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Enhanced urothelial ATP release and contraction following intravesical treatment with the cytotoxic drug, doxorubicin. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388:773-80. [PMID: 25683587 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Intravesical administration of the cytotoxic drug doxorubicin is a common treatment for superficial carcinoma of the bladder, but it is associated with significant urological adverse effects. The aim of this study was to identify doxorubicin-induced changes in the local mechanisms involved in regulating bladder function. As a model of intravesical doxorubicin administration in patients, doxorubicin (1 mg/mL) was applied to the luminal surface of porcine bladders for 60 min. Following treatment, the release of urothelial/lamina propria mediators (acetylcholine (Ach), ATP and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and contractile responses of isolated tissue strips was investigated. Doxorubicin pretreatment did not affect contractile responses of detrusor muscle to carbachol, but did enhance neurogenic detrusor responses to electrical field stimulation (219 % at 5 Hz). Contractions of isolated strips of urothelium/lamina propria to carbachol were also enhanced (30 %) in tissues from doxorubicin pretreated bladders. Isolated strips of urothelium/lamina propria from control bladders demonstrated a basal release of all three mediators (Ach > ATP > PGE2), with increased release of ATP when tissues were stretched. In tissues from doxorubicin-pretreated bladders, the basal release of ATP was significantly enhanced (sevenfold), while the release of acetylcholine and PGE2 was not affected. The application of luminal doxorubicin, under conditions that mimic intravesical administration to patients, affects urothelial/lamina propria function (increased contractile activity and ATP release) and enhances efferent neurotransmission without affecting detrusor smooth muscle. These actions would enhance bladder contractile activity and sensory nerve activity and may explain the adverse urological effects observed in patients following intravesical doxorubicin treatment.
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Nirmal J, Tyagi P, Chuang YC, Lee WC, Yoshimura N, Huang CC, Rajaganapathy B, Chancellor MB. Functional and molecular characterization of hyposensitive underactive bladder tissue and urine in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102644. [PMID: 25050870 PMCID: PMC4106869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The functional and molecular alterations of nerve growth factor (NGF) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and its receptors were studied in bladder and urine in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methodology/Principal Findings Diabetes mellitus was induced with a single dose of 45 mg/kg STZ Intraperitoneally (i.p) in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Continuous cystometrogram were performed on control rats and STZ treated rats at week 4 or 12 under urethane anesthesia. Bladder was then harvested for histology, expression of EP receptors and NGF by western blotting, PGE2 levels by ELISA, and detection of apoptosis by TUNEL staining. In addition, 4-hr urine was collected from all groups for urine levels of PGE2, and NGF assay. DM induced progressive increase of bladder weight, urine production, intercontraction interval (ICI) and residual urine in a time dependent fashion. Upregulation of Prostaglandin E receptor (EP)1 and EP3 receptors and downregulation of NGF expression, increase in urine NGF and decrease levels of urine PGE2 at week 12 was observed. The decrease in ICI by intravesical instillation of PGE2 was by 51% in control rats and 31.4% in DM group at week 12. Conclusions/Significance DM induced hyposensitive underactive bladder which is characterized by increased inflammatory reaction, apoptosis, urine NGF levels, upregulation of EP1 and EP3 receptors and decreased bladder NGF and urine PGE2. The data suggest that EP3 receptor are potential targets in the treatment of diabetes induced underactive bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayabalan Nirmal
- Department of Urology, Centre for Urology Research Excellence, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Pradeep Tyagi
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yao-Chi Chuang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Wei-Chia Lee
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Naoki Yoshimura
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chao-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bharathi Rajaganapathy
- Department of Urology, Centre for Urology Research Excellence, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Chancellor
- Department of Urology, Centre for Urology Research Excellence, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Michigan, United States of America
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Atobe M, Naganuma K, Kawanishi M, Morimoto A, Kasahara KI, Ohashi S, Suzuki H, Hayashi T, Miyoshi S. SAR-based optimization of 2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-thiazole derivatives as highly potent EP1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6569-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Xue R, Jia Z, Kong X, Pi G, Ma S, Yang J. Effects of PGE2 EP3/EP4 receptors on bladder dysfunction in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1656-62. [PMID: 24154697 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00271.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the expression of four subtypes of PGE2 E-prostanoid (EP) receptors (EP1-EP4) and the effects of EP3/EP4 on bladder dysfunction in a new neurogenic bladder model induced by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the mouse model of EAE was induced using a previously established method, and bladder function in mice with different defined levels of neurological impairment was then examined, including micturition frequencies and voiding weight. Bladders were then harvested for analysis of EP receptor expression by Western blot. Activities of agonists/antagonists of EP3 and EP4 receptors as well as PGE2 were also evaluated at different stages of EAE. The results showed that EAE mice developed profound bladder dysfunction characterized by significantly increased micturition and significantly decreased urine output per micturition. EAE-induced upregulation of EP3 and EP4 receptors in the bladder was accompanied by bladder dysfunction. However, EAE had no significant effect on EP1 and EP2 receptors. Moreover, PGE2 and agonists/antagonists of EP3 and EP4 receptors significantly affected bladder dysfunction in EAE mice. Thus, we believe that EAE mice are useful for investigations of the neurogenic bladder. In addition, EP3 and EP4 receptors play a role in EAE-induced bladder dysfunction, providing us with a new target for the treatment of neurogenic bladders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xue
- Dept. of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou Univ., No.1 Jian She Dong Ave., Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China.
