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Diepstraten ST, Hart AH. Modelling human haemoglobin switching. Blood Rev 2018; 33:11-23. [PMID: 30616747 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic lesions of the β-globin gene result in haemoglobinopathies such as β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease. To discover and test new molecular medicines for β-haemoglobinopathies, cell-based and animal models are now being widely utilised. However, multiple in vitro and in vivo models are required due to the complex structure and regulatory mechanisms of the human globin gene locus, subtle species-specific differences in blood cell development, and the influence of epigenetic factors. Advances in genome sequencing, gene editing, and precision medicine have enabled the first generation of molecular therapies aimed at reactivating, repairing, or replacing silenced or damaged globin genes. Here we compare and contrast current animal and cell-based models, highlighting their complementary strengths, reflecting on how they have informed the scope and direction of the field, and describing some of the novel molecular and precision medicines currently under development or in clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Diepstraten
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
| | - Adam H Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
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Molecular cloning of chicken TET family genes and role of chicken TET1 in erythropoiesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Ulianov SV, Gavrilov AA, Razin SV. Spatial organization of the chicken beta-globin gene domain in erythroid cells of embryonic and adult lineages. Epigenetics Chromatin 2012; 5:16. [PMID: 22958419 PMCID: PMC3502096 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8935-5-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The β-globin gene domains of vertebrate animals constitute popular models for studying the regulation of eukaryotic gene transcription. It has previously been shown that in the mouse the developmental switching of globin gene expression correlates with the reconfiguration of an active chromatin hub (ACH), a complex of promoters of transcribed genes with distant regulatory elements. Although it is likely that observations made in the mouse β-globin gene domain are also relevant for this locus in other species, the validity of this supposition still lacks direct experimental evidence. Here, we have studied the spatial organization of the chicken β-globin gene domain. This domain is of particular interest because it represents the perfect example of the so-called ‘strong’ tissue-specific gene domain flanked by insulators, which delimit the area of preferential sensitivity to DNase I in erythroid cells. Results Using chromosome conformation capture (3C), we have compared the spatial configuration of the β-globin gene domain in chicken red blood cells (RBCs) expressing embryonic (3-day-old RBCs) and adult (9-day-old RBCs) β-globin genes. In contrast to observations made in the mouse model, we found that in the chicken, the early embryonic β-globin gene, Ε, did not interact with the locus control region in RBCs of embryonic lineage (3-day RBCs), where this gene is actively transcribed. In contrast to the mouse model, a strong interaction of the promoter of another embryonic β-globin gene, ρ, with the promoter of the adult β-globin gene, βA, was observed in RBCs from both 3-day and 9-day chicken embryos. Finally, we have demonstrated that insulators flanking the chicken β-globin gene domain from the upstream and from the downstream interact with each other, which places the area characterized by lineage-specific sensitivity to DNase I in a separate chromatin loop. Conclusions Taken together, our results strongly support the ACH model but show that within a domain of tissue-specific genes, the active status of a promoter does not necessarily correlate with the recruitment of this promoter to the ACH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Ulianov
- Institute of Gene Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov str,, 119334, Moscow, Russia.
