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Wu F, Yang H, Liu Y, Yang X, Xu B, Liu W, Xu Z, Deng Y. Manganese exposure caused reproductive toxicity of male mice involving activation of GnRH secretion in the hypothalamus by prostaglandin E2 receptors EP1 and EP2. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 201:110712. [PMID: 32502905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to manganese (Mn) can cause male reproductive damage and lead to abnormal secretion of sex hormones. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) plays an important role in the neuromodulation of vertebrate reproduction. Astrocytes can indirectly regulate the secretion of GnRH by binding paracrine prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) specifically to the EP1 and EP2 receptors on GnRH neurons. Prior studies assessed the abnormal secretion of GnRH caused by Mn exposure, but the specific mechanism has not been reported in detail. This study investigated the effects of Mn exposure on the reproductive system of male mice to clarify the role of PGE2 in the abnormal secretion of GnRH in the hypothalamus caused by exposure to Mn. Our data demonstrate that antagonizing the EP1 and EP2 receptors of PGE2 can restore abnormal levels of GnRH caused by Mn exposure. Mn exposure causes reduced sperm count and sperm shape deformities. These findings suggest that EP1 and EP2, the receptors of PGE2, may be the key to abnormal GnRH secretion caused by Mn exposure. Antagonizing the PGE2 receptors may reduce reproductive damage caused by Mn exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengdi Wu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China; Department of Medical, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Yang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China; Department of Occupational Diseases, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaofa Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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El Moussawi L, Chakkour M, Kreydiyyeh S. The epinephrine-induced PGE2 reduces Na+/K+ ATPase activity in Caco-2 cells via PKC, NF-κB and NO. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220987. [PMID: 31393950 PMCID: PMC6687175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed previously an epinephrine-induced inhibition of the Na+/K+ ATPase in Caco-2 cells mediated via PGE2. This work is an attempt to further elucidate mediators downstream of PGE2 and involved in the observed inhibitory effect. The activity of the Na+/K+ ATPase was assayed by measuring the amount of inorganic phosphate liberated in presence and absence of ouabain, a specific inhibitor of the enzyme. Changes in the protein expression of the Na+/K+ ATPase were investigated by western blot analysis which revealed a significant decrease in the abundance of the ATPase in plasma membranes. Treating the cells with epinephrine or PGE2 in presence of SC19220, a blocker of EP1 receptors abolished completely the effect of the hormone and the prostaglandin while the effect was maintained unaltered in presence of antagonists to all other receptors. Treatment with calphostin C, PTIO, ODQ or KT5823, respective inhibitors of PKC, NO, soluble guanylate cyclase and PKG, abrogated completely the effect of epinephrine and PGE2, suggesting an involvement of these mediators. A significant inhibition of the ATPase was observed when cells were treated with PMA, an activator of PKC or with 8-Br-cGMP, a cell permeable cGMP analogue. PMA did reduce the protein expression of IκB, as shown by western blot analysis, and its effect on the ATPase was not manifested in presence of an inhibitor of NF-κB while that of SNAP, a nitric oxide donor, was not affected. The results infer that NF-κB is downstream PKC and upstream NO. The data support a pathway in which epinephrine induces the production of PGE2 which binds to EP1 receptors and activates PKC and NF-κB leading to NO synthesis. The latter activates soluble guanylate cyclase resulting in cGMP production and activation of PKG which through direct or indirect phosphorylation inhibits the Na+/K+ ATPase by inducing its internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla El Moussawi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamed Chakkour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sawsan Kreydiyyeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- * E-mail:
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Yang HJ, Jiang JH, Yang YT, Yang XD, Guo Z, Qi YP, Zeng FH, Zhang KL, Chen NZ, Xiang BD, Li LQ. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is associated with initiation of hepatocellular carcinoma, while prostaglandin receptor-1 expression predicts survival. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:8798-8805. [PMID: 27818595 PMCID: PMC5075554 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i39.8798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine whether cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E1 receptor (EP1) contribute to disease and whether they help predict prognosis.
METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of 116 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who underwent surgery between 2008 and 2011 at our hospital. Expression of COX-2 and EP1 receptor was examined by immunohistochemistry of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues using polyclonal antibodies. Possible associations between immunohistochemical scores and survival were determined.
RESULTS Factors associated with poor overall survival (OS) were alpha-fetoprotein > 400 ng/mL, tumor size ≥ 5 cm, and high EP1 receptor expression, but not high COX-2 expression. Disease-free survival was not significantly different between patients with low or high levels of COX-2 or EP1. COX-2 immunoreactivity was significantly higher in well-differentiated HCC tissues (Edmondson grade I-II) than in poorly differentiated tissues (Edmondson grade III-IV) (P = 0.003). EP1 receptor immunoreactivity was significantly higher in poorly differentiated tissue than in well-differentiated tissue (P = 0.001).
CONCLUSION COX-2 expression appears to be linked to early HCC events (initiation), while EP1 receptor expression may participate in tumor progression and predict survival.
