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Cao SJ, Xu S, Wang HM, Ling Y, Dong J, Xia RD, Sun XH. Nanoparticles: Oral Delivery for Protein and Peptide Drugs. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:190. [PMID: 31111296 PMCID: PMC6527526 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein and peptide drugs have many advantages, such as high bioactivity and specificity, strong solubility, and low toxicity. Therefore, the strategies for improving the bioavailability of protein peptides are reviewed, including chemical modification of nanocarriers, absorption enhancers, and mucous adhesion systems. The status, advantages, and disadvantages of various strategies are systematically analyzed. The systematic and personalized design of various factors affecting the release and absorption of drugs based on nanoparticles is pointed out. It is expected to design a protein peptide oral delivery system that can be applied in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jun Cao
- Pharmacy College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Shuo Xu
- Stomatology College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Hui-Ming Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Yong Ling
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Jiahua Dong
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Rui-Dong Xia
- Pharmacy College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266555, China.
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Ma J, Ma L, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Li K, Chen X. Policosanol fabrication from insect wax and optimization by response surface methodology. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197343. [PMID: 29763430 PMCID: PMC5953464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insect wax is a famous biological resource for the role in economic production in China. Insect wax is a good source of policosanol, which may is a candidate supplement in foodstuff and pharmaceuticals that has important physiological activities. Therefore, this work aims to investigate a high-yield and rapid method for policosanol fabrication from insect wax. Results The conditions for policosanol fabrication were optimized as follows: an oil bath temperature of 112.7°C and reductant dosage of 0.97 g (used for the reduction of 10.00 g of insect wax). The yield of policosanol reached 83.20%, which was 4 times greater than that of existing methods, such as saponification. The total content of policosanol obtained under the optimal conditions reached 87%. In other words, a high yield of policosanol was obtained from insect wax (723.84 mg/g), that was 55 times higher than that generated from beeswax-brown via saponification. The concentrations of metal residues in policosanol were within the limits of the European Union regulations and EFSA stipulation. The LD50 values for oral doses of insect wax and policosanol were both > 5 g/kg. Conclusion Policosanol was fabricated via solvent-free reduction from insect wax using LiAlH4 at a high yield. The fabrication conditions were optimized. Policosanol and insect wax showed high security, which made them potential candidates as supplements in foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The rapid and high-yield method has great potential for commercial manufacturing of policosanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinju Ma
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Liyi Ma
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- * E-mail: (LM); (HZ)
| | - Hong Zhang
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- * E-mail: (LM); (HZ)
| | - Zhongquan Zhang
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Youqiong Wang
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kai Li
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Shaaban M, Ali M, Tala MF, Hamed A, Hassan AZ. Ecological and Phytochemical Studies on Euphorbia retusa (Forssk.) from Egyptian Habitat. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:9143683. [PMID: 29484217 PMCID: PMC5816848 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9143683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study deals with the ecology, phytochemistry, and biological activity investigation of Euphorbia retusa, belonging to Euphorbiaceae family, obtained from Egypt. Ecologically, Euphorbia retusa secretes white sap inhibiting the growth of the other species, so Euphorbia retusa is forming complete patches. Phytochemical study of the plant was visualized intensively based on its extraction with a protic organic solvent, working up and purifying its entire bioactive compounds using a series of different chromatographic techniques. A broad range of diverse compounds were isolated, namely, 1-hexacosanol (1), 3β-hydroxy-24-methylene-9,19-cyclolanostane; 24-methylenecycloartanol (2), 3β-hydroxy-9,19-cyclolanostane; cyclolaudanol (3), 3β,24S-Ergost-5-en-ol (4), and methyllinoleate. Additionally, GC-MS analysis of the unpolar fractions detected the existence of n-dodecane, methyllaurate, 6,10,14-trimethyl-pentadecan-2-one (5), 6,10-dimethyl-undecan-2-one (6), 2-methyl-hexadecanal (7), methylpalmitate, methyl-9,12,15-octadecatrienoate (8), and n-heneicosane (9). A full assignment for compounds 2 and 3 using 1 and 2 DNMR was carried out herein for the first time. The antimicrobial activity of the strain extract and obtained compounds was studied using a panel of pathogenic bacterial strains. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the compounds as well as the crude extract was studied against the human cervix carcinoma cell line (KB-3-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Shaaban
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Division of Pharmaceutical Industries, National Research Centre, El-Behoos St. 33, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Ali