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McDermott C, Chess-Williams R, Mills K, Kang S, Farr S, Grant G, Perkins A, Davey A, Anoopkumar-Dukie S. Alterations in acetylcholine, PGE2 and IL6 release from urothelial cells following treatment with pyocyanin and lipopolysaccharide. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1693-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kobayter S, Young JS, Brain KL. Prostaglandin E2 induces spontaneous rhythmic activity in mouse urinary bladder independently of efferent nerves. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:401-13. [PMID: 21671904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The acute effects of PGE(2) on bladder smooth muscle and nerves were examined to determine the origin of PGE(2)-induced spontaneous rhythmic contractions. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Contraction studies, confocal Ca(2+) imaging and electrophysiological recordings in strips of mouse urinary bladder were used to differentiate the effects of PGE(2) on bladder smooth muscle and efferent nerves. KEY RESULTS PGE(2) (50 µM) increased the tone and caused phasic contractions of detrusor smooth muscle strips. Confocal Ca(2+) imaging showed that PGE(2) increased the frequency of whole-cell Ca(2+) transients (WCTs) (72 ± 5%) and intracellular recordings showed it increased the frequency of spontaneous depolarizations, from 0.31·s(-1) to 0.90·s(-1). Non-selective inhibition of EP receptors using SC-51322 and AH-6809 (10 µM), or the L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker nifedipine (1 µM), prevented these phasic contractions and WCTs, and reduced the tone (by 45 ± 7% and 59 ± 6%, respectively). Blocking P2X1 receptors with NF449 (10 µM) caused a small but significant reduction in the frequency of PGE(2)-induced phasic contractions (24 ± 9%) and WCTs (28 ± 17%) but had no significant effect on spontaneous depolarizations or tone. Inhibiting muscarinic receptors with cyclopentolate (1 µM) had no significant effect on these measures. Spontaneous WCTs became synchronous in PGE(2), implying enhanced functional coupling between neighbouring cells. However, the electrical input resistance was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS It was concluded that depolarization alone is sufficient to explain a functional increase in intercellular coupling and the ability of PGE(2) to increase detrusor spontaneous rhythmic activity does not require parasympathetic nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kobayter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Jugus MJ, Jaworski JP, Patra PB, Jin J, Morrow DM, Laping NJ, Edwards RM, Thorneloe KS. Dual modulation of urinary bladder activity and urine flow by prostanoid EP3 receptors in the conscious rat. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:372-81. [PMID: 19486006 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cyclooxygenase inhibitors function to reduce levels of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and are broadly efficacious in models of bladder overactivity. We therefore investigated a regulation of urinary bladder function in conscious rats by modulation of the EP(3) receptor for PGE(2). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The activity of the EP(3) receptor agonist GR63799X, and EP(3) receptor antagonists, CM9 and DG041, at recombinant EP(3) receptors was evaluated in vitro. In vivo, intraduodenal dosing during conscious, continuous-filling cystometry of spontaneously hypertensive rats was utilized to determine the urodynamic effect of EP(3) receptor modulation. KEY RESULTS GR63799X dose-dependently (0.001-1 mg x kg(-1)) reduced bladder capacity, as indicated by a reduction in both the micturition interval and volume of urine per void. In contrast, CM9 (10 and 30 mg x kg(-1)) and DG041 (30 mg x kg(-1)) enhanced bladder capacity, as indicated by significantly longer micturition intervals and larger void volumes. CM9 and DG041 inhibited the responses to GR63799X supporting the in vivo activity of these pharmacological agents at the EP(3) receptor. In addition to its effect on bladder capacity, GR63799X increased endogenous urine production. Intra-arterial infusion of saline mimicked the enhancement of urine flow observed with GR63799X, and the response was inhibited by CM9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data support the EP(3) receptor as a modulator of urinary bladder activity in the conscious rat, and in addition, indicate a role for EP(3) receptor activity in regulating urine flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Jugus
- Urogenital Biology, Cardiovascular and Urogenital Center for Excellence in Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