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Yang G, Dong WH, Hu CL, Mei YA. PGE2 Modulates GABAA Receptors via an EP1 Receptor-Mediated Signaling Pathway. Cell Physiol Biochem 2016; 36:1699-711. [PMID: 26183394 DOI: 10.1159/000430143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS PGE2 is one of the most abundant prostanoids in mammalian tissues, but its effect on neuronal receptors has not been well investigated. This study examines the effect of PGE2 on GABAA receptor currents in rat cerebellar granule neurons. METHODS GABAA currents were recorded using a patch-clamp technique. Cell surface and total protein of GABAA β1/2/3 subunits was carried out by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Upon incubation of neurons with PGE2 (1 μM) for 60 minutes, GABAA currents were significantly potentiated. This PGE2-driven effect could be blocked by PKC or CaMKII inhibitors as well as EP1 receptor antagonist, and mimicked by PMA or EP1 receptor agonist. Furthermore, Western blot data showed that PGE2 did not increase the total expression level of GABAA receptors, but significantly increased surface levels of GABAA β1/2/3 subunits after 1 h of treatment. Consistently, both PKC and CaMKII inhibitors were able to reduce PGE2-induced increases in cell surface expression of GABAA receptors. CONCLUSION Activation of either the PKC or CaMKII pathways by EP1 receptors mediates the PGE2-induced increase in GABAA currents. This suggests that upregulation of postsynaptic GABAA receptors by PGE2 may have profound effects on cerebellar functioning under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Diorio C, Furrer D, Michaud A, Laberge S, Popa I, Jacob S, Provencher L, Hogue JC. Validation of EP1 Antibody Clone for Estrogen Receptor Immunohistochemistry for Breast Cancer. Anticancer Res 2016; 36:435-437. [PMID: 26722078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SP1 Rabbit monoclonal antibody to estrogen receptor (ER) has long been the standard for determination of ER status in breast cancer but has been replaced by the rabbit EP1 clone. AIM To validate the EP1 antibody clone for use in determination of breast cancer ER status in a large clinical population against the previous standard SP1. MATERIALS AND METHODS ER immunohistochemistry was assessed in 523 consecutive cases from a clinical setting using tissue microarrays. RESULTS The kappa statistic showed that the agreement of ER status between SP1 and EP1 was considered to be almost perfect (kappa=0.97, 95% confidence interval=0.94-1.00). Sensitivity was 99.3%, specificity was 98.6% and overall agreement was 99.2%. CONCLUSION The EP1 antibody was herein validated regarding its use in breast cancer with almost perfect agreement with the previously used standard SP1 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Diorio
- Oncology Unit, Quebec University Hospital Research Center - Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada Deschênes-Fabia Breast Diseases Center, Quebec University Hospital Research Center - Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Daniela Furrer
- Oncology Unit, Quebec University Hospital Research Center - Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Annick Michaud
- Oncology Unit, Quebec University Hospital Research Center - Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Laberge
- Deschênes-Fabia Breast Diseases Center, Quebec University Hospital Research Center - Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada Pathology Department, Saint-Sacrement Hospital, Quebec University Hospital Research Center - Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, and Pathology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ion Popa
- Deschênes-Fabia Breast Diseases Center, Quebec University Hospital Research Center - Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada Pathology Department, Saint-Sacrement Hospital, Quebec University Hospital Research Center - Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, and Pathology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Jacob
- Deschênes-Fabia Breast Diseases Center, Quebec University Hospital Research Center - Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada Pathology Department, Saint-Sacrement Hospital, Quebec University Hospital Research Center - Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, and Pathology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Louise Provencher
- Oncology Unit, Quebec University Hospital Research Center - Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada Deschênes-Fabia Breast Diseases Center, Quebec University Hospital Research Center - Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Charles Hogue
- Deschênes-Fabia Breast Diseases Center, Quebec University Hospital Research Center - Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Kiraly AJ, Soliman E, Jenkins A, Van Dross RT. Apigenin inhibits COX-2, PGE2, and EP1 and also initiates terminal differentiation in the epidermis of tumor bearing mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 104:44-53. [PMID: 26802941 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most prevalent cancer in the United States. NMSC overexpresses cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). COX-2 synthesizes prostaglandins such as PGE2 which promote proliferation and tumorigenesis by engaging G-protein-coupled prostaglandin E receptors (EP). Apigenin is a bioflavonoid that blocks mouse skin tumorigenesis induced by the chemical carcinogens, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). However, the effect of apigenin on the COX-2 pathway has not been examined in the DMBA/TPA skin tumor model. In the present study, apigenin decreased tumor multiplicity and incidence in DMBA/TPA-treated SKH-1 mice. Analysis of the non-tumor epidermis revealed that apigenin reduced COX-2, PGE2, EP1, and EP2 synthesis and also increased terminal differentiation. In contrast, apigenin did not inhibit the COX-2 pathway or promote terminal differentiation in the tumors. Since fewer tumors developed in apigenin-treated animals which contained reduced epidermal COX-2 levels, our data suggest that apigenin may avert skin tumor development by blocking COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Kiraly
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Eman Soliman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Audrey Jenkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Rukiyah T Van Dross
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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Zhang M, Feigenson M, Sheu TJ, Awad HA, Schwarz EM, Jonason JH, Loiselle AE, O'Keefe RJ. Loss of the PGE2 receptor EP1 enhances bone acquisition, which protects against age and ovariectomy-induced impairments in bone strength. Bone 2015; 72:92-100. [PMID: 25446888 PMCID: PMC4437532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PGE2 exerts anabolic and catabolic effects on bone through the discrete actions of four prostanoid receptors (EP1-4). We have previously demonstrated that loss EP1 accelerates fracture repair by enhancing bone formation. In the present study we defined the role of EP1 in bone maintenance and homeostasis during aging and in response to ovariectomy. The femur and L4 vertebrae of wild type (WT) and EP1(-/-) mice were examined at 2-months, 6-months, and 1-year of age, and in WT and EP1(-/-) mice following ovariectomy (OVX) or sham surgery. Bone volume fraction, trabecular architecture and mechanical properties were maintained during aging in EP1(-/-) mice to a greater degree than age-matched WT mice. Moreover, significant increases in bone formation rate (BFR) (+60%) and mineral apposition rate (MAR) (+50%) were observed in EP1(-/-), relative to WT, while no change in osteoclast number and osteoclast surface were observed. Following OVX, loss of EP1 was protective against bone loss in both femur and L4 vertebrae, with increased bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) (+32% in femur) and max load at failure (+10% in femur) relative to WT OVX, likely resulting from the increased bone formation rate that was observed in these mice. Taken together these studies identify inhibition of EP1 as a potential therapeutic approach to suppress bone loss in aged or post-menopausal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Zhang