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Yudinkova ES, Bunina DA, Ulyanov SV, Gavrilov AA, Razin SV. Patterns of histone modifications across the chicken alfa-globin genes’ domain. Mol Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893311030216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hoffmann FG, Storz JF, Gorr TA, Opazo JC. Lineage-specific patterns of functional diversification in the alpha- and beta-globin gene families of tetrapod vertebrates. Mol Biol Evol 2010; 27:1126-38. [PMID: 20047955 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The alpha- and beta-globin gene families of jawed vertebrates have diversified with respect to both gene function and the developmental timing of gene expression. Phylogenetic reconstructions of globin gene family evolution have provided suggestive evidence that the developmental regulation of hemoglobin synthesis has evolved independently in multiple vertebrate lineages. For example, the embryonic beta-like globin genes of birds and placental mammals are not 1:1 orthologs. Despite the similarity in developmental expression profiles, the genes are independently derived from lineage-specific duplications of a beta-globin pro-ortholog. This suggests the possibility that other vertebrate taxa may also possess distinct repertoires of globin genes that were produced by repeated rounds of lineage-specific gene duplication and divergence. Until recently, investigations into this possibility have been hindered by the dearth of genomic sequence data from nonmammalian vertebrates. Here, we report new insights into globin gene family evolution that were provided by a phylogenetic analysis of vertebrate globins combined with a comparative genomic analysis of three key sauropsid taxa: a squamate reptile (anole lizard, Anolis carolinensis), a passeriform bird (zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata), and a galliform bird (chicken, Gallus gallus). The main objectives of this study were 1) to characterize evolutionary changes in the size and membership composition of the alpha- and beta-globin gene families of tetrapod vertebrates and 2) to test whether functional diversification of the globin gene clusters occurred independently in different tetrapod lineages. Results of our comparative genomic analysis revealed several intriguing patterns of gene turnover in the globin gene clusters of different taxa. Lineage-specific differences in gene content were especially pronounced in the beta-globin gene family, as phylogenetic reconstructions revealed that amphibians, lepidosaurs (as represented by anole lizard), archosaurs (as represented by zebra finch and chicken), and mammals each possess a distinct independently derived repertoire of beta-like globin genes. In contrast to the ancient functional diversification of the alpha-globin gene cluster in the stem lineage of tetrapods, the physiological division of labor between early- and late-expressed genes in the beta-globin gene cluster appears to have evolved independently in several tetrapod lineages.
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Iarovaia OV, Borounova VV, Philonenko ES, Kantidze OL, Vassetzky YS, Razin SV. In embryonic chicken erythrocytes actively transcribed alpha globin genes are not associated with the nuclear matrix. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:170-8. [PMID: 19003974 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The spatial organization of a 250 Kb region of chicken chromosome 14, which includes the alpha globin gene cluster, was studied using in situ hybridization of a corresponding BAC probe with nuclear halos. It was found that in non-erythroid cells (DT40) and cultured erythroid cells of definite lineage (HD3) the genomic region under study was partially (DT40 cells) or fully (HD3 cells) associated with the nuclear matrix. In contrast, in embryonic red blood cells (10-day RBC) the same area was located in the crown of DNA loops surrounding the nuclear matrix, although both globin genes and surrounding house-keeping genes were actively transcribed in these cells. This spatial organization was associated with the virtual absence of RNA polymerase II in nuclear matrices prepared from 10-day RBC. In contrast, in HD3 cells a significant portion of RNA polymerase II was present in nuclear matrices. Taken together, these observations suggest that in embryonic erythroid cells transcription does not occur in association with the nuclear matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Iarovaia
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences 34/5 Vavilov Street, 119344 Moscow, Russia
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Gavrilov AA, Razin SV. Study of spatial organization of chicken α-globin gene domain by 3c technique. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2008; 73:1192-9. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297908110047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Gavrilov AA, Razin SV. Spatial configuration of the chicken alpha-globin gene domain: immature and active chromatin hubs. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:4629-40. [PMID: 18621783 PMCID: PMC2504291 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial configuration of the chicken α-globin gene domain in erythroid and lymphoid cells was studied by using the Chromosome Conformation Capture (3C) approach. Real-time PCR with TaqMan probes was employed to estimate the frequencies of cross-linking of different restriction fragments within the domain. In differentiated cultured erythroblasts and in 10-day chick embryo erythrocytes expressing ‘adult’ αA and αD globin genes the following elements of the domain were found to form an ‘active’ chromatin hub: upstream Major Regulatory Element (MRE), −9 kb upstream DNase I hypersensitive site (DHS), −4 kb upstream CpG island, αD gene promoter and the downstream enhancer. The αA gene promoter was not present in the ‘active’ chromatin hub although the level of αA gene transcription exceeded that of the αD gene. Formation of the ‘active’ chromatin hub was preceded by the assembly of multiple incomplete hubs containing MRE in combination with either −9 kb DHS or other regulatory elements of the domain. These incomplete chromatin hubs were present in proliferating cultured erythroblasts which did not express globin genes. In lymphoid cells only the interaction between the αD promoter and the CpG island was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Gavrilov
