toxicity. Our results suggest that trehalose serves as a free radical scavenger and alleviates damage from hydrogen peroxide secreted by the compromised cells. We also observe that trehalose protects HepG2 cells by interacting with the plasma membrane to counteract the changes in membrane fluidity induced by palmitate. The experimental results are supported by molecular dynamics simulations of model cell membranes that closely reflect the experimental conditions. Simulations were performed to understand the specific interactions between lipid bilayers, palmitate, and trehalose. The simulations results reveal the early stages of how palmitate induces biophysical changes to the cellular membrane and the role of trehalose in protecting the membrane structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamir Kanias
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Research and Development, Canadian Blood Services, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jason P. Acker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Research and Development, Canadian Blood Services, Alberta, Canada
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Schettini DA, Ribeiro RR, Demicheli C, Rocha OGF, Melo MN, Michalick MSM, Frézard F. Improved targeting of antimony to the bone marrow of dogs using liposomes of reduced size. Int J Pharm 2006; 315:140-7. [PMID: 16549281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel liposomal formulation of meglumine antimoniate (MA), consisting of vesicles of reduced size, has been evaluated in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis to determine its pharmacokinetics as well as the impact of vesicle size on the targeting of antimony to the bone marrow. Encapsulation of MA in liposomes was achieved through freeze-drying of empty liposomes in the presence of sucrose and rehydration with a solution of MA. The resulting formulation, with a mean vesicle diameter of about 400 nm, was given to mongrel dogs with visceral leishmaniasis as an i.v. bolus injection at 4.2 mgSb/kg of body weight. The pharmacokinetics of antimony were assessed in the blood and in organs of the mononuclear phagocyte system and compared to those achieved with the free drug and the drug encapsulated in large sized liposomes (mean diameter of 1200 nm). The targeting of antimony to the bone marrow was improved (approximately three-fold) with the novel liposomal formulation, when compared to the formulation of MA in large sized liposomes. This study provides the first direct experimental evidence that passive targeting of liposomes to the bone marrow of dogs is improved by the reduction of vesicle size from the micron to the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante A Schettini
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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8
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Leekumjorn S, Sum AK. Molecular investigation of the interactions of trehalose with lipid bilayers of DPPC, DPPE and their mixture. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020600586565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Chiantia S, Kahya N, Schwille P. Dehydration damage of domain-exhibiting supported bilayers: an AFM study on the protective effects of disaccharides and other stabilizing substances. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:6317-23. [PMID: 15982037 DOI: 10.1021/la050115m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been applied to characterize hydrated sphingomyelin/dioleoylphosphatidylcholine/cholesterol supported bilayers, after dehydration either in the absence or in the presence of several stabilizing substances. Such a study provides information about the effect of extreme environmental conditions on biological membranes and, in particular, on lipidic microdomains. Dehydration stress, indeed, is thought to cause both macroscopical damage and alterations of microdomains in biomembranes, leading to deleterious effects. These phenomena can be avoided if disaccharides are added during dehydration. In this work, we apply AFM imaging to directly visualize damage caused to supported lipid bilayers by water removal. We compare the efficiency of sucrose, trehalose, dextran, dimethyl sulfoxide, and glucose in preserving the structural integrity of domain-exhibiting model membranes. Finally, in addition to confirming previous findings, our results provide further insight into damage and alteration of microdomains in membranes as a consequence of stressful drying conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Chiantia
- Biotechnologisches Zentrum, Dresden University of Technology, Tatzberg 47-51, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
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Chiantia S, Giannola LI, Cordone L. Lipid phase transition in saccharide-coated cholate-containing liposomes: coupling to the surrounding matrix. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:4108-4116. [PMID: 15835981 DOI: 10.1021/la046974c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We performed FTIR measurements on cholate-containing liposomes (CCL) embedded in saccharide (trehalose or sucrose) matrixes with different contents of residual water. We obtained information on the CCL phase transition following the thermal evolution (310-70 K) of the IR spectrum of the carbonyl moieties of phospholipids in the frequency range 4225-4550 cm(-1). Furthermore, we simultaneously followed the thermal evolution of the water association band, which gave information on the behavior of the surrounding water-saccharide matrix. The analysis revealed a small sub-band of the water association band present in CCL but not in cholate-free liposomes, the thermal evolution of which is tightly coupled to that of the spectrum of the carbonyl moieties of phospholipids. We suggest that this band arises from water molecules, which are inserted within the lipidic structure, in the region located at the border between the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic moieties of phospholipids in the presence of cholic acid. Such water molecules could be responsible for the peculiar flexibility and hydrophilicity of CCL. Following Giuffrida et al. (J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 13211-13217), we also performed a Spectra Distance analysis, which enabled us to detect an overall liposomes-matrix structural coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Chiantia
- Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM) and Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche ed Astronomiche, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, I-90123 Palermo, Italy