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Marina Feigenson
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Tzong-jen Sheu
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Hani A Awad
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Jennifer H Jonason
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Alayna E Loiselle
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Regis J O'Keefe
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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Lai XJ, Hong WS, Liu F, Zhang YT, Chen SX. Cloning and expression of prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype 1 (ep 1 ) in Bostrichthys sinensis. Fish Physiol Biochem 2014; 40:1281-1288. [PMID: 24566823 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9923-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies suggested that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a putative sex pheromone in Chinese black sleeper Bostrichthys sinensis, a fish species that inhabits intertidal zones and mates and spawns inside a muddy burrow. We found immunoreactivities of PGE2 receptor subtypes (Ep1-3) expressed in the olfactory sac, but only Ep1 presented higher density of immunoreactivity in mature fish than that in immature fish in both sexes. To gain a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism for the detection of PGE2 in the olfactory system, we cloned an ep 1 cDNA from the adult olfactory sac. The open-reading frame of the ep 1 consisted of 1,134-bp nucleotides that encoded a 378-amino acid-long protein with a seven-transmembrane domain, typical for the G protein-coupled receptors superfamily. Expression of ep 1 mRNA was observed in all tissues examined, with higher levels obtained in the olfactory sacs and testes. The expression of ep 1 mRNA in the olfactory sacs and gonads was significantly higher in both sexes of mature fish than in those of immature ones. Taken together, our results suggested that Ep1, which is highly expressed in the olfactory sacs and gonads of mature fish, is important for the control of reproduction and may be involved in PGE2-initiated spawning behavior in B. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jian Lai
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
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Nirmal J, Tyagi P, Chuang YC, Lee WC, Yoshimura N, Huang CC, Rajaganapathy B, Chancellor MB. Functional and molecular characterization of hyposensitive underactive bladder tissue and urine in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102644. [PMID: 25050870 PMCID: PMC4106869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The functional and molecular alterations of nerve growth factor (NGF) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and its receptors were studied in bladder and urine in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methodology/Principal Findings Diabetes mellitus was induced with a single dose of 45 mg/kg STZ Intraperitoneally (i.p) in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Continuous cystometrogram were performed on control rats and STZ treated rats at week 4 or 12 under urethane anesthesia. Bladder was then harvested for histology, expression of EP receptors and NGF by western blotting, PGE2 levels by ELISA, and detection of apoptosis by TUNEL staining. In addition, 4-hr urine was collected from all groups for urine levels of PGE2, and NGF assay. DM induced progressive increase of bladder weight, urine production, intercontraction interval (ICI) and residual urine in a time dependent fashion. Upregulation of Prostaglandin E receptor (EP)1 and EP3 receptors and downregulation of NGF expression, increase in urine NGF and decrease levels of urine PGE2 at week 12 was observed. The decrease in ICI by intravesical instillation of PGE2 was by 51% in control rats and 31.4% in DM group at week 12. Conclusions/Significance DM induced hyposensitive underactive bladder which is characterized by increased inflammatory reaction, apoptosis, urine NGF levels, upregulation of EP1 and EP3 receptors and decreased bladder NGF and urine PGE2. The data suggest that EP3 receptor are potential targets in the treatment of diabetes induced underactive bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayabalan Nirmal
- Department of Urology, Centre for Urology Research Excellence, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Pradeep Tyagi
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yao-Chi Chuang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Wei-Chia Lee
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Naoki Yoshimura
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chao-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bharathi Rajaganapathy
- Department of Urology, Centre for Urology Research Excellence, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Chancellor
- Department of Urology, Centre for Urology Research Excellence, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Michigan, United States of America
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Nagano T, Kimura SH, Takemura M. Prostaglandin E2 induces apoptosis in cultured rat microglia. Brain Res 2014; 1568:1-9. [PMID: 24845544 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays a critical role in the modulation of microglial function including migration and phagocytosis through EP2, which increases intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) concentration. In the present study, we found that PGE2 reduces cell viability in microglia. PGE2 decreased 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction and increased lactate dehydrogenase release, deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage after 24h incubation, suggesting that PGE2 induces apoptosis in these cells. An EP2 agonist, butaprost, and an EP4 agonist, PGE1 alcohol, also induced apoptosis, while an EP1 agonist, 17-phenyl trinor PGE2, or an EP3 agonist, sulprostone, at 10(-6)M did not. On the other hand, EP1-EP4 antagonists, SC-51322, AH6809, L-798106, or GW627368X, up to 10(-5)M did not affect the decrease in MTT reduction by PGE2. Intracellular cyclic AMP accumulation was induced by butaprost, but not 17-phenyl trinor PGE2, sulprostone, or PGE1 alcohol at 10(-6)M. Additionally, we previously reported that PGE2-induced intracellular cyclic AMP accumulation was reversed by AH6809. Besides EP receptors, one of other targets was thought to be prostaglandin transporter, but its inhibitors, bromocresol green or U-46619 up to 10(-5)M did not affect the decrease in MTT reduction by PGE2. These results suggest that PGE2 induces apoptosis in microglia independent of intracellular cyclic AMP concentration, and there are different mechanisms between PGE2-induced apoptosis and the modulation of microglial function.