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McCafferty GP, Misajet BA, Laping NJ, Edwards RM, Thorneloe KS. Enhanced bladder capacity and reduced prostaglandin E2-mediated bladder hyperactivity in EP3 receptor knockout mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295:F507-14. [PMID: 18508878 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00054.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory cyclooxygenase inhibitors that function to reduce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production have been widely reported as effective agents in models of urinary bladder overactivity. We therefore investigated a potential role for the PGE2 receptor, EP3, in urinary bladder function by performing conscious, freely moving cystometry on EP3 receptor knockout (KO) mice. EP3 KO mice demonstrated an enhanced bladder capacity compared with wild-type (WT) mice ( approximately 185% of WT) under control conditions, based on larger voided and infused bladder volumes. Infusion of the EP3 receptor agonist GR63799X into the bladder of WT mice reduced the bladder capacity. This was ineffective in EP3 KO mice that demonstrated a time-dependent increase in bladder capacity with GR63799X, an effect similar to that observed with vehicle in both genotypes. In addition, infusion of PGE2 into WT mice induced bladder overactivity, an effect that was significantly blunted in the EP3 KO mice. The data reported here provide the first evidence supporting a functional role for EP3 receptors in normal urinary bladder function and implicate EP3 as a contributor to bladder overactivity during pathological conditions of enhanced PGE2 production, as reported previously in overactive bladder patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald P McCafferty
- Urogenital Biology, Cardiovascular and Urogenital Center for Excellence in Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Lee T, Hedlund P, Newgreen D, Andersson KE. Urodynamic effects of a novel EP(1) receptor antagonist in normal rats and rats with bladder outlet obstruction. J Urol 2007; 177:1562-7. [PMID: 17382779 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2006.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostaglandin E(2) and its EP(1) receptor were suggested as endogenous modulators of bladder function in the normal physiological state and under pathophysiological conditions. We investigated if the new EP(1) receptor antagonist PF-2907617-02 would influence the regulation of normal micturition in rats, and if it affects bladder function in animals with partial bladder outlet obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was performed in normal female Sprague-Dawley rats and in rats with moderate, experimentally induced bladder outlet obstruction 2 weeks in duration. All animals underwent continuous cystometry in the awake state. PF-2907617-02 was given intravenously at doses of 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg(-1) in normal rats, and at 1.0 mg/kg(-1) in bladder outlet obstructed animals. In a group of normal rats detrusor overactivity was produced by intravesical instillation of prostaglandin E(2). RESULTS In normal rats PF-2907617-02 (1 mg/kg(-1)) significantly increased bladder capacity, micturition volume and the micturition interval but it had no effect on other urodynamic parameters. The lower dose of PF-2907617 (0.1 mg/kg(-1)) showed no effect. Intravesical prostaglandin E(2) (50 muM) induced detrusor overactivity. The antagonist significantly decreased the stimulatory effects of prostaglandin E(2) at 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg(-1). In obstructed animals PF-2907617-02 significantly increased the micturition interval but not bladder capacity and residual volume. The drug also decreased the frequency and amplitude of nonvoiding contractions. CONCLUSIONS EP(1) receptor is involved in initiation of the micturition reflex in normal rats and in animals with bladder outlet obstruction. It may also contribute to the generation of detrusor overactivity after bladder outlet obstruction. Thus, EP(1) receptor antagonists may have potential as treatment for detrusor overactivity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tack Lee
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Naganawa A, Saito T, Nagao Y, Egashira H, Iwahashi M, Kambe T, Koketsu M, Yamamoto H, Kobayashi M, Maruyama T, Ohuchida S, Nakai H, Kondo K, Toda M. Discovery of new chemical leads for selective EP1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:5562-77. [PMID: 16697646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-([2-[alkyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]phenoxy]methyl)benzoic acids were identified as functional PGE(2) antagonists with selectivity for the EP1 receptor subtype starting from a chemical lead 1, which was found while screening our in-house compound library. Discovery of the optimized analogs 21-23 is presented here and structure-activity relationships (SAR) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Naganawa
- Minase Research Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka, Japan.