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11
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Baust J, Fowler A, Toner M. Induction of Apoptosis in Response to Anhydrobiotic Conditions in Mammalian Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1089/cpt.2004.2.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.M. Baust
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A. Fowler
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - M. Toner
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
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12
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Sum AK, Faller R, de Pablo JJ. Molecular simulation study of phospholipid bilayers and insights of the interactions with disaccharides. Biophys J 2004; 85:2830-44. [PMID: 14581188 PMCID: PMC1303564 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74706-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular simulations of hydrated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine lipid bilayers have been performed for temperatures in the range of 250-450 K. The area per headgroup increases with temperature from 58 to 77 A(2). Other properties such as hydration number, alkyl tail order parameter, diffusion coefficients, and radial distribution functions exhibit a clear dependence on temperature. Simulations of bilayers have also been performed in the presence of two disaccharides, namely trehalose and sucrose, at concentrations of up to 18 wt % (lipid-free basis). The simulated area per headgroup of the bilayer is not affected by the presence of the disaccharides, suggesting that the overall structure of the bilayer remains undisturbed. The results of simulations reveal that the interaction of disaccharide molecules with the bilayer occurs at the surface of the bilayer, and it is governed by the formation of multiple hydrogen bonds to specific groups of the lipid. Disaccharide molecules are observed to adopt specific conformations to fit onto the surface topology of the bilayer, often interacting with up to three different lipids simultaneously. At high disaccharide concentrations, the results of simulations indicate that disaccharides can serve as an effective replacement for water under anhydrous conditions, which helps explain their effectiveness as lyophilization agents for liposomes and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadeu K Sum
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Acker JP, Lu XM, Young V, Cheley S, Bayley H, Fowler A, Toner M. Measurement of trehalose loading of mammalian cells porated with a metal-actuated switchable pore. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 82:525-32. [PMID: 12652476 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to improve the tolerance of mammalian cells to desiccation have focused on the role that sugars have in protecting cells from lethal injury. Among the key determinants of desiccation tolerance is the intracellular trehalose concentration, and thus quantifying the amount and rate of trehalose accumulation has now become very critical to the success of these desiccation approaches. We introduced trehalose into 3T3 fibroblasts, human keratinocytes, and rat hepatocytes using a genetically engineered mutant of the pore-forming alpha-hemolysin from Staphylococcus aureus. Manipulating the extracellular Zn(2+) concentration selectively opens and closes this pore ( approximately 2 nm) and enables controlled loading of cells with sugars. We quantified intracellular trehalose using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) to examine the trimethylsilyl derivative of intracellular trehalose. Using the GC-MS method, we demonstrate that the switchable characteristics of H5 alpha-hemolysin permit controlled loading of the high concentrations of trehalose (up to 0.5 M) necessary for engineering desiccation tolerance in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Acker
- The Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospitals for Children, 51 Blossom Street, Room 266, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Ricker JV, Tsvetkova NM, Wolkers WF, Leidy C, Tablin F, Longo M, Crowe JH. Trehalose maintains phase separation in an air-dried binary lipid mixture. Biophys J 2003; 84:3045-51. [PMID: 12719235 PMCID: PMC1302866 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)70030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixing and thermal behavior of hydrated and air-dried mixtures of 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLPC) and 1,2-distearoyl-d70-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPCd-70) in the absence and presence of trehalose were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Mixtures of DLPC:DSPCd-70 (1:1) that were air-dried at 25 degrees C show multiple phase transitions and mixed phases in the dry state. After annealing at high temperatures, however, only one transition is seen during cooling scans. When dried in the presence of trehalose, the DLPC component shows two phase transitions at -22 degrees C and 75 degrees C and is not fully solidified at -22 degrees C. The DSPCd-70 component, however, shows a single phase transition at 78 degrees C. The temperatures of these transitions are dramatically reduced after annealing at high temperatures with trehalose. The data suggest that the sugar has a fluidizing effect on the DLPC component during drying and that this effect becomes stronger for both components with heating. Examination of infrared bands arising from the lipid phosphate and sugar hydroxyl groups suggests that the strong effect of trehalose results from direct interactions between lipid headgroups and the sugar and that these interactions become stronger after heating. The findings are discussed in terms of the protective effect of trehalose on dry membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josette V Ricker
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Acker JP, Fowler A, Lauman B, Cheley S, Toner M. Survival of Desiccated Mammalian Cells: Beneficial Effects of Isotonic Media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1089/153834402320882638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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16
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Brockbank KGM. Stabilization of tissue-engineered products for transportation and extended shelf-life. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 961:265-7. [PMID: 12081914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb03098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin G M Brockbank
- Organ Recovery Systems, 701 East Bay Street, Suite 433, Charleston, SC 29403, USA.
