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Petruzzella A, Bruand M, Santamaria-Martínez A, Katanayeva N, Reymond L, Wehrle S, Georgeon S, Inel D, van Dalen FJ, Viertl D, Lau K, Pojer F, Schottelius M, Zoete V, Verdoes M, Arber C, Correia BE, Oricchio E. Antibody-peptide conjugates deliver covalent inhibitors blocking oncogenic cathepsins. Nat Chem Biol 2024:10.1038/s41589-024-01627-z. [PMID: 38811854 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-024-01627-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are a family of proteases that are relevant therapeutic targets for the treatment of different cancers and other diseases. However, no clinically approved drugs for these proteins exist, as their systemic inhibition can induce deleterious side effects. To address this problem, we developed a modular antibody-based platform for targeted drug delivery by conjugating non-natural peptide inhibitors (NNPIs) to antibodies. NNPIs were functionalized with reactive warheads for covalent inhibition, optimized with deep saturation mutagenesis and conjugated to antibodies to enable cell-type-specific delivery. Our antibody-peptide inhibitor conjugates specifically blocked the activity of cathepsins in different cancer cells, as well as osteoclasts, and showed therapeutic efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Overall, our approach allows for the rapid design of selective cathepsin inhibitors and can be generalized to inhibit a broad class of proteases in cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Petruzzella
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marine Bruand
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Albert Santamaria-Martínez
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natalya Katanayeva
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luc Reymond
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Wehrle
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Georgeon
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Damla Inel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Floris J van Dalen
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Chemical Immunology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David Viertl
- Translational Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging and of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- In Vivo Imaging Facility, Department of Research and Training, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kelvin Lau
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florence Pojer
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Margret Schottelius
- Translational Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging and of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- AGORA Pôle de Recherche sur le Cancer, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Chemical Immunology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Arber
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno E Correia
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Elisa Oricchio
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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2
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Kim MJ, Kim S, Reinheckel T, Krainc D. Inhibition of cysteine protease cathepsin L increases the level and activity of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e169594. [PMID: 38329128 PMCID: PMC10967467 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.169594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The glucocerebrosidase (GCase) encoded by the GBA1 gene hydrolyzes glucosylceramide (GluCer) to ceramide and glucose in lysosomes. Homozygous or compound heterozygous GBA1 mutations cause the lysosomal storage disease Gaucher disease (GD) due to severe loss of GCase activity. Loss-of-function variants in the GBA1 gene are also the most common genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Restoring lysosomal GCase activity represents an important therapeutic approach for GBA1-associated diseases. We hypothesized that increasing the stability of lysosomal GCase protein could correct deficient GCase activity in these conditions. However, it remains unknown how GCase stability is regulated in the lysosome. We found that cathepsin L, a lysosomal cysteine protease, cleaves GCase and regulates its stability. In support of these data, GCase protein was elevated in the brain of cathepsin L-KO mice. Chemical inhibition of cathepsin L increased both GCase levels and activity in fibroblasts from patients with GD. Importantly, inhibition of cathepsin L in dopaminergic neurons from a patient GBA1-PD led to increased GCase levels and activity as well as reduced phosphorylated α-synuclein. These results suggest that targeting cathepsin L-mediated GCase degradation represents a potential therapeutic strategy for GCase deficiency in PD and related disorders that exhibit decreased GCase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Jong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Soojin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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3
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Novel cleavage sites identified in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein reveal mechanism for cathepsin L-facilitated viral infection and treatment strategies. Cell Discov 2022; 8:53. [PMID: 35668062 PMCID: PMC9167920 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spike (S) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an important target for vaccine and drug development. However, the rapid emergence of variant strains with mutated S proteins has rendered many treatments ineffective. Cleavage of the S protein by host proteases is essential for viral infection. Here, we discovered that the S protein contains two previously unidentified Cathepsin L (CTSL) cleavage sites (CS-1 and CS-2). Both sites are highly conserved among all known SARS-CoV-2 variants. Our structural studies revealed that CTSL cleavage promoted S to adopt receptor-binding domain (RBD) “up” activated conformations, facilitating receptor-binding and membrane fusion. We confirmed that CTSL cleavage is essential during infection of all emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants (including the recently emerged Omicron variant) by pseudovirus (PsV) infection experiment. Furthermore, we found CTSL-specific inhibitors not only blocked infection of PsV/live virus in cells but also reduced live virus infection of ex vivo lung tissues of both human donors and human ACE2-transgenic mice. Finally, we showed that two CTSL-specific inhibitors exhibited excellent In vivo effects to prevent live virus infection in human ACE2-transgenic mice. Our work demonstrated that inhibition of CTSL cleavage of SARS-CoV-2 S protein is a promising approach for the development of future mutation-resistant therapy.