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MESH Headings
- Alprostadil/analogs & derivatives
- Alprostadil/metabolism
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- DNA Fragmentation
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Microglia/physiology
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nagano
- Department of Pharmacology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya H Kimura
- Department of Pharmacology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Motohiko Takemura
- Department of Pharmacology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
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Santulli P, Borghese B, Noël JC, Fayt I, Anaf V, de Ziegler D, Batteux F, Vaiman D, Chapron C. Hormonal therapy deregulates prostaglandin-endoperoxidase synthase 2 (PTGS2) expression in endometriotic tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:881-90. [PMID: 24423291 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Endometriosis is a common gynecologic condition characterized by an important inflammatory process mediated by the prostaglandin pathway. Oral contraceptives are the treatment of choice for symptomatic endometriotic women. However the effects of oral contraceptives use and prostaglandin pathway in endometriotic women are actually still unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of prostaglandin pathway key genes in endometriotic tissue, affected or not by hormonal therapy, as compared with healthy endometrial tissue. DESIGN This was a comparative laboratory study. SETTING This study was conducted in a tertiary-care university hospital. PATIENTS Seventy-six women, with (n = 46) and without (n = 30) histologically proven endometriosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prostaglandin-endoperoxidase synthase (PTGS)1, PTGS2, prostaglandin E receptor (PTGER)1, PTGER2, PTGER3, and PTGER4 mRNA levels in endometrium of disease-free women and in eutopic and ectopic endometrium of endometriosis-affected women. PTGS2 expression was further investigated by immunohistochemistry, using specific monoclonal antibodies. PTGS2 expression was analyzed at mRNA and protein levels and correlated with taking hormonal treatment. RESULTS PTGS2 expression was significantly increased in eutopic and ectopic endometrium as compared with healthy tissue (induction of 9.6- and 6.3-fold, respectively; P = .001). PTGS2 immunoreactivity increased gradually from normal endometrium to eutopic and ectopic endometrium (h-score of 96.7 ± 55.0, 128.3 ± 66.1, and 226.7 ± 62.6, respectively, P < .001). PTGER2, PTGER3, and PTGER4 expression increased significantly and gradually from normal to eutopic and ectopic endometrium, whereas PTGER1 remained unchanged. Patients under hormonal treatment had a higher PTGS2 expression at transcriptional and protein levels as compared with those without treatment (P = .002 and P = .025, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Prostaglandin pathway is strongly deregulated in eutopic and ectopic endometrium of women suffering from endometriosis for the benefit of an increased PTGS2 expression. We show for the first time that hormonal treatment appears to enhance even more PTGS2 expression. These results contribute to explain why medical treatment could fail to control endometriosis progression.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Case-Control Studies
- Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal/administration & dosage
- Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal/adverse effects
- Cyclooxygenase 1/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 1/metabolism
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Endometriosis/enzymology
- Endometriosis/genetics
- Endometrium/enzymology
- Endometrium/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Humans
- Prostaglandins/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Santulli
- Université Paris Descartes (P.S., B.B., D.d.Z., C.C.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Cochin St Vincent de Paul, Department of Gynecology Obstetrics II and Reproductive Medicine, 75679 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes (P.S., B.B., D.V., C.C.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm, Unité de Recherche U1016, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104), 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes (P.S., F.B.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Équipe d'Accueil 1833 Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, 75679 Paris Cedex 14, France; and Department of Gynecopathology (J-C.N., I.F., V.A.), Erasme University Hospital, Free University of Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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12
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Iizuka Y, Kuwahara A, Karaki SI. Role of PGE2 in the colonic motility: PGE2 generates and enhances spontaneous contractions of longitudinal smooth muscle in the rat colon. J Physiol Sci 2014; 64:85-96. [PMID: 24170253 PMCID: PMC10717406 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-013-0295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine which PGE2 receptors (EP1-4 receptors) influence colonic motility. Mucosa-free longitudinal smooth muscle strips of the rat middle colon spontaneously induced frequent phasic contractions (giant contractions, GCs) in vitro, and the GCs were almost completely abolished by a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, piroxicam, and by an EP3 receptor antagonist, ONO-AE3-240, but enhanced by tetrodotoxin (TTX). In the presence of piroxicam, exogenous PGE2, both ONO-AE-248 (EP3 agonist), and ONO-DI-004 (EP1 agonist) induced GC-like contractions, and increased the frequency and amplitude. These effects of EP receptor agonists were insensitive to TTX and ω-conotoxins. In immunohistochemistry, the EP1 and EP3 receptors were expressed in the longitudinal smooth muscle cells. These results suggest that the endogenous PGE2 spontaneously generates and enhances the frequent phasic contractions directly activating the EP1 and EP3 receptors expressed on longitudinal smooth muscle cells in the rat middle colon.