- Plant Ecology and Range Management Department, Desert Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Michel Feussi Tala
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Abdelaaty Hamed
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Amal Zaki Hassan
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Division of Pharmaceutical Industries, National Research Centre, El-Behoos St. 33, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
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Shinbori C, Saito M, Kinoshita Y, Satoh I, Kono T, Hanada T, Nanba E, Adachi K, Suzuki H, Yamada M, Satoh K. N-hexacosanol reverses diabetic induced muscarinic hypercontractility of ileum in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 545:177-84. [PMID: 16872599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy, a major complication of diabetes mellitus, is associated with development of gastrointestinal motility dysfunction and autonomic neuropathy. N-hexacosanol has neurotrophic effects and exhibits a wide variety of biological actions. In this study, we investigated the effects of cyclohexenonic long-chain fatty alcohol (N-hexacosanol) on streptozotocin-diabetic hypercontractility in the rat ileum longitudinal muscles. Treatment with N-hexacosanol did not alter the diabetic status of the animals, i.e., body weight, serum glucose, and serum insulin levels, but significantly restored the thickness of intestine wall and ameliorated diabetes-induced hypercontractility of the rat ileum in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, N-hexacosanol reversed the diabetes-induced upregulation of intestinal muscarinic M(2) and M(3) receptors mRNAs in the streptozotocin-diabetic rats. These results indicate that N-hexacosanol has therapeutic effects on hypercontractility in the diabetic ileum by ameliorating overexpression of muscarinic M(2) and M(3) receptors mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiko Shinbori
- Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 86 Nishimachi, Yonago, 683-8503 Japan
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Suzuki H, Saito M, Kinoshita Y, Satoh I, Kono T, ShinBori C, Anastasios S, Yamada M, Satoh K. Preventive effects of cyclohexenonic long-chain fatty alcohol on diabetic cystopathy in the rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 84:195-201. [PMID: 16900945 DOI: 10.1139/y05-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the preventive effect of n-hexacosanol on diabetes-induced bladder dysfunction in the rat. Diabetes was induced in 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats by administering an injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg, i.p.). The rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (age-matched control rats, diabetic rats without treatment with n-hexacosanol, and diabetic rats treated with n-hexacosanol (2 and 8 mg/kg, i.p. every day)) and maintained for 4 weeks. The serum glucose and serum insulin levels were determined, and the functions of bladder were estimated by voiding behavior, cystometric, and functional studies to carbachol and KCl. Furthermore, we examined possible diabetic induced histological changes in these rats. Treatment with n-hexacosanol did not alter diabetic status including body mass, bladder mass, and serum glucose and serum insulin levels, but significantly improved the maximum contraction pressure of the detrusor and residual urine volume in cystometric studies and Emax values to carbachol in functional studies in a dose-dependent manner. Diabetes induced bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy, which tended to be ameliorated by treatment with n-hexacosanol in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with n-hexacosanol did not alter the diabetic status, but significantly improved diabetic cystopathy in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Suzuki
- Meiji Dairies Corporation, Pharmaceuticals Department, Tokyo, Japan
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Ability of cyclohexenonic long-chain fatty alcohol to reverse diabetes-induced cystopathy in the rat. Eur Urol 2006; 51:479-87; discussion 487-8. [PMID: 16842904 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the ability of 3-(15 hydroxypentadecyl)-2,4,4-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen 1-one (N-hexacosanol), a neurotrophic substance, to reverse diabetes-induced cystopathy in the rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into four age-matched groups. In three of these groups, diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ; 50mg/kg intraperitoneal [IP]). Four weeks after the induction of diabetes, the three groups received another 4 weeks of treatment by vehicle or N-hexacosanol (2 or 8 mg/kg IP every day). The serum glucose and serum insulin levels were determined, and the bladder functions were estimated by voiding behavior studies, cystometric studies, and functional studies using carbachol and KCl. The participation levels of M(2) and M(3) receptors were investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining. Typical hematoxylin-eosin staining was also performed. RESULTS Treatment with N-hexacosanol did not alter the rats' diabetic status, but did significantly improve the diabetes-induced dysfunction of the detrusor in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, N-hexacosanol significantly reversed the upregulation of muscarinic M(2) and M(3) receptor messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in STZ-diabetic rats. Muscarinic M(2) and M(3) receptors were localized in detrusor and urothelium, and there was no difference between any of the groups in the distribution of muscarinic M(2) and M(3) receptors. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that N-hexacosanol has a beneficial effect on hyperreactivity in the diabetic detrusor by ameliorating overexpression of muscarinic M(2) and M(3) receptor mRNAs.