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Alfarouk KO, AlHoufie STS, Ahmed SBM, Shabana M, Ahmed A, Alqahtani SS, Alqahtani AS, Alqahtani AM, Ramadan AM, Ahmed ME, Ali HS, Bashir A, Devesa J, Cardone RA, Ibrahim ME, Schwartz L, Reshkin SJ. Pathogenesis and Management of COVID-19. J Xenobiot 2021; 11:77-93. [PMID: 34063739 PMCID: PMC8163157 DOI: 10.3390/jox11020006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, occurring due to SARS-COV-2 infection, is the most recent pandemic disease that has led to three million deaths at the time of writing. A great deal of effort has been directed towards altering the virus trajectory and/or managing the interactions of the virus with its subsequent targets in the human body; these interactions can lead to a chain reaction-like state manifested by a cytokine storm and progress to multiple organ failure. During cytokine storms the ratio of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory mediators is generally increased, which contributes to the instigation of hyper-inflammation and confers advantages to the virus. Because cytokine expression patterns fluctuate from one person to another and even within the same person from one time to another, we suggest a road map of COVID-19 management using an individual approach instead of focusing on the blockbuster process (one treatment for most people, if not all). Here, we highlight the biology of the virus, study the interaction between the virus and humans, and present potential pharmacological and non-pharmacological modulators that might contribute to the global war against SARS-COV-2. We suggest an algorithmic roadmap to manage COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid O. Alfarouk
- Hala Alfarouk Cancer Center, Department of Evolutionary Pharmacology and Tumor Metabolism, Khartoum 11123, Sudan;
- Research Center, Zamzam University College, Khartoum 11123, Sudan;
| | - Sari T. S. AlHoufie
- Medical Laboratories Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Samrein B. M. Ahmed
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Mona Shabana
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Department of Oesphogastric and General Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK;
| | - Saad S. Alqahtani
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ali S. Alqahtani
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 66446, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ali M. Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - AbdelRahman M. Ramadan
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Ibn Sina National College, Jeddah 22421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed E. Ahmed
- Research Center, Zamzam University College, Khartoum 11123, Sudan;
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Al-Neelain University, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
| | - Heyam S. Ali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, P. O. Box 321, Khartoum 11111, Sudan;
| | - Adil Bashir
- Hala Alfarouk Cancer Center, Department of Evolutionary Pharmacology and Tumor Metabolism, Khartoum 11123, Sudan;
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan;
| | - Jesus Devesa
- Scientific Direction, Foltra Medical Centre, 15886 Teo, Spain;
| | - Rosa A. Cardone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (R.A.C.); (S.J.R.)
| | - Muntaser E. Ibrahim
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan;
| | | | - Stephan J. Reshkin
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (R.A.C.); (S.J.R.)
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Yang X, Jiang W, Huang M, Dai Y, Li B, Wang X, Yu Y, Shen T, Wu C, Zhu Q. Intracellular complement activation in podocytes aggravates immune kidney injury in trichloroethylene-sensitized mice. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 45:681-693. [PMID: 33132242 DOI: 10.2131/jts.45.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) as a common organic solvent in industrial production can cause occupational medicamentosa-like dermatitis (OMDT) in some exposed workers. In addition to systemic skin damage, OMDT is also accompanied by severe kidney injury. Our previous studies show that complement (C) plays an important role in immune kidney injury caused by TCE. Specifically, C3 is mainly deposited on glomeruli. Recent studies have found that intracellular complement can be activated by cathepsin L (CTSL) and exert a series of biological effects. The purpose of this study was to explore where C3 on glomeruli comes from and what role it plays. A BALB/c mouse model of skin sensitization induced by TCE in the presence or absence of CTSL inhibitor (CTSLi,10 mg/kg). In TCE sensitization-positive mice, C3 was mainly expressed on podocytes and the expression of CTSL significantly increased in podocytes. Kidney function test and related indicators showed abnormal glomerular filtration and transmission electron microscopy revealed ultrastructure damage to podocytes. These lesions were alleviated in TCE/CTSLi positive mice. These results provide the first evidence that in TCE-induced immune kidney injury, intracellular complement in podocytes can be over-activated by CTSL and aggravates podocytes injury, thereby damaging glomerular filtration function. Intracellular complement activation and cathepsin L in podocytes may be a potential target for treating immune kidney injury induced by TCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yang
- Anhui Cancer Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China.,Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Meng Huang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Yuying Dai
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Bodong Li
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Yun Yu
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Tong Shen