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MESH Headings
- Alprostadil/analogs & derivatives
- Alprostadil/pharmacology
- Animals
- Colon/drug effects
- Colon/metabolism
- Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Dinoprostone/analogs & derivatives
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gastrointestinal Motility/drug effects
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Piroxicam/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Iizuka
- Laboratory of Physiology, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences/Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526 Japan
- Department of Nutrition, National Hospital Organization Shizuoka Medical Center, 762-1 Nagasawa, Shimizu-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-0915 Japan
| | - Atsukazu Kuwahara
- Laboratory of Physiology, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences/Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526 Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Karaki
- Laboratory of Physiology, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences/Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526 Japan
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13
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Shiraishi N, Nomura T, Tanizaki H, Nakajima S, Narumiya S, Miyachi Y, Tokura Y, Kabashima K. Prostaglandin E2-EP3 axis in fine-tuning excessive skin inflammation by restricting dendritic cell functions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69599. [PMID: 23922752 PMCID: PMC3726673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is produced in the skin and is suggested to play a role in the regulation of cutaneous immune homeostasis and responses. However, the multifaceted functions of PGE2 continue to elude our understanding, especially because of the multiplicity of PGE2 receptors—EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4. While cAMP-elevating EP4 is known to activate the functions of cutaneous dendritic cells (DCs), including Langerhans cells (LCs) and dermal DCs, the role of cAMP-suppressing EP3 in this process remains unknown. Here we demonstrated that an EP3 receptor selective agonist, ONO-AE-248, inhibited chemotaxis and co-stimulatory molecule expressions of DCs in vitro. A suboptimal dose of antigen was sufficient to induce contact hypersensitivity in EP3-deficient mice. Intriguingly, EP3 deficiency did not impair skin inflammation at all when the antigen dose was sufficiently high. EP3 limited the functions of cutaneous DCs only when the antigen dose was low. In contrast to EP4, the observed unappreciated function of EP3 may stabilize the cutaneous DCs to halt the impetuous response to a suboptimal dose of antigen. Taken together, PGE2-EP3 signaling is essential for fine-tuning excessive skin inflammation by restricting DC functions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Flow Cytometry
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Skin/drug effects
- Skin/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Shiraishi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Environmental and Occupational Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tanizaki
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saeko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Miyachi
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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14
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Downey JD, Saleh SA, Bridges TM, Morrison RD, Daniels JS, Lindsley CW, Breyer RM. Development of an in vivo active, dual EP1 and EP3 selective antagonist based on a novel acyl sulfonamide bioisostere. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:37-41. [PMID: 23218714 PMCID: PMC3534858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent preclinical studies demonstrate a role for the prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) subtype 1 (EP1) receptor in mediating, at least in part, the pathophysiology of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. A series of amide and N-acylsulfonamide analogs of a previously described picolinic acid-based human EP1 receptor antagonist (7) were prepared. Each analog had improved selectivity at the mouse EP1 receptor over the mouse thromboxane receptor (TP). A subset of analogs gained affinity for the mouse PGE(2) subtype 3 (EP3) receptor, another potential therapeutic target. One analog (17) possessed equal selectivity for EP1 and EP3, displayed a sufficient in vivo residence time in mice, and lacked the potential for acyl glucuronide formation common to compound 7. Treatment of mice with 17 significantly attenuated the vasopressor activity resulting from an acute infusion of EP1 and EP3 receptor agonists. Compound 17 represents a potentially novel therapeutic in the treatment of hypertension and diabetes mellitus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy
- Half-Life
- Humans
- Hypertension/drug therapy
- Mice
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Pyridines/chemistry
- Pyridines/pharmacokinetics
- Pyridines/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Thromboxane/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Thromboxane/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Sulfonamides/chemistry
- Sulfonamides/pharmacokinetics
- Sulfonamides/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Downey
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sam A. Saleh
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thomas M. Bridges
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ryan D. Morrison
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - J. Scott Daniels
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Richard M. Breyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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15
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Miyata Y, Ohba K, Matsuo T, Watanabe SI, Hayashi T, Sakai H, Kanetake H. Tumor-associated stromal cells expressing E-prostanoid 2 or 3 receptors in prostate cancer: correlation with tumor aggressiveness and outcome by angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Urology 2012; 81:136-42. [PMID: 23149328 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the detailed pathologic roles of prostaglandin E(2) in prostate cancer tissues, the present study investigated the clinical significance and prognostic roles of the density of tumor-associated stromal cells expressing specific receptors for prostaglandin E2, termed "E-prostanoid (EP)1-4 receptors (EP1R-4Rs)." METHODS The expression of each receptor was immunohistochemically examined in 114 formalin-fixed biopsy specimens. Correlations with clinicopathologic features were investigated in these specimens. Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis were measured by the percentage of CD34-stained vessels (microvessel density) and D2-40-stained vessels (lymph vessel density). The relationships between the density of each EPR-stained cells and the microvessel density or lymph vessel density were evaluated in 62 prostate cancer tissues obtained by radical surgery for more detailed analysis in a wider area of prostate cancer tissue. RESULTS The density of tumor-associated cells with EP2R expression was positively associated with the N (P<.001) and M (P=.002) stages. Similarly, EP3R-positive stromal cell density was significantly associated with the N (P=.033) and M (P=.026) stages. The density of EP2R- and EP3R-stained cells correlated with the microvessel density (r=0.42, P<.001) and lymph vessel density (r=0.36, P=.012), respectively. A greater density of EP2R-stained cells was recognized as an independent predictor of progression (hazard ratio 7.26, P=.002) on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION EP2R- and EP3R-stained cells might play important roles in tumor progression, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis in prostate cancer. The density of EP2R-stained stromal cells could offer a useful predictor of biochemical recurrence after radical surgery.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Lymphangiogenesis
- Male
- Multivariate Analysis
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/metabolism
- Neoplasm Staging
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Prostate/cytology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyoshi Miyata
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, and Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.