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Organization of Chromosomes, Institute of Gene Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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9
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Fried B, Stableford LT. Cultivation of Helminths in Chick Embryos. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Abstract
In 3-day-old embryos the aortic cell clusters formed two parallel ridges in the ventrolateral part of the aorta. The border of the somato- and splanchnopleures close to the aorta showed a very intensive cell proliferation and a cell emigration up to the aorta. This cell flow and the bilateral appearance of the intraaortic ridges suggested that the aortic cell clusters originated from the coelomic epithelium. This intraembryonic hemopoietic stem cell formation from the splanchnopleure was comparable to that of the blood island formation in the yolk sac from extraembryonic splanchnopleure. The appearance of the white blood cells and definitive erythrocytes with adult-type hemoglobin was preceded by the aortic cell clusters. We concluded that the stem cells of the adult-type blood developed from the aortic cell clusters whereas the blood islands of the yolk sac may contribute only the primitive red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Olah
- Second Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary
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Isaacks RE, Lai LL, Goldman PH, Kim CY. Studies on avian erythrocyte metabolism. XVI. Accumulation of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate with shifts in oxygen affinity of chicken erythrocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1987; 257:177-85. [PMID: 3115178 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(87)90556-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the chicken erythrocyte to accumulate 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-P2-glycerate) and its effect upon the oxygen affinity (P50) of the cell suspensions have been determined. Erythrocytes from chick embryos, which contain 4-6 mM 2,3-P2-glycerate, and from chickens at various ages, which contain 3-4 mM inositol pentakisphosphate but no 2,3-P2-glycerate, were incubated with inosine, pyruvate, and inorganic phosphate. Red blood cells from 20-day chick embryos incubated in Krebs-Ringer, pH 7.45, containing 20 mM inosine and 20 mM pyruvate had an increase in 2,3-P2-glycerate from 4.3 to 11.9 mM after 4 h. Importantly, as 2,3-P2-glycerate concentration increased there was a corresponding increase in P50 of the cell suspension. Further, erythrocytes from 9- and 11-week, and 7-, 14-, 24-, and 28-month-old chickens when incubated similarly with inosine and pyruvate accumulated 2,3-P2-glycerate with corresponding increases in P50 of the cell suspensions. The ability of the red cell to accumulate this compound under the incubation conditions used apparently decreases with age of the bird (e.g., 11.9 mM in the 20-day embryo to 1.1 mM in the 28-month-old chicken after 4 h incubation). Despite the presence of significant amounts of inositol-P5, the accumulation of 2,3-P2-glycerate markedly decreases oxygen affinity of the cell suspensions. The delta P50/mumol increase in 2,3-P2-glycerate in the red cells of the 20-day chick embryo after 4 h incubation is 1.5 Torr; conversely, the delta P50/mumol decrease in 2,3-P2-glycerate in the red cells of the 17-day embryo after 6 h incubation in the presence of sodium bisulfite is 2.8 Torr. The demonstrated ability of the chicken erythrocyte to accumulate 2,3-P2-glycerate in response to certain substrates suggests that regulation of concentration of this compound could contribute significantly to regulation of blood oxygen affinity in birds.
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12
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Fucci L, Vitale E, Cirotto C, Geraci G. Evidences that hemoglobin switch in the chick embryo depends on erythroid cell line substitution. CELL DIFFERENTIATION 1987; 20:55-63. [PMID: 3815531 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6039(87)90465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical identifications of various hemoglobin types were performed on unfractionated erythroid cells derived from chicken embryos at 5 and 7 days of development and on purified primitive and definitive cells. Proteins were pulse-labelled in primitive erythroid cells at various times of culture to identify those actually synthesized. The data show that primitive cells contain and synthesize only embryonic hemoglobins at all stages of maturation and definitive cells contain adult and minor embryonic hemoglobins, but no major embryonic hemoglobins, not even in trace amounts. These results support a model for hemoglobin switch in the chicken embryo based on cell line substitution.