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Angelico P, Guarneri L, Velasco C, Cova R, Leonardi A, Clarke DE, Testa R. Effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on the micturition reflex in rats: correlation with inhibition of cyclooxygenase isozymes. BJU Int 2006; 97:837-46. [PMID: 16536784 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2006.06003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of cyclooxygenase (COX) isozymes (COX-1 and -2) in the regulation of bladder volume capacity (BVC) in several rat urodynamic models, using a selection of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), some selective for COX-2, correlating the potency of the tested compounds in the urodynamic models and their in vitro potency as inhibitors of COX isozymes, to verify the relative importance of the different isozymes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of an i.v. administration of several nonselective and selective COX-2 inhibitors (indomethacin, meloxicam, naproxen, aspirin, paracetamol, flurbiprofen, nimesulide, NS-398, celecoxib, rofecoxib and L 745337) on bladder filling and voiding were evaluated in conscious and anaesthetized rats by cystometry. The cystometry was done in conscious rats 1 day after catheter implantation, by filling the bladder with dilute acetic acid (0.2%) or saline, and again with saline 5 days after catheterization. Effects on isovolumic bladder contractions in anaesthetized rats were also evaluated. RESULTS All the NSAIDs tested dose-dependently increased BVC; their potency at increasing BVC during infusion of the bladder with acetic acid was similar to that evaluated with saline on cystometry 1 day after catheterization. When a nonselective (naproxen) and a selective (nimesulide) COX-2 inhibitor were tested in rats with bladders infused with saline 5 days after catheterization, their effects on BVC were significantly lower than those evaluated at 1 day. All tested compounds dose-dependently inhibited isovolumic bladder contractions in anaesthetized rats. There was a good correlation between the potency in inhibiting the isovolumic bladder contractions in anaesthetized rats and in increasing BVC during cystometry in conscious rats with the bladder infused with acetic acid. The potency of the compounds in the cystometry model with bladders infused with acetic and in the isovolumic bladder voiding contractions correlated well with COX-2 inhibition, but not COX-1. CONCLUSIONS Both nonselective and COX-2 selective inhibitors are more active in inhibiting the micturition reflex in rats with bladder overactivity caused by bladder irritation than in normal rats. The potency of the anti-inflammatory compounds in inhibiting bladder overactivity induced by chemical or surgical irritation, and their activity in a cystometrographic model practically independent of bladder irritation (isovolumic bladder contractions in anaesthetized rats), was related to the potency as inhibitors of COX-2 isozyme. This suggests that the involvement of prostaglandins in the micturition reflex in rats is mainly mediated by this isozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Angelico
- Pharmaceutical R & D Division, Recordati SpA, Via M. Civitali 1, 20148 Milan, Italy.
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Angelico P, Velasco C, Guarneri L, Sironi G, Leonardi A, Testa R. Urodynamic effects of oxybutynin and tolterodine in conscious and anesthetized rats under different cystometrographic conditions. BMC Pharmacol 2005; 5:14. [PMID: 16216132 PMCID: PMC1274333 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-5-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimuscarinic agents are the most popular treatment for overactive bladder and their efficacy in man is well documented, producing decreased urinary frequency and an increase in bladder capacity. During cystometry in rats, however, the main effect reported after acute treatment with antimuscarinics is a decrease in peak micturition pressure together with little or no effect on bladder capacity. In the present experiments we studied the effects, in rats, of the two most widely used antimuscarinic drugs, namely oxybutynin and tolterodine, utilising several different cystometrographic conditions. The aim was to determine the experimental conditions required to reproduce the clinical pharmacological effects of antimuscarinic agents, as seen in humans, in particular their ability to increase bladder capacity. Results Intravenous or oral administration of tolterodine or oxybutynin in conscious rats utilized 1 day after catheter implantation and with saline infusion at constant rate of 0.1 ml/min, gave a dose-dependent decrease of micturition pressure (MP) with no significant change in bladder volume capacity (BVC). When the saline infusion rate into the bladder was decreased to 0.025 ml/min, the effect of oral oxybutynin was similar to that obtained with the higher infusion rate. Also, experiments were performed in rats in which bladders were infused with suramin (3 and 10 μM) in order to block the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic component of bladder contraction. Under these conditions, oral administration of oxybutynin significantly reduced MP (as observed previously), but again BVC was not significantly changed. In conscious rats with bladders infused with diluted acetic acid, both tolterodine and oxybutynin administered at the same doses as in animals infused with saline, reduced MP, although the reduction appeared less marked, with no effect on BVC. In conscious rats utilized 5 