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17
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Qiu L, Bedding RA. Characteristics of protectant synthesis of infective juveniles of Steinernema carpocapsae and importance of glycerol as a protectant for survival of the nematodes during osmotic dehydration. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 131:757-65. [PMID: 11923088 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two hypotheses on the synthesis of the protectants glycerol and trehalose of the infective juveniles (IJs) of Steinernema carpocapsae during osmotic dehydration were tested and utilised to evaluate the function and importance of glycerol on survival of the nematodes during osmotic dehydration. This was achieved by comparing the changes in survival, morphology, behaviour and levels of glycerol, trehalose and permeated compounds of the IJs dehydrated in seven hypertonic solutions at two temperature regimes: (1) 5 degrees C for 15 days; and (2) 23 degrees C for 1 day followed by 5 degrees C for another 14 days. The results substantiate both hypotheses tested: (1) the permeability of the IJs to various compounds, such as sucrose or ethylene glycol, when they are dehydrated in hypertonic solutions of these compounds; and (2) suppression of the synthesis of protectant glycerol but not trehalose when IJs are dehydrated at low temperature. The results also showed that: (1) although trehalose was the preferred dehydration protectant, glycerol played an important role in rapidly balancing the osmotic pressure when IJs were exposed in hypertonic solutions; (2) the presence of glycerol was essential for the IJs to survive and function properly even under moderate osmotic dehydration, especially when IJs were dehydrated in salt solutions; and (3) some exogenous compounds permeated into IJs during osmotic dehydration such as ethylene glycol, may function in the same way as glycerol and significantly improve the survival and function of the IJs. The results indicate that each of the protectants glycerol and trehalose has a specific function and neither is replaceable by the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Qiu
- The State Key Lab for Biocontrol, Zhongshan University, 510275, Guangzhou, PR China
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Abstract
A review of the role of sugars in anhydrobiosis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois M Crowe
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Eroglu A, Toner M, Toth TL. Beneficial effect of microinjected trehalose on the cryosurvival of human oocytes. Fertil Steril 2002; 77:152-8. [PMID: 11779606 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(01)02959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of trehalose as an intracellular cryoprotectant for the cryopreservation of human oocytes. DESIGN In vitro comparative study. SETTING Clinical and academic research environment at a medical school teaching hospital. PATIENT(S) Women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). INTERVENTION(S) Discarded human oocytes, obtained from IVF patients, were randomly distributed into three groups: control group (no trehalose), extracellular trehalose group (0.5 M extracellular trehalose), and intracellular trehalose group (0.15 M intra- and 0.5 M extracellular trehalose). Trehalose was introduced into oocytes by microinjection. The oocytes in each group were cooled to different temperatures (i.e., -15 degrees C, -30 degrees C, and -60 degrees C) at rate of 1 degrees C/minute and thawed at ambient air temperature. Survival was examined after overnight culture. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Survival of human oocytes cryopreserved in the presence and absence of trehalose. RESULT(S) The majority of oocytes in the intracellular trehalose group survived cooling to -15 degrees C (63%), -30 degrees C (53%), and -60 degrees C (66%). In contrast, only a small number of oocytes in both the control (13%) and extracellular trehalose group (22%) survived cooling to -15 degrees C, while all oocytes degenerated when cooled to -30 degrees C and -60 degrees C. CONCLUSION(S) Small amounts of intracellular trehalose in the absence of any other cryoprotectant provide a significant protection against freeze-associated stresses. Our results suggest that sugars such as trehalose should be considered as intracellular cryoprotectants for cryopreservation of human oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Eroglu
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Komatsu H, Saito H, Okada S, Tanaka M, Egashira M, Handa T. Effects of the acyl chain composition of phosphatidylcholines on the stability of freeze-dried small liposomes in the presence of maltose. Chem Phys Lipids 2001; 113:29-39. [PMID: 11687225 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(01)00151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the acyl chain composition of phosphatidylcholines (PCs) on the stability of small unilamellar vesicles during freeze-drying and rehydration in the presence of maltose were studied by monitoring the retention of a trapped marker, calcein, in the internal liposome compartment. In dipalmitoyl PC, beta-oleoyl-gamma-palmitoyl-PC and egg yolk PC liposomes, good or fair retentions (>50%) were observed in the presence of maltose, but maltose was ineffective in preserving retention in the dioleoyl PC (DOPC) liposomes (<10%). The extremely low retention in the DOPC liposome was ascribed to neither a formation of the inverted hexagonal phase of the liposomal membrane nor the fusion/aggregation of the liposomes in the drying-rehydration process. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements suggested that interactions of maltose with PC headgroups were essential to stabilizing the dry liposomes. These interactions were significant in the saturated or mixed chain liposomes but were markedly reduced in the DOPC liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Komatsu
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, Osaka, 540-0005, Japan.