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Beaupain D. Line-restricted hemoglobin synthesis in chick embryonic erythrocytes. CELL DIFFERENTIATION 1985; 16:101-7. [PMID: 3924415 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6039(85)90523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of embryonic hemoglobin in early definitive erythrocytes was checked by indirect immunofluorescence assay, using specific antibodies raised against embryonic Hb P. As positive control we used anti-Hb A which reacted with the alpha A chain shared by the minor embryonic Hb E and the adult Hb A. The assay was performed using blood smears from embryos between 6 and 15 days of incubation and yolk sac sections from embryos between 4 and 6 days. Hb P was never detected in the definitive line in circulating erythrocytes or in maturing erythroblasts still sequestered in the blood islands of the yolk sac. The expression of the 'specific' embryonic genes is thus restricted to the primitive line (as the 'specific' adult beta gene is restricted to the definitive line), and the hemoglobin switch is the result of the progressive substitution of the primitive line by the definitive one.
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Abstract
The 70,000-dalton core polypeptide of neurofilaments, thought to exist only in neurons, has been detected in chicken erythrocytes, where it coexists with vimentin and synemin as a component of the intermediate filament network. It is present in the circulating erythroid cells of embryos and young chickens but is nearly absent from the erythroid cells of adults. These findings are inconsistent with current models of intermediate filament expression, but provide another example of unexpected similarities between the nervous and hemopoietic systems.
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Boussios T, Bertles JF, Clegg JB. Simultaneous expression of globin genes for embryonic and adult hemoglobins during mammalian ontogeny. Science 1982; 218:1225-7. [PMID: 6183746 DOI: 10.1126/science.6183746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The dominant hemoglobin of the adult hamster was detected in yolk-sac erythroid cells, and its identity was confirmed by peptide mapping and by analysis of relevant peptides. Both the presence and active synthesis of two embryonic hemoglobins presumed to exist only in yolk-sac erythroid cells were detected in neonatal liver and spleen. Thus the time span of expression of both embryonic and adult globin genes during mammalian ontogeny may be considerably broader than presently believed.
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Engel JD, Dodgson JB. Analysis of the closely linked adult chicken alpha-globin genes in recombinant DNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:2596-600. [PMID: 6248855 PMCID: PMC349449 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.5.2596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant bacteriophage (from a library of chicken chromosomal DNA fragments inserted into lambda Charon 4A) have been isolated which contain the coding information for both of the adult chicken alpha-globin genes, alpha A and alpha D. One of these recombinant phage also contains an as yet unidentified embryonic alpha-like globin gene sequence. The two adult genes are encoded on the same DNA strand and are separated by approximately 2.4 kilobase pairs, with the arrangement of the genes relative to the direction of transcription being 5'-alpha D-alpha A-3'. Electron microscopic R-loop visualization experiments demonstrate that both alpha-globin genes contain two intervening sequences of similar size in a manner analogous to the structure observed in the mouse alpha-globin gene. The linkage of the two highly divergent chicken adult alpha-globin genes further underscores the principle that chromosomal clustering of families of developmentally related genes may be a general phenomenon in higher eukaryotic gene sequence arrangement.
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Enea L, Gottesman SS, Vidali G. Erythropoiesis in the duck embryo: accumulation of H5 histone during red blood cell maturation. Mech Ageing Dev 1978; 7:97-108. [PMID: 340809 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(78)90056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the variation in histone composition of the red blood cell during embryonic development of the duck. The problem has been approached by fractionating the cells according to maturity and type in bovine serum albumin density gradients and analyzing electrophoretically histones which have been extracted from purified cell populations. Additional data have been obtained by pulse-labeling experiments and by immunofluorescence techniques. The results indicate that histone H5 may be absent from very immature primitive embryonic red blood cells and that it accumulates in the nucleus during maturation of the cell. A similar relative increase in H5 content is observed during maturation of the definitive erythroid series. Mature adult erythrocytes and mature erythrocytes of the definitive series contain comparable amounts of histone H5 which is present in lower amounts in the mature cells of the primitive cell line.