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Saito M, Kinoshita Y, Satoh I, Shinbori C, Kono T, Hanada T, Uemasu J, Suzuki H, Yamada M, Satoh K. N-hexacosanol ameliorates streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat nephropathy. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 544:132-7. [PMID: 16859672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the effects of N-hexacosanol on streptozotocin-induced rat diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes was induced in 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats by administering an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). The rats were divided into four groups and maintained for 8 weeks: control rats, diabetic rats without treatment with N-hexacosanol, and diabetic rats treated with N-hexacosanol (2 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg i.p. every day). Although N-hexacosanol failed to modify the diabetic status, increases in serum creatinine as well as in kidney weight were significantly reduced. The malonaldehyde and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta1) concentrations as well as the protein kinase C (PKC) activities in the diabetic kidney were significantly higher than those of the control, which were decreased by treatment with N-hexacosanol. Histological examinations revealed that N-hexacosanol significantly ameliorated diabetic-induced tubulointerstitial pathological changes. Our data suggest that N-hexacosanol could prevent increases in the malonaldehyde and TGF-beta1 concentrations and PKC activities in the kidney, and ameliorate diabetic-induced nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoaki Saito
- Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 86 Nishimachi, Yonago 683-8503, Japan.
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Kinoshita Y, Saito M, Satoh I, Shomori K, Suzuki H, Yamada M, Kono T, Satoh K. General administration of cyclohexenonic long-chain fatty alcohol ameliorates hyperreactivity of STZ-induced diabetic rat aorta. Life Sci 2006; 78:1508-14. [PMID: 16310809 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy, a major complication of diabetes mellitus, is associated with the development of vascular dysfunction and autonomic neuropathy. We studied the effects of cyclohexenonic long-chain fatty alcohol (FA) on streptozotocin-diabetic hyperreactivity in the rat aorta smooth muscle. The rats were divided randomly into four groups and were maintained for 4 weeks: age-matched control rats, diabetic rats without treatment with FA, and diabetic rats treated with FA (2 and 8 mg/kg, i.p. everyday). The serum glucose and insulin levels were determined, and the contractile responses of the aorta induced by a thromboxane A2 agonist, U46619 and KCl were investigated. Treatment with FA did not alter rats' diabetic status, i.e., body weight, thickness of the aorta, serum glucose levels, and serum insulin levels, but significantly improved the diabetic-induced hyperreactivity of the rat aorta in a dose-dependent manner. Removal of endothelium did not change contractile force between groups. In histological examinations, thinning of smooth muscle bundle in the wall of aorta was observed in the diabetic rat, which was not significantly improved by treatment with FA. Our data indicate that FA can prevent hyperreactivity in the diabetic aorta.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/pathology
- Aorta/physiology
- Aorta/physiopathology
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Cyclohexanones/pharmacology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Fatty Alcohols/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Malondialdehyde/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reference Values
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasodilation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Kinoshita
- Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 86 Nishimachi, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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