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16
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Kwok AHY, Wang Y, Leung FC. Molecular characterization of prostaglandin F receptor (FP) and E receptor subtype 1 (EP₁) in zebrafish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 178:216-26. [PMID: 22617193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins E (PGE) and F (PGF) mediate diverse physiological functions via their cell surface receptors - prostaglandin E receptor (EP) subtypes 1, 2, 3 and 4 (EP(1); EP(2); EP(3); EP(4)) and F receptor (FP). In teleost fishes, PGE was implicated in gill epithelium ion transport, while both PGE and PGF were involved in oocyte maturation, follicular rupture and coordination of reproductive behaviors. However, little is known about the mechanisms behind their actions. In present study, we first identified the full-length ORF cDNA clones of three zebrafish prostaglandin E receptor subtype 1 (zEP(1)) isoforms - zEP(1a), zEP(1b) and zEP(1c) - and FP (zFP) from adult ovary. RT-PCR showed that zEP(1a), zEP(1b) and zFP are widely expressed in adult tissues, while zEP(1c) mRNA expression is mainly confined in brain and kidney. Using a pGL3-NFAT-RE luciferase reporter system, both zEP(1a) and zEP(1b) expressed in DF-1 cells were shown to be activated by PGE(2) potently while zEP(1c) and zFP were activated by PGF(2a) effectively, suggesting that the four receptors are functionally coupled to intracellular Ca(2+)-signaling pathway. Furthermore, EP1a and EP1b, but not EP1c were suggested to couple to cAMP-PKA signaling pathway using a pGL3-CRE luciferase reporter assay. Although zEP(1c) might originate as a paralog to zEP(1a) and zEP(1b), its functional coupling to PGF(2α) instead of PGE(2) suggested that zEP(1) isoforms might have sub-functionalized in their ligand binding and G protein coupling specificity, in addition to differential tissue distribution. Characterization of these receptors undoubtedly furthered our understanding on the diverse yet highly target-specific responses of prostaglandins in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy H Y Kwok
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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17
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Arulkumaran S, Kandola MK, Hoffman B, Hanyaloglu AC, Johnson MR, Bennett PR. The roles of prostaglandin EP 1 and 3 receptors in the control of human myometrial contractility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:489-98. [PMID: 22162473 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Prostaglandins are central to the processes of human labor. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) synthesized within the uterus mediates cervical ripening and uterine contractions. PGE receptors, EP1 and EP3, may each mediate contractions, and represent potential therapeutic targets in the management of preterm labor. Studies of the expression and function of EP1 and EP3 in pregnant myometrium are inconsistent. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the relative importance of EP1 and EP3 in human myometrial contractility. DESIGN We studied the expression of EP1 and EP3 in upper- and lower-segment myometrium at term in vivo and the effects of specific inhibitors on contractions in vitro. PATIENTS Myometrial biopsies for both in vivo and in vitro studies were taken at cesarean section at term before or in labor in uncomplicated pregnancies. RESULTS We found no differences in the expression of EP1 or EP3 at mRNA or protein level between the upper and lower segment myometrium and no overall changes associated with the onset of labor. Upon labor, EP1, but not EP3, was found to relocalize to the nucleus. In studies of contractility, we found no differences in spontaneous or PGE(2)-induced contractility between the upper- and lower-segment samples. Spontaneous contractions were inhibited by acetylsalicylic acid and were rescued by PGE(2). Although an EP1 antagonist, ZD6416, had no effect, an EP3 antagonist, L798106, inhibited both spontaneous and PGE(2)-induced contractions. CONCLUSIONS EP3 is the primary receptor subtype that mediates PGE(2) induced contractility in human pregnant myometrium at term and represents a possible therapeutic target.