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Changhao Wu
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, FHMS, University of Surrey, UK
| | - Qixing Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, China
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Tabish TA, Pranjol MZI, Whatmore JL, Zhang S. Status and Future Directions of Anti-metastatic Cancer Nanomedicines for the Inhibition of Cathepsin L. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2020.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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7
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Dana D, Pathak SK. A Review of Small Molecule Inhibitors and Functional Probes of Human Cathepsin L. Molecules 2020; 25:E698. [PMID: 32041276 PMCID: PMC7038230 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cathepsin L belongs to the cathepsin family of proteolytic enzymes with primarily an endopeptidase activity. Although its primary functions were originally thought to be only of a housekeeping enzyme that degraded intracellular and endocytosed proteins in lysosome, numerous recent studies suggest that it plays many critical and specific roles in diverse cellular settings. Not surprisingly, the dysregulated function of cathepsin L has manifested itself in several human diseases, making it an attractive target for drug development. Unfortunately, several redundant and isoform-specific functions have recently emerged, adding complexities to the drug discovery process. To address this, a series of chemical biology tools have been developed that helped define cathepsin L biology with exquisite precision in specific cellular contexts. This review elaborates on the recently developed small molecule inhibitors and probes of human cathepsin L, outlining their mechanisms of action, and describing their potential utilities in dissecting unknown function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Dana
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Queens College of The City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sanjai K. Pathak
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Queens College of The City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Sudhan DR, Pampo C, Rice L, Siemann DW. Cathepsin L inactivation leads to multimodal inhibition of prostate cancer cell dissemination in a preclinical bone metastasis model. Int J Cancer 2016; 138:2665-77. [PMID: 26757413 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that approximately 90% of patients with advanced prostate cancer develop bone metastases; an occurrence that results in a substantial reduction in the quality of life and a drastic worsening of prognosis. The development of novel therapeutic strategies that impair the metastatic process and associated skeletal adversities is therefore critical to improving prostate cancer patient survival. Recognition of the importance of Cathepsin L (CTSL) to metastatic dissemination of cancer cells has led to the development of several CTSL inhibition strategies. The present investigation employed intra-cardiac injection of human PC-3ML prostate cancer cells into nude mice to examine tumor cell dissemination in a preclinical bone metastasis model. CTSL knockdown confirmed the validity of targeting this protease and subsequent intervention studies with the small molecule CTSL inhibitor KGP94 resulted in a significant reduction in metastatic tumor burden in the bone and an improvement in overall survival. CTSL inhibition by KGP94 also led to a significant impairment of tumor initiated angiogenesis. Furthermore, KGP94 treatment decreased osteoclast formation and bone resorptive function, thus, perturbing the reciprocal interactions between tumor cells and osteoclasts within the bone microenvironment which typically result in bone loss and aggressive growth of metastases. These functional effects were accompanied by a significant downregulation of NFκB signaling activity and expression of osteoclastogenesis related NFκB target genes. Collectively, these data indicate that the CTSL inhibitor KGP94 has the potential to alleviate metastatic disease progression and associated skeletal morbidities and hence may have utility in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya R Sudhan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL
| | - Christine Pampo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL
| | - Lori Rice
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL
| | - Dietmar W Siemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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9
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Burton LJ, Smith BA, Smith BN, Loyd Q, Nagappan P, McKeithen D, Wilder CL, Platt MO, Hudson T, Odero-Marah VA. Muscadine grape skin extract can antagonize Snail-cathepsin L-mediated invasion, migration and osteoclastogenesis in prostate and breast cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:1019-27. [PMID: 26069256 PMCID: PMC4643647 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop new and effective chemopreventive agents against bone metastasis, we assessed the effects of muscadine grape skin extract (MSKE), whose main bioactive component is anthocyanin, on bone turnover, using prostate and breast cancer cell models overexpressing Snail transcription factor. MSKE has been shown previously to promote apoptosis in prostate cancer cells without affecting normal prostate epithelial cells. Snail is overexpressed in prostate and breast cancer, and is associated with increased invasion, migration and bone turnover/osteoclastogenesis. Cathepsin L (CatL) is a cysteine cathepsin protease that is overexpressed in cancer and involved in bone turnover. Snail overexpression in prostate (LNCaP, ARCaP-E) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cells led to increased CatL expression/activity and phosphorylated STAT-3 (pSTAT-3), compared to Neo vector controls, while the reverse was observed in C4-2 (the aggressive subline of LNCaP) cells with Snail knockdown. Moreover, CatL expression was higher in prostate and breast tumor tissue compared to normal tissue. MSKE decreased Snail and pSTAT3 expression, and abrogated Snail-mediated CatL activity, migration and invasion. Additionally, Snail overexpression promoted osteoclastogenesis, which was significantly inhibited by the MSKE as effectively as Z-FY-CHO, a CatL-specific inhibitor, or osteoprotegerin, a receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) antagonist. Overall, these novel findings suggest that Snail regulation of CatL may occur via STAT-3 signaling and can be antagonized by MSKE, leading to decreased cell invasion, migration and bone turnover. Therefore, inhibition using a natural product such as MSKE could potentially be a promising bioactive compound for bone metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza J Burton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA and Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20060, USA
| | - Basil A Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA and Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20060, USA
| | - Bethany N Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA and Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20060, USA
| | - Quentin Loyd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA and Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20060, USA
| | - Peri Nagappan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA and Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20060, USA
| | - Danielle McKeithen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA and Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20060, USA
| | - Catera L Wilder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA and
| | - Manu O Platt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA and
| | - Tamaro Hudson
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20060, USA
| | - Valerie A Odero-Marah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA and Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20060, USA
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10
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Wang H, Sang N, Zhang C, Raghupathi R, Tanzi RE, Saunders A. Cathepsin L Mediates the Degradation of Novel APP C-Terminal Fragments. Biochemistry 2015; 54:2806-16. [PMID: 25910068 PMCID: PMC4521409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ), a peptide generated from proteolytic processing of its precursor, amyloid precursor protein (APP). Canonical APP proteolysis occurs via α-, β-, and γ-secretases. APP is also actively degraded by protein degradation systems. By pharmacologically inhibiting protein degradation with ALLN, we observed an accumulation of several novel APP C-terminal fragments (CTFs). The two major novel CTFs migrated around 15 and 25 kDa and can be observed across multiple cell types. The process was independent of cytotoxicity or protein synthesis. We further determine that the accumulation of the novel CTFs is not mediated by proteasome or calpain inhibition, but by cathepsin L inhibition. Moreover, these novel CTFs are not generated by an increased amount of BACE. Here, we name the CTF of 25 kDa as η-CTF (eta-CTF). Our data suggest that under physiological conditions, a subset of APP undergoes alternative processing and the intermediate products, the 15 kDa CTFs, and the η-CTFs aret rapidly degraded and/or processed via the protein degradation machinery, specifically, cathepsin L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhi Wang
- Department of Biology, College of Art and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Nianli Sang
- Department of Biology, College of Art and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Can Zhang
- Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Ramesh Raghupathi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Aleister Saunders
- Department of Biology, College of Art and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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11
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Steenhuis P, Froemming J, Reinheckel T, Storch S. Proteolytic cleavage of the disease-related lysosomal membrane glycoprotein CLN7. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1822:1617-28. [PMID: 22668694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CLN7 is a polytopic lysosomal membrane glycoprotein of unknown function and is deficient in variant late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Here we show that full-length CLN7 is proteolytically cleaved twice, once proximal to the used N-glycosylation sites in lumenal loop L9 and once distal to these sites. Cleavage occurs by cysteine proteases in acidic compartments and disruption of lysosomal targeting of CLN7 results in inhibition of proteolytic cleavage. The apparent molecular masses of the CLN7 fragments suggest that both cleavage sites are located within lumenal loop L9. The known disease-causing mutations, p.T294K and p.P412L, localized in lumenal loops L7 and L9, respectively, did not interfere with correct lysosomal targeting of CLN7 but enhanced its proteolytic cleavage in lysosomes. Incubation of cells with selective cysteine protease inhibitors and expression of CLN7 in gene-targeted mouse embryonic fibroblasts revealed that cathepsin L is required for one of the two proteolytic cleavage events. Our findings suggest that CLN7 is inactivated by proteolytic cleavage and that enhanced CLN7 proteolysis caused by missense mutations in selected luminal loops is associated with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Steenhuis