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Chen T, Acker JP, Eroglu A, Cheley S, Bayley H, Fowler A, Toner M. Beneficial effect of intracellular trehalose on the membrane integrity of dried mammalian cells. Cryobiology 2001; 43:168-81. [PMID: 11846471 DOI: 10.1006/cryo.2001.2360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been much interest in using trehalose and other small carbohydrates to preserve mammalian cells in the dried state as an alternative to cryopreservation. Here, we report on the successful preservation of plasma membrane integrity after drying, as a first step toward full preservation of mammalian cells. Trehalose was introduced into cells using a genetically engineered version of alpha-hemolysin, a pore-forming protein; the cells were then dried and stored for weeks at different temperatures with approximately 90% recovery of the intact plasma membrane. We show that protection of the plasma membrane by internal trehalose is dose dependent and estimate the amount of internal trehalose required for adequate protection to be approximately 10(10) molecules/cell. In addition, a minimal amount of water (approximately 15 wt%) appears to be necessary. These results show that a key component of mammalian cells can be preserved in a dried state for weeks under mild conditions (-20 degrees C and 5% relative humidity) and thereby suggest new approaches to preserving mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Chen
- The Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Boston, MA 02114, U.S.A
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Bárdos-Nagy I, Galántai R, Fidy J. Effect of trehalose in low concentration on the binding and transport of porphyrins in liposome-human serum albumin system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1512:125-34. [PMID: 11334630 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(01)00318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The influence of trehalose on the interaction of liposomes with porphyrins and with human serum albumin (HSA) was studied. Small unilamellar liposomes were prepared from 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and from DMPC/1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) 19:1 w/w% and incorporated with mesoporphyrin IX (MP) or magnesium mesoporphyrin (MgMP). The fluorescence intensity and anisotropy of porphyrins were measured within the temperature range of 15-33 degrees C, in the presence and in the absence of 3x10(-2) M trehalose, to study the location of the porphyrins inside the liposomes and their partition between the liposomes and HSA. Based on the presented data and our earlier results (I. Bárdos-Nagy, R. Galántai, A.D. Kaposi, J. Fidy, Int. J. Pharm. 175 (1998) 255-267) we conclude that trehalose - even at this relatively low concentration - interacts with the head groups of the liposomes and that the presence of DMPG enhances the effect. This effect seems to hinder the binding of HSA to the liposome surface and influences the location of MgMP within the liposomes. In the case of MP, the porphyrin partition between the liposomes and HSA was affected by trehalose, while for MgMP, trehalose changed the structural conditions of porphyrin binding to the liposomes. The amount of trehalose used did not have a general trend to modify the association constants of porphyrin derivatives either to liposomes or to HSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bárdos-Nagy
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, POB 263, H-1444, Budapest, Hungary.