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MESH Headings
- Biopsy
- Cells, Cultured
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Humans
- Labor, Obstetric/genetics
- Labor, Obstetric/metabolism
- Labor, Obstetric/physiology
- Myometrium/metabolism
- Myometrium/pathology
- Myometrium/physiology
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Trimester, Third/genetics
- Pregnancy Trimester, Third/metabolism
- Prostaglandins/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/physiology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/physiology
- Tissue Distribution
- Uterine Contraction/drug effects
- Uterine Contraction/genetics
- Uterine Contraction/metabolism
- Uterine Contraction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankari Arulkumaran
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK
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Palazzo E, Guida F, Gatta L, Luongo L, Boccella S, Bellini G, Marabese I, de Novellis V, Rossi F, Maione S. EP1 receptor within the ventrolateral periaqueductal grey controls thermonociception and rostral ventromedial medulla cell activity in healthy and neuropathic rat. Mol Pain 2011; 7:82. [PMID: 22023852 PMCID: PMC3250942 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-7-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of prostaglandin EP1 receptor within the ventrolateral periaqueductal grey (VL PAG). The role of VL PAG EP1 receptor in controlling thermonociception and rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) activity in healthy and neuropathic rats was also examined. EP1 receptor was indeed found to be expressed within the VL PAG and co-localized with vesicular GABA transporter. Intra-VL PAG microinjection of ONO-DI-004, a selective EP1 receptor agonist, dose-dependently reduced tail flick latency as well as respectively increasing and decreasing the spontaneous activity of ON and OFF cells. Furthermore, it increased the ON cell burst and OFF cell pause. Intra-VL PAG prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) behaved similarly to ONO-DI-004. The effects of ONO-DI-004 and PGE2 were antagonized by intra-VL PAG L335677, a selective EP1 receptor antagonist. L335677 dose-dependently increased the tail flick latency and ongoing activity of the OFF cells, while reducing the ongoing ON cell activity. It also decreased the ON cell burst and OFF cell pause. In neuropathic rats using spare nerve injury (SNI) of the sciatic nerve model, EP1 receptor expression decreased in the VL PAG. However, ONO-DI-004 and L335677 were able to alter pain responses and ON and OFF cell activity, as they did in healthy animals. Collectively, these data show that within the VL PAG, EP1 receptor has a facilitatory effect on the nociceptive response and consistently affects RVM neuron activity. Thus, the blockade of EP1 receptor in the VL PAG leads to antinociception in neuropathic pain conditions, despite its down-regulation. The expression of EP1 receptor on GABAergic neurons is consistent with an EP1 receptor blockade-induced disinhibition of the antinociceptive descending pathway at VL PAG level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Palazzo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, The Second University of Naples, via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, The Second University of Naples, via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Gatta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, The Second University of Naples, via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Livio Luongo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, The Second University of Naples, via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Boccella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, The Second University of Naples, via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Bellini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, The Second University of Naples, via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ida Marabese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, The Second University of Naples, via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Vito de Novellis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, The Second University of Naples, via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Rossi
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second University of Naples, via De Crecchio 4, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Anrather J, Gallo EF, Kawano T, Orio M, Abe T, Gooden C, Zhou P, Iadecola C. Purinergic signaling induces cyclooxygenase-1-dependent prostanoid synthesis in microglia: roles in the outcome of excitotoxic brain injury. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25916. [PMID: 22022466 PMCID: PMC3195085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenases (COX) are prostanoid synthesizing enzymes constitutively expressed in the brain that contribute to excitotoxic neuronal cell death. While the neurotoxic role of COX-2 is well established and has been linked to prostaglandin E(2) synthesis, the role of COX-1 is not clearly understood. In a model of N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) induced excitotoxicity in the mouse cerebral cortex we found a distinctive temporal profile of COX-1 and COX-2 activation where COX-1, located in microglia, is responsible for the early phase of prostaglandin E(2) synthesis (10 minutes after NMDA), while both COX-1 and COX-2 contribute to the second phase (3-24 hours after NMDA). Microglial COX-1 is strongly activated by ATP but not excitatory neurotransmitters or the Toll-like receptor 4 ligand bacterial lipopolysaccharide. ATP induced microglial COX-1 dependent prostaglandin E(2) synthesis is dependent on P2X7 receptors, extracellular Ca(2+) and cytoplasmic phospholipase A2. NMDA receptor activation induces ATP release from cultured neurons leading to microglial P2X7 receptor activation and COX-1 dependent prostaglandin E(2) synthesis in mixed microglial-neuronal cultures. Pharmacological inhibition of COX-1 has no effect on the cortical lesion produced by NMDA, but counteracts the neuroprotection exerted by inhibition of COX-2 or observed in mice lacking the prostaglandin E(2) receptor type 1. Similarly, the neuroprotection exerted by the prostaglandin E(2) receptor type 2 agonist butaprost is not observed after COX-1 inhibition. P2X7 receptors contribute to NMDA induced prostaglandin E(2) production in vivo and blockage of P2X7 receptors reverses the neuroprotection offered by COX-2 inhibition. These findings suggest that purinergic signaling in microglia triggered by neuronal ATP modulates excitotoxic cortical lesion by regulating COX-1 dependent prostanoid production and unveil a previously unrecognized protective role of microglial COX-1 in excitotoxic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Anrather
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America.