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Savalas LRT, Gasnier B, Damme M, Lübke T, Wrocklage C, Debacker C, Jézégou A, Reinheckel T, Hasilik A, Saftig P, Schröder B. Disrupted in renal carcinoma 2 (DIRC2), a novel transporter of the lysosomal membrane, is proteolytically processed by cathepsin L. Biochem J 2011; 439:113-28. [PMID: 21692750 DOI: 10.1042/bj20110166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
DIRC2 (Disrupted in renal carcinoma 2) has been initially identified as a breakpoint-spanning gene in a chromosomal translocation putatively associated with the development of renal cancer. The DIRC2 protein belongs to the MFS (major facilitator superfamily) and has been previously detected by organellar proteomics as a tentative constituent of lysosomal membranes. In the present study, lysosomal residence of overexpressed as well as endogenous DIRC2 was shown by several approaches. DIRC2 is proteolytically processed into a N-glycosylated N-terminal and a non-glycosylated C-terminal fragment respectively. Proteolytic cleavage occurs in lysosomal compartments and critically depends on the activity of cathepsin L which was found to be indispensable for this process in murine embryonic fibroblasts. The cleavage site within DIRC2 was mapped between amino acid residues 214 and 261 using internal epitope tags, and is presumably located within the tentative fifth intralysosomal loop, assuming the typical MFS topology. Lysosomal targeting of DIRC2 was demonstrated to be mediated by a N-terminal dileucine motif. By disrupting this motif, DIRC2 can be redirected to the plasma membrane. Finally, in a whole-cell electrophysiological assay based on heterologous expression of the targeting mutant at the plasma membrane of Xenopus oocytes, the application of a complex metabolic mixture evokes an outward current associated with the surface expression of full-length DIRC2. Taken together, these data strongly support the idea that DIRC2 is an electrogenic lysosomal metabolite transporter which is subjected to and presumably modulated by limited proteolytic processing.
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13
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Sabidó E, Tarragó T, Giralt E. Using peptidyl aldehydes in activity-based proteomics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3752-5. [PMID: 19477641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The broad inhibitory spectrum of aldehydes and the possibility that amino acid residues modulate their specificity point to the potential of using peptidyl aldehydes as activity-based probes. Here, we establish the potential of peptidyl aldehydes in activity-based proteomics by synthesizing different probes and using them to specifically label a well-known serine protease in an activity-dependent manner. From our results, peptidyl aldehydes emerge as promising activity-based probes that enable multiple enzymatic-class detection by substrate recognition and can be used in diverse activity-based proteomics applications like protein identification and activity profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Sabidó
- Universitat de Barcelona, Departament de Química Orgànica, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Carnevali O, Cionna C, Tosti L, Cerdà J, Gioacchini G. Changes in cathepsin gene expression and relative enzymatic activity during gilthead sea bream oogenesis. Mol Reprod Dev 2008; 75:97-104. [PMID: 17538957 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide evidence on the modulation of lysosomal enzymes in terms of both gene expression and enzymatic activity during follicle maturation. For this purpose three lysosomal enzymes, cathepsins B, D, and L, were studied in relation to yolk formation and degradation, during the main phases of ovarian follicle growth in the pelagophil species, the sea bream Sparus aurata. Specific attention was focused on the gene expression quantification method, on the assay of enzymatic activities, and on the relationship between the proteolytic cleavage of yolk proteins (YPs), cathepsin gene expression and cathepsin activities. For the gene expression study, the cathepsins B-like and L-like mRNAs were isolated and partially or fully characterized, respectively; the sequences were used as design specific primers for the quantification of cathepsin gene expression by real-time PCR, in follicles at different stages of maturation. The enzymatic assays for cathepsins B, D, and L were optimized in terms of specificity, sensitivity and reliability, using specific substrates and inhibitors. In ovulated eggs, the lipovitellin I (LV I) was degraded and the changes in electrophoretic pattern were preceded by an increase in the activity of a cysteine proteinase, cathepsin L, and its mRNA. Cathepsin B did not appear to be involved in YP changes during the final maturation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Carnevali
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Mare, Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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15