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Miller DP, de Pablo JJ. Calorimetric Solution Properties of Simple Saccharides and Their Significance for the Stabilization of Biological Structure and Function. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp000807d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Many of the mechanisms used by active insects to maintain water balance are not available to dormant individuals. Physiological and biochemical mechanisms of dehydration tolerance and resistance in dormant insects and some other invertebrates are reviewed, as well as linkages of dehydration with energy use and metabolism, with cold hardiness, and with diapause. Many dormant insects combine several striking adaptations to maintain water balance that-in addition to habitat choice-may include especially reduction of body water content, decreased cuticular permeability, absorption of water vapour, and tolerance of low body water levels. Many such features require energy and hence that metabolism, albeit much reduced, continues during dormancy. Four types of progressively dehydrated states are recognized: water is managed internally by solute or ion transport; relatively high concentrations of solutes modify the behaviour of water in solutions; still higher concentrations of certain carbohydrates lead to plasticized rubbers or glasses with very slow molecular kinetics; and anhydrobiosis eliminates metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- HV Danks
- Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station "D", Ottawa, Canada
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25
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Klein W, Weber MH, Marahiel MA. Cold shock response of Bacillus subtilis: isoleucine-dependent switch in the fatty acid branching pattern for membrane adaptation to low temperatures. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:5341-9. [PMID: 10464205 PMCID: PMC94040 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.17.5341-5349.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis has developed sophisticated mechanisms to withstand fluctuations in temperature. Membrane fatty acids are the major determinants for a sufficiently fluid membrane state to ensure the membrane's function at all temperatures. The fatty acid profile of B. subtilis is characterized by a high content of branched fatty acids irrespective of the growth medium. Here, we report on the importance of isoleucine for B. subtilis to survive cold shock from 37 to 15 degrees C. Cold shock experiments with strain JH642 revealed a cold-protective function for all intermediates of anteiso-branched fatty acid biosynthesis. Metabolites related to iso-branched or straight-chain fatty acid biosynthesis were not protective. Fatty acid profiles of different B. subtilis wild-type strains proved the altered branching pattern by an increase in the anteiso-branched fatty acid content and a concomitant decrease of iso-branched species during cold shock. There were no significant changes in the fatty acid saturation or acyl chain length. The cold-sensitive phenotype of isoleucine-deficient strains in the absence of isoleucine correlated with their inability to synthesize more anteiso-branched fatty acids, as shown by the fatty acid profile. The switch to a fatty acid profile dominated by anteiso-C(15:0) and C(17:0) at low temperatures and the cold-sensitive phenotype of isoleucine-deficient strains in the absence of isoleucine focused our attention on the critical role of anteiso-branched fatty acids in the growth of B. subtilis in the cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Klein
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Biochemie-FB Chemie, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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26
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Abstract
The sugar trehalose, an alpha-1-linked non-reducing disaccharide of glucose, is important in the physiology of many micro-organisms as well as in some groups of metazoan organisms, including insects and nematodes. Trehalose is a stress protectant in biological systems as it interacts with and directly protects lipid membranes and proteins from the damage caused by environmental stresses such as desiccation and freezing. Trehalose is present in many nematode species where its concentration often exceeds that of glucose but is usually lower than that of glycogen. In Ascaris suum it is found in all tissues, with highest concentrations in muscle, haemolymph and the female and male reproductive organs. Trehalose acts as an energy reserve in some nematodes and their eggs, and may be important in uptake of glucose; it appears to function as the major circulating blood sugar. Trehalose accumulates in nematodes that can withstand dehydration and may be important in supercooling of nematodes or eggs that can withstand freezing. In many nematodes trehalose is also important in the process of egg hatching. The combined action of 2 enzymes, trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P) synthase and T6P phosphatase, catalyses the synthesis of trehalose in most organisms. Hydrolysis of trehalose glucose is catalysed by trehalase. These enzymes to have been detected in nematodes but the processes regulating their activity are unknown. Trehalose metabolism may provide new molecular targets for attack in nematodes parasitic in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Behm
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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27
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Synthetic glycolipids as membrane-bound cryoprotectants in the freezedrying process of liposomes. Eur J Pharm Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0928-0987(95)00054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Sugars, particularly trehalose and sucrose, are used to stabilize liposomes during hydration (freeze-drying and air-drying). As a result, dry liposomes are trapped in a sugar glass, a supersaturated and thermodynamically unstable solid solution. We investigated the effects of the glassy state on liposome fusion and solute retention in the dry state. Solute leakage from dry liposomes was extremely slow at temperatures below the glass transition temperature (Tg); however, it increased exponentially as temperature increased to near or above the Tg, indicating that the glassy state had to be maintained for dry liposomes to retain trapped solutes. The leakage of solutes from dry liposomes followed the law of first-order kinetics and was correlated linearly with liposome fusion. The kinetics of solute leakage showed an excellent fit with the Arrhenius equation at temperatures both above and below the Tg, with a transitional break near the Tg. The activation energy of solute leakage was 1320 kJ/mol at temperatures above the Tg, but increased to 1991 kJ/mol at temperatures below the Tg. The stabilization effect of sugar glass on dry liposomes may be associated with the elevated energy barrier for liposome fusion and the physical separation of dry liposomes in the glassy state. The half-life of solute retention in dry liposomes may be prolonged by storing dry liposomes at temperatures below the Tg and by increasing the Tg of the dry liposome preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Q Sun