days after catheter implantation, a situation where inflammation due to surgery is reduced, the effect of tolterodine (i.v.) and oxybutynin (p.o.) on MP was smaller and similar, respectively, to that observed in rats utilized 1 day after catheter implantation, but the increase of BVC was not statistically significant. In anesthetized rats, i.v. administration of oxybutynin again induced a significant decrease in MP, although it was of questionable relevance. Both BVC and threshold pressure were not significantly reduced. The number and amplitude of high frequency oscillations in MP were unmodified by treatment. Finally, in conscious obstructed rats, intravenous oxybutynin did not modify frequency and amplitude of non-voiding contractions or bladder capacity and micturition volume. Conclusion Despite the different experimental conditions used, the only effect on cystometrographic parameters of oxybutynin and tolterodine in anesthetized and conscious rats was a decrease in MP, whereas BVC was hardly and non-significantly affected. Therefore, it is difficult to reproduce in rats the cystometrographic increase in BVC as observed in humans after chronic administration of antimuscarinic agents, whereas the acute effects seem more similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Angelico
- Pharmaceutical R & D Division – Recordati S.p.A. – Via Civitali 1, 20148 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Velasco
- Pharmaceutical R & D Division – Recordati S.p.A. – Via Civitali 1, 20148 Milano, Italy
| | - Luciano Guarneri
- Pharmaceutical R & D Division – Recordati S.p.A. – Via Civitali 1, 20148 Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Sironi
- Pharmaceutical R & D Division – Recordati S.p.A. – Via Civitali 1, 20148 Milano, Italy
| | - Amedeo Leonardi
- Pharmaceutical R & D Division – Recordati S.p.A. – Via Civitali 1, 20148 Milano, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Testa
- Pharmaceutical R & D Division – Recordati S.p.A. – Via Civitali 1, 20148 Milano, Italy
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Schröder A, Newgreen D, Andersson KE. Detrusor responses to prostaglandin E2 and bladder outlet obstruction in wild-type and Ep1 receptor knockout mice. J Urol 2004; 172:1166-70. [PMID: 15311063 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000134186.58854.2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostaglandins (PGs) are suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of different bladder disorders and it has been demonstrated that cyclooxygenase-2 expression is increased as a consequence of bladder outflow obstruction. We investigated whether the PGE2 receptor EP1 is involved in the regulation of normal micturition, the response to intravesical PGE2 administration, and the development of bladder hypertrophy and overactivity due to bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). MATERIALS AND METHODS Moderate BOO was created in EP1 receptor knockout (EP1KO) mice and their WT counterparts. After 1 week cystometry was performed in conscious animals before and after PGE2 instillation. Findings were compared to those in unobstructed control animals. Bladder wet weight was measured to document the degree of hypertrophy after BOO. RESULTS There was no difference between unobstructed EP1KO and WT mice in urodynamic parameters but EP1KO mice did not respond to intravesical PGE2 instillation, while WT mice showed detrusor overactivity. The lack of EP1 receptor did not prevent bladder hypertrophy due to BOO. After BOO WT mice had pronounced detrusor overactivity, while this was negligible in EP1KO mice. CONCLUSIONS The EP1 receptor appears not to be essential for normal micturition or the mediation of bladder hypertrophy due to BOO but it seems to have a role in the development of detrusor overactivity caused by PGE2 and outlet obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Schröder
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Lund University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
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14
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Park JM, Schnermann JB, Briggs JP. Cyclooxygenase-2. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4737-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Khan MA, Thompson CS, Mumtaz FH, Jeremy JY, Morgan RJ, Mikhailidis DP. Role of prostaglandins in the urinary bladder: an update. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1998; 59:415-22. [PMID: 10102388 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-3278(98)90104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge of prostanoids is rapidly increasing. In this review we survey the factors governing the synthesis of prostanoids by the urinary bladder, their role in the maintenance of normal bladder function, the pattern of their secretion in bladder disease and the possible use of prostanoids in the treatment of bladder pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Khan
- Department of Urology and Molecular Pathology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, (University College London), UK
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16