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Abstract
The early maturation stages of definitive erythroid cells are observed in the embryonic circulation of the chick yolk sac at 4.5--5 days of incubation. Light and electron microscope observation of the mesoderm of the yold sac membrane indicate that individual presumptive precursors of the definitive-line are present as early as 2 days of incubation and give rise to sequestered populations of immature erythroblasts within sinusoids during the period of 2.5-6 days incubation. Such isolated populations of definitive-line erythroblasts eventually connect with the established capillary circulation of yolk sac membrane but a large proportion of the erythroblasts temporarily remain associated with the endothelium prior to free circulation.
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Blanchet JP. Developmental changes of chick erythrocyte membrane antigens. Study by immunofluorescence. Exp Cell Res 1976; 102:1-8. [PMID: 789097 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(76)90292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Isaacks RE, Harkness DR, Adler JL, Goldman PH. Studies on avian erythrocyte metabolism. Effect of organic phosphates on oxygen affinity of embryonic and adult-type hemoglobins of the chick embryo. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 173:114-20. [PMID: 4025 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Blanchet JP. The chick erythrocyte membrane antigens: characterization and variation during embryonic and postembryonic development. Dev Biol 1976; 48:411-20. [PMID: 1254089 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(76)90102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Shimizu K. Identification of hemoglobin types contained in single chicken erythrocytes by fluorescent antibody technique. Dev Biol 1976; 48:317-26. [PMID: 767179 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(76)90093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Pre-translational control of the differentiated state: Test for free cytoplasmic Hb-Messenger ribonucleoprotein in chick erythroblasts and chick embryo brain. Dev Genes Evol 1976; 179:33-40. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00857638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/1975] [Accepted: 10/15/1975] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cirotto C, Scotto di Tella A, Geraci G. The hemoglobins of the developing chicken embryos. Fractionation and globin composition of the individual component of total erythrocytes and of a single erythrocyte type. CELL DIFFERENTIATION 1975; 4:87-99. [PMID: 1137852 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6039(75)90021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The hemoglobins of the chicken embryo at several stages of development have been isolated in pure form by column chromatography and their relative amounts and globin compositions determined. The analyses on separated primitive and definitive erythrocytes show that the first contain four hemoglobins different from the adult ones. The two major ones at four days, decrease gradually and are no longer detectable from 15 days on. The two minor ones increase up to 6-7 days, then decrease but are still present at hatching. The definitive embryonic erythrocytes contain two hemoglobins identical to the adult ones but their ratios change gradually during development and approach that of the adult hemoglobins at hatching.
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Rossi M, Augusti-Tocco G, Monroy A. Differential gene activity and segregation of cell lines: an attempt at a molecular interpretation of the primary events of embryonic development. Q Rev Biophys 1975; 8:43-119. [PMID: 1169794 DOI: 10.1017/s0033583500001293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The study of differentiation is concerned with the analysis of the processes responsible for ‘the cellular changes in macromolecular synthesis and composition, patterned in time and space and resulting in specialized functions, forms and organization’ (Moscona, 1973).
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Moss BA, Hamilton EA. Chicken definitive erythrocyte haemoglobins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 371:379-91. [PMID: 4433574 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(74)90034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Godet J. HbF synthesis in chicken embryonic and postnatal development: studies in various explanted erythropoietic tissues. Dev Biol 1974; 40:199-207. [PMID: 4430406 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(74)90123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wainwright SD, Wainwright LK. Isolation of two erythropoietic cell populations from the early chick blastodisc and the further resolution of one into two essential subpopulations. Exp Cell Res 1974; 88:143-52. [PMID: 4418029 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(74)90628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Chan LN, Wiedmann M, Ingram VM. Regulation of specific gene expression during embryonic development: Synthesis of globin messenger RNA during red cell formation in chick embryos. Dev Biol 1974; 40:174-85. [PMID: 4415523 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(74)90117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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36
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Ingram VM, Chan LN, Hagopian HK, Lippke JA, Wu L. Differentiation in the early chick embryo: effects of bromodeoxyuridine on erythropoiesis. Dev Biol 1974; 36:411-27. [PMID: 4814574 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(74)90062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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