- Department of Botany, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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29
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Palasz AT, Mapletoft RJ. Cryopreservation of mammalian embryos and oocytes: Recent advances. Biotechnol Adv 1996; 14:127-49. [PMID: 14537604 DOI: 10.1016/0734-9750(96)00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The cryopreservation of embryos of most domestic species has become a routine procedure in embryo transfer, and recently, advances have been made in the cold storage of mammalian oocytes. The ability to sustain viable oocytes and embryos from mammalian species at low temperature for prolonged periods of time has important implications to basic and applied biotechnology. Recent advances in the study of physico-chemical behaviour of different cryoprotectants, use of various macromolecule additives in cryoprotective solutions and isolation and use of proteins of plant and animal origin with antifreeze activity offers many new options for cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos of animal and human origin. At the same time rapidly developing methods of oocyte/embryo manipulation such as in vitro embryo production, embryo splitting, embryo biopsying for gene and sex determination, embryo cloning and the isolation of individual blastomers, create new challenges in cryopreservation. Very recent advances in the cryopreservation of mammalian oocytes, in vivo- and in vitro-derived embryos, and micromanipulated embryos are reviewed in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Palasz
- Department of Herd Medicine and Theriogenology, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
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30
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Djordjević S, Ivanović J, Janković-Hladni M. Effect of dietary regime and stressful temperatures on Morimus funereus larval metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(95)98530-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Freeze drying of liposomes with free and membrane-bound cryoprotectants — the background of protection and damaging processes. Int J Pharm 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(94)90447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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The protective effect of free and membrane-bound cryoprotectants during freezing and freeze-drying of liposomes. J Control Release 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(94)90257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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34
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Nuhn P, Pfaff T, Bendas G, Wilhelm F, Chatterjee SK. Infrarotspektroskopische Untersuchungen an lyophilisierten Liposomen zur Charakterisierung der Wechselwirkung von freien und membrangebundenen Zuckern mit Phospholipiden. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19943270705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Higa LM, Womersley CZ. New insights into the anhydrobiotic phenomenon: The effects of trehalose content and differential rates of evaporative water loss on the survival ofAphelenchus avenae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402670205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Piper PW. Molecular events associated with acquisition of heat tolerance by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1993; 11:339-55. [PMID: 8398211 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1993.tb00005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The heat shock response is an inducible protective system of all living cells. It simultaneously induces both heat shock proteins and an increased capacity for the cell to withstand potentially lethal temperatures (an increased thermotolerance). This has lead to the suspicion that these two phenomena must be inexorably linked. However, analysis of heat shock protein function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by molecular genetic techniques has revealed only a minority of the heat shock proteins of this organism having appreciable influences on thermotolerance. Instead, physiological perturbations and the accumulation of trehalose with heat stress may be more important in the development of thermotolerance during a preconditioning heat shock. Vegetative S. cerevisiae also acquires thermotolerance through osmotic dehydration, through treatment with certain chemical agents and when, due to nutrient limitation, it arrests growth in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. There is evidence for the activities of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and plasma membrane ATPase being very important in thermotolerance determination. Also, intracellular water activity and trehalose probably exert a strong influence over thermotolerance through their effects on stabilisation of membranes and intracellular assemblies. Future investigations should address the unresolved issue of whether the different routes to thermotolerance induction cause a common change to the physical state of the intracellular environment, a change that may result in an increased stabilisation of cellular structures through more stable hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Piper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, UK
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37
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Conductivity measurement as a convenient technique for determination of liposome capture volume. Int J Pharm 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(93)90211-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Barenholz Y, Amselem S, Goren D, Cohen R, Gelvan D, Samuni A, Golden EB, Gabizon A. Stability of liposomal doxorubicin formulations: problems and prospects. Med Res Rev 1993; 13:449-91. [PMID: 8361255 DOI: 10.1002/med.2610130404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Barenholz