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Suzuki C, Miyamoto C, Furuyashiki T, Narumiya S, Ohinata K. Central PGE2 exhibits anxiolytic-like activity via EP1 and EP4 receptors in a manner dependent on serotonin 5-HT1A, dopamine D1 and GABAA receptors. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:2357-62. [PMID: 21693121 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We found that centrally administered prostaglandin (PG) E(2) exhibited anxiolytic-like activity in the elevated plus-maze and open field test in mice. Agonists selective for EP(1) and EP(4) receptors, among four receptor subtypes for PGE(2), mimicked the anxiolytic-like activity of PGE(2). The anxiolytic-like activity of PGE(2) was blocked by an EP(1) or EP(4) antagonist, as well as in EP(4) but not EP(1) knockout mice. Central activation of either EP(1) or EP(4) receptors resulted in anxiolytic-like activity. The PGE(2)-induced anxiolytic-like activity was inhibited by antagonists for serotonin 5-HT(1A), dopamine D(1) and GABA(A) receptors. Taken together, PGE(2) exhibits anxiolytic-like activity via EP(1) and EP(4) receptors, with downstream involvement of 5-HT(1A), D(1) and GABA(A) receptor systems.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Anxiety Agents/pharmacology
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Benzazepines/pharmacology
- Bicuculline/pharmacology
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/physiology
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Flumazenil/pharmacology
- GABA Modulators/pharmacology
- GABA-A Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neuropsychological Tests
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/metabolism
- Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Suzuki
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto, Japan
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Harding P, LaPointe MC. Prostaglandin E2 increases cardiac fibroblast proliferation and increases cyclin D expression via EP1 receptor. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 84:147-52. [PMID: 21342756 PMCID: PMC3071899 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PGE(2) affects growth of many cell types. Thus, we hypothesized that PGE(2) would stimulate growth of cardiac fibroblasts. To test our hypothesis we used neonatal rat ventricular fibroblasts (NVF). RT-PCR demonstrated the presence of all 4 PGE(2) receptor (EPs) mRNAs in NVF. Using flow cytometry, we found that PGE(2) decreased the percentage of cells in G0/G1 and increased the number of cells in S phase. PGE(2) also increased expression of cyclin D3, a known regulator of the cell cycle and this effect was mimicked by the EP1/EP3 agonist sulprostone. Next, we found that treatment of NVF with PGE(2) increased phosphorylation of p42/44 MAPK and Akt and that PGE(2)-stimulation of cyclin D3 was antagonized with both a MEK inhibitor and a PI3 kinase inhibitor. In conclusion, PGE(2) stimulates cardiac fibroblast proliferation via EP1 and/or EP3, p42/44 MAPK and Akt-regulation of cyclin D3. These results may be relevant to cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Harding
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Carotenoids and retinoic acid derivatives are topically applied for sun-protective and whitening purposes. Fucoxanthin is a carotenoid derived from edible sea algae, but its effect on melanogenesis has not been established. Therefore, we examined the effect of fucoxanthin on melanogenesis. METHODS Inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity, melanin formation in B16 melanoma and skin pigmentation in UVB-irradiated guinea-pigs were evaluated. To elucidate the action of fucoxanthin on melanogenesis, its effect on skin melanogenic mRNA expression was evaluated in UVB-irradiated mice. Fucoxanthin was given topically or orally to mice once a day and UVB irradiation was applied for 14 days. The effect of fucoxanthin on skin melanogenic mRNA expression was evaluated by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. KEY FINDINGS Fucoxanthin inhibited tyrosinase activity, melanogenesis in melanoma and UVB-induced skin pigmentation. Topical application of fucoxanthin (1%) significantly suppressed mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, endothelin receptor A, p75 neurotrophin receptor (NTR), prostaglandin E receptor 1 (EP1), melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) and tyrosinase-related protein 1. The suppression of p75NTR, EP1 and MC1R expressions was observed at 0.01% application. Also, oral application of fucoxanthin (10 mg/kg) significantly suppressed expression of COX-2, p75NTR, EP1 and MC1R. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that fucoxanthin exhibits anti-pigmentary activity by topical or oral application in UVB-induced melanogenesis. This effect of fucoxanthin may be due to suppression of prostaglandin (PG) E(2) synthesis and melanogenic stimulant receptors (neurotrophin, PGE(2) and melanocyte stimulating hormone expression).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Guinea Pigs
- Male
- Melanins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Melanins/genetics
- Melanoma/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Hairless
- Monophenol Monooxygenase/genetics
- Monophenol Monooxygenase/metabolism
- Phaeophyceae/chemistry
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Endothelin/genetics
- Receptors, Endothelin/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Skin/drug effects
- Skin/metabolism
- Skin/radiation effects
- Skin Pigmentation/drug effects
- Skin Pigmentation/radiation effects
- Ultraviolet Rays
- Xanthophylls/pharmacology
- Xanthophylls/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Shimoda
- Research & Development Division, Oryza Oil & Fat Chemical Co. Ltd, Ichinomiya, Aichi 493-8001, Japan.
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Wu CH, Shih YW, Chang CH, Ou TT, Huang CC, Hsu JD, Wang CJ. EP4 upregulation of Ras signaling and feedback regulation of Ras in human colon tissues and cancer cells. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:731-40. [PMID: 20571779 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that COX-2 and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) receptor subtypes are involved in intestinal carcinogenesis and activation of downstream pathways. In this report, we try to understand the association of PGE(2) receptor and K-ras cellular mechanism during the development of colorectal cancer. We collected 21 colorectal cancer patients and compared the protein expression of tumor tissues and normal mucosa tissues by using immunoblot. Furthermore, we transferred empty vector and pcDNA-K-ras into Ras-HT29 colon cancer cells. Result showed that phosphorylation of Akt and EP(1)/EP(4) were over-expressed in the colorectal tumor tissue. K-ras induces HT29 cells proliferation through the expressions of COX-2, EP1/EP4, pAkt, GSK3beta and increases Tcf transcriptional factor activation. Additionally, Ras protein was suppressed when treated with EP(4) inhibitor in Ras-HT29 cell. In cell cycle assay, K-ras mutation causing cell cycle S phase was prolonged with an increase in the G2/M phase ratio. In conclusion, we suggested that Ras overexpression leads to cell proliferation through activating Ras/PI3K/GSK3beta/EP(4) PGE(2) receptor signals and caused a feedback regulation of Ras by EP4 in colorectal tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsun Wu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
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