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Park JM, Yang T, Arend LJ, Smart AM, Schnermann JB, Briggs JP. Cyclooxygenase-2 is expressed in bladder during fetal development and stimulated by outlet obstruction. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 273:F538-44. [PMID: 9362331 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.1997.273.4.f538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies were undertaken to assess expression of inducible cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in bladder during fetal development and COX-1 and COX-2 expression after outlet obstruction. Bladder tissue or bladder progenitor tissue was harvested from CD-1 murine embryos at embryonic days 11.5 (E11.5), E14.5, E17.5, E20.5 (newborn), and from adult. Bladder obstruction was created in adult female mice by ligating the urethra, and bladders were harvested after 3-24 h of obstruction. Gene expression was assessed by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. COX-2 was highly expressed at the early stages of bladder development and declined progressively throughout gestation. In adult bladder, both COX-1 and COX-2 were detectable at low levels under basal conditions. An approximately 30-fold increase in COX-2 mRNA was seen after 24 h of obstruction. In contrast, COX-1 did not change with obstruction. COX-2 mRNA levels peaked at 6 h of obstruction. In regional bladder-distention models, COX-2 induction was confined to the area of distention. Bladder outlet obstruction stimulates COX-2 expression dramatically, reactivating a gene that is highly expressed during fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Park
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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Mostwin J, Sanders R, Yang A, Genadry R. Abstracts From the 23rd Annual Meeting of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.1930120402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abelli L, Nappi F, Perretti F, Maggi CA, Manzini S, Giachetti A. Microvascular leakage induced by substance P in rat urinary bladder: involvement of cyclo-oxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid. JOURNAL OF AUTONOMIC PHARMACOLOGY 1992; 12:269-76. [PMID: 1380964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-8673.1992.tb00341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Intravenous administration of substance P (SP) or of the NK1 selective agonist [beta-Ala4, Sar9, Met (O2)11] SP-(4-11) increased vascular permeability in the urinary bladder of urethane-anaesthetized rats, providing evidence for an NK1 receptor-mediated inflammatory response. 2. BW 755C, a dual inhibitor of arachidonate cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase, significantly reduced the plasma extravasation induced by SP, but did not modify the effect of [beta-Ala4, Sar9, Met (O2)11] SP-(4-11). 3. SP-induced microvascular leakage was also inhibited by systemic pretreatment with indomethacin or with the prostaglandin receptor antagonist SC-19220, while it was unaffected by the selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor BW A4C or the leukotriene antagonist FPL 55712. 4. Pretreatment of rats with the mast cell degranulating agent compound 48/80 significantly attenuated the inflammatory effect of SP. Indomethacin administration to 48/80-pretreated animals failed to produce further inhibition. 5. These findings indicate that intravascular SP promotes plasma exudation in rat urinary bladder through an NK1-mediated effect on venular permeability and the release of cyclo-oxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid. The latter effect largely derives from the interaction of the neuropeptide with mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Abelli
- Faculty of Sciences, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Zhang SZ, Fulton AM. Prostaglandin E2 receptor modulation affects tumor cell adhesion to laminin. J Cell Physiol 1991; 149:208-13. [PMID: 1684184 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041490206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that murine mammary adenocarcinoma cells both synthesize prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and have a high affinity receptor for this ligand. Modulation of either PGE synthesis or PGE receptor function changes the metastatic potential of these cells. Because of the importance of laminin and laminin receptors to the metastatic process, we asked whether or not the PGE receptor participates in tumor cell-laminin interactions. As has been reported for many other tumor cells, laminin and the laminin-derived peptide PA22-2, containing the sequence IKVAV, mediate attachment of line 410.4 mammary tumor cells in vitro. We now demonstrate that the attachment of 410.4 cells to laminin or peptide PA22-2 was significantly inhibited by three PGE receptor antagonists, LE0101, SC19220, and sodium meclofenamate. LE0101 was most active, inhibiting tumor cell adhesion in a dose-dependent manner in the absence of nonspecific toxicity. These receptor antagonists had no effect on the PA22-2-mediated attachment of a PGE receptor negative tumor cell line, except at the highest concentration of LE0101 tested. No inhibition of adhesion to Type I collagen was seen. These results indicate that the PGE2 receptor modulates tumor cell adhesion to laminin which may subsequently affect the in vivo process of metastasis.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11H)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide/pharmacology
- Laminin/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Meclofenamic Acid/pharmacology
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptides/metabolism
- Polyphloretin Phosphate/pharmacology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/physiology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- S Z Zhang
- University of Maryland Cancer Center, Baltimore
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