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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39
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Hirst CF, Poller L. The cause of turbidity in lyophilised plasmas and its effects on coagulation tests. J Clin Pathol 1992; 45:701-3. [PMID: 1401181 PMCID: PMC495148 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.45.8.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the cause of turbidity in reconstituted lyophilised plasmas and to determine its effect on coagulometers. METHODS The turbidities of 20 normal plasmas and 16 reconstituted lyophilised plasmas were determined by comparing a 1 in 4 dilution in distilled water with a standard suspension in an Aminco Fluorocolorimeter (American Instrument Co) in nephelometric mode. The turbidities of five other plasmas were determined before and after lyophilisation. The turbid components of fresh and reconstituted lyophilised plasmas were studied using electron microscopy. The effects of turbidity on five types of coagulometer were determined by adding varying concentrations of a turbidity enhancing material. RESULTS Reconstituted lyophilised plasmas were more turbid than normal plasmas, because of agglomerated liposomes. Serum depleted of chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins was not rendered more turbid by lyophilisation. Three out of five types of automated coagulometer tested gave activated partial thromboplastin times which were appreciably affected by plasma turbidity. One of the instruments was unable to detect a clot in a moderately turbid plasma. A second instrument gave results which were significantly affected by turbidity. Turbidity of the substrate plasma did not affect specific factor VIII assays in two types of coagulometer. CONCLUSIONS Lyophilisation of plasma induces turbidity due to the agglomeration of lipids. Such turbidity can affect the results of coagulation tests. Suppliers of lyophilised plasmas should be aware of this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Hirst
- United Kingdom Reference Laboratory for Anticoagulant Reagents and Control, Withington Hospital, Manchester
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40
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Hengge-Aronis R, Klein W, Lange R, Rimmele M, Boos W. Trehalose synthesis genes are controlled by the putative sigma factor encoded by rpoS and are involved in stationary-phase thermotolerance in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:7918-24. [PMID: 1744047 PMCID: PMC212585 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.24.7918-7924.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The rpoS (katF) gene of Escherichia coli encodes a putative sigma factor (sigma S) required for the expression of a variety of stationary phase-induced genes, for the development of stationary-phase stress resistance, and for long-term starvation survival (R. Lange and R. Hengge-Aronis, Mol. Microbiol. 5:49-59, 1991). Here we show that the genes otsA, otsB, treA, and osmB, previously known to be osmotically regulated, are also induced during transition into stationary phase in a sigma S-dependent manner. otsA and otsB, which encode trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase, respectively, are involved in sigma S-dependent stationary-phase thermotolerance. Neither sigma S nor trehalose, however, is required for the development of adaptive thermotolerance in growing cells, which might be controlled by sigma E.
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41
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Talsma H, Van Steenbergen M, Crommelin D. The cryopreservation of liposomes: 3. Almost complete retention of a water-soluble marker in small liposomes in a cryoprotectant containing dispersion after a freezing/thawing cycle. Int J Pharm 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(91)90309-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Rudolph AS, Goins B. The effect of hydration stress solutes on the phase behavior of hydrated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1066:90-4. [PMID: 2065073 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(91)90255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the interaction of solutes found to accumulate in biological systems during chilling, dehydration, and salt stress with fully hydrated multilamellar and unilamellar vesicles of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC). We have focused on a series of mono-, di-, and tri-substituted amines (glycine, 4-hydroxyproline, proline, and betaine) and contrasted the action of these solutes to trehalose, a protective disaccharide. Differential scanning calorimetry studies show that when DPPC is scanned in the presence of increasing concentrations of these solutes (up to 3 M), there is a moderate increase in the pre-transition temperature (1-6 degrees C) with a smaller increase (1-2 degrees C) in the main transition temperature of hydrated multilamellar vesicles of DPPC. Other calorimetric parameters (delta H, delta T1/2, Cpmax) determined for the pre-transition and main transition were similar independent of the solute. In each case, the main phase transition was broadened with increasing solute while the transition enthalpy was not significantly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Rudolph
- Bio/Molecular Engineering Branch, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5000
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43
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Vallière D, Guderley H, Larochelle J. Cryoprotective mechanisms in subtidally cultivated and intertidal blue mussels (mytilus edulis) from the Magdalen Islands, Québec. J Therm Biol 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0306-4565(90)90007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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44
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Chattopadhyay A. Chemistry and biology of N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)-labeled lipids: fluorescent probes of biological and model membranes. Chem Phys Lipids 1990; 53:1-15. [PMID: 2191793 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(90)90128-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipids that are covalently labeled with the 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl (NBD) group are widely used as fluorescent analogues of native lipids in model and biological membranes to study a variety of processes. The fluorescent NBD group may be attached either to the polar or the apolar regions of a wide variety of lipid molecules. Synthetic routes for preparing the lipids, and spectroscopic and ionization properties of these probes are reviewed in this report. The orientation of various NBD-labeled lipids in membranes, as indicated by the location of the NBD group, is also discussed. The NBD group is uncharged at neutral pH in membranes, but loops up to the surface if attached to acyl chains of phospholipids. These lipids find applications in a variety of membrane-related studies which include membrane fusion, lipid motion and dynamics, organization of lipids and proteins in membranes, intracellular lipid transfer, and bilayer to hexagonal phase transition in liposomes. Use of NBD-labeled lipids as analogues of natural lipids is critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, Davis 95616
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45
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Rudolph B, Chandrasekhar I, Gaber B, Nagumo M. Molecular modelling of saccharide-lipid interactions. Chem Phys Lipids 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(90)90050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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46
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Lis LJ, Tamura-Lis W, Lim TK, Quinn PJ. Phase structures and transitions in fully hydrated diacyltrehalose. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1021:201-4. [PMID: 2302396 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(90)90034-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Real time X-ray diffraction was used to examine the gel bilayer to disordered bilayer phase transition in fully hydrated dipalmitoyltrehalose. The L beta to L alpha phase transition was shown to proceed via a second-order thermodynamic process involving incommensurate mesophase bilayer repeat structures and the formation of an intermediate rectangular acyl chain packing subcell. This phenomenon has only been previously shown to occur for dihexadecylphosphatidylcholine (DHPC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) dihydrates undergoing stepwise (i.e., noncontinuous) temperature changes. It can thus be inferred that the presence of trehalose-trehalose intra-bilayer interactions is a sufficient condition to modify the acyl chain structural rearrangements within the bilayer as a function of temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Lis
- Division of Oncology/Hematology, Chicago Medical School, IL
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47
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Gélinas P, Fiset G, Leduy A, Goulet J. Effect of Growth Conditions and Trehalose Content on Cryotolerance of Bakers' Yeast in Frozen Doughs. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:2453-9. [PMID: 16348024 PMCID: PMC203104 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.10.2453-2459.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cryotolerance in frozen doughs and in water suspensions of bakers' yeast (
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
) previously grown under various industrial conditions was evaluated on a laboratory scale. Fed-batch cultures were very superior to batch cultures, and strong aeration enhanced cryoresistance in both cases for freezing rates of 1 to 56°C min
−1
. Loss of cell viability in frozen dough or water was related to the duration of the dissolved-oxygen deficit during fed-batch growth. Strongly aerobic fed-batch cultures grown at a reduced average specific rate (μ = 0.088 h
−1
compared with 0.117 h
−1
) also showed greater trehalose synthesis and improved frozen-dough stability. Insufficient aeration (dissolved-oxygen deficit) and lower growth temperature (20°C instead of 30°C) decreased both fed-batch-grown yeast cryoresistance and trehalose content. Although trehalose had a cryoprotective effect in
S. cerevisiae
, its effect was neutralized by even a momentary lack of excess dissolved oxygen in the fed-batch growth medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gélinas
- Lallemand Inc., Montreal, Quebec H1W 2N8, Canada, and Département de Sciences et Technologie des Aliments and Département de Génie Chimique, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, Quebec G1K 7P4, Canada
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48
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49
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Mckersie BD, Crowe JH, Crowe LM. Free fatty acid effects on leakage, phase properties and fusion of fully hydrated model membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(89)90186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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50
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Crowe JH, McKersie BD, Crowe LM. Effects of free fatty acids and transition temperature on the stability of dry liposomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 979:7-10. [PMID: 2917168 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(89)90516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that liposomes composed of phospholipids with low phase-transition temperatures can be stabilized in the absence of water, provided that fusion is inhibited between the vesicles during drying, and that during rehydration the phospholipids do not pass through the gel to liquid crystalline phase transition. These conditions are met by adding certain disaccharides to the vesicles before drying, which inhibit fusion and depress the transition temperature in the dry lipids. The present study shows that preservation can also be achieved with vesicles made from dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), but that the retention of trapped solute by such vesicles is much less than in vesicles composed of more fluid phospholipids. Addition of free fatty acids to the vesicles before drying destabilizes them; DPPC vesicles containing 15 mol% or more of palmitic acid leaked all their contents during drying, regardless of how much of the stabilizing sugar was added. Unlike the case for more liquid phospholipids, the leakage in DPPC vesicles is due solely to fusion and not to hydration-dependent phase transitions. Addition of free fatty acids results in increased fusion, leading to leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Crowe
- Department of Zoology, University of California, Davis 95616
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