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Wille A, Gerber A, Heimburg A, Reisenauer A, Peters C, Saftig P, Reinheckel T, Welte T, Bühling F. Cathepsin L is involved in cathepsin D processing and regulation of apoptosis in A549 human lung epithelial cells. Biol Chem 2005; 385:665-70. [PMID: 15318816 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2004.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins are implicated in a multitude of physiological and pathophysiological processes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the function of cathepsin L (catL) in the proteolytic network of human lung epithelial cells and its role in the regulation of apoptosis. We found that catL-deficient A549 cells as well as lung tissue extracts of catL(-/-) mice express increased amounts of single-chain cathepsin D (catD). Degradation experiments indicate that catL specifically degrades the single-chain isoform of catD. Furthermore, we found that catL-deficient cells showed increased sensitivity to apoptosis. Finally, we demonstrate that the inhibition of catD activity by pepstatin A decreased the number of apoptotic cells in catL-deficient A549 cells after anti-Fas treatment. In conclusion, catL is involved in catD processing and the accumulation of catD isoforms in catL-deficient cells is associated with increased rates of spontaneous and anti-Fas-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Wille
- Institute of Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger-Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg Germany
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16
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Luhr KM, Nordström EK, Löw P, Kristensson K. Cathepsin B and L are involved in degradation of prions in GT1-1 neuronal cells. Neuroreport 2004; 15:1663-7. [PMID: 15232303 DOI: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000134931.81690.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In scrapie-infected cells, the abnormal isoform of the prion protein, PrP(Sc), accumulates in endosomes/lysosomes. In this study, the involvement of two lysosomal proteases, cathepsin B and L, in cellular processing of PrP(Sc) was analyzed in immortalized neuronal gonadotropin-releasing hormone cells (GT1-1) infected with scrapie. Treatment with inhibitors of either cathepsin B or L resulted in accumulation of PrP(Sc). Such an increased accumulation also occurred when the activities of both cathepsins were inhibited using RNA interference. We conclude that cathepsin B and L are involved in the degradation of PrP(Sc) in scrapie-infected GT1-1 cells and that they can compensate for each other's functions. This study shows that specific proteases, abundantly present in neurons, have the capacity to degrade PrP(Sc).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina M Luhr
- Department of Neuroscience B2:5, Retzius väg 8, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Inhibition of the Cysteine Protease Cathepsin K (EC 3.4.22.38). ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(04)39007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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18
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Deaton DN, Kumar S. Cathepsin K Inhibitors: Their Potential as Anti-Osteoporosis Agents. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2004; 42:245-375. [PMID: 15003723 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(04)42006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David N Deaton
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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19
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Burke MA, Hutter D, Reshamwala RP, Knepper JE. Cathepsin L plays an active role in involution of the mouse mammary gland. Dev Dyn 2003; 227:315-22. [PMID: 12815617 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Involution of the mammary gland after weaning occurs in two stages. The first stage is reversible, whereas the second stage is characterized by the irreversible collapse of the alveolar structure. A differential display analysis using cDNAs from tissues obtained at various times after forced weaning of pups identified cathepsin L as up-regulated during early involution. Levels of cathepsin L mRNA were dramatically increased within 24 hr after weaning. Cathepsin L protein detected by immunoblot was also increased during involution, reaching near maximal levels by 36 hr after weaning. In situ immunohistochemistry detected pronounced cathepsin L protein in the cytoplasm and cell periphery. Mice treated with a specific inhibitor of cathepsin L exhibited substantially reduced numbers of apoptotic cells at times up to 72 hr after weaning when compared with untreated animals. The cathepsin L inhibitor did not alter levels of cathepsin L detected in immunoblots or influence molecular weight of the cathepsin L species detected. These data suggest that cathepsin L plays a regulatory role early in the process of mammary gland involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Burke
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, USA
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20
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James IE, Marquis RW, Blake SM, Hwang SM, Gress CJ, Ru Y, Zembryki D, Yamashita DS, McQueney MS, Tomaszek TA, Oh HJ, Gowen M, Veber DF, Lark MW. Potent and selective cathepsin L inhibitors do not inhibit human osteoclast resorption in vitro. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:11507-11. [PMID: 11148212 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010684200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins K and L are related cysteine proteases that have been proposed to play important roles in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. To further examine the putative role of cathepsin L in bone resorption, we have evaluated selective and potent inhibitors of human cathepsin L and cathepsin K in an in vitro assay of human osteoclastic resorption and an in situ assay of osteoclast cathepsin activity. The potent selective cathepsin L inhibitors (K(i) = 0.0099, 0.034, and 0.27 nm) were inactive in both the in situ cytochemical assay (IC(50) > 1 micrometer) and the osteoclast-mediated bone resorption assay (IC(50) > 300 nm). Conversely, the cathepsin K selective inhibitor was potently active in both the cytochemical (IC(50) = 63 nm) and resorption (IC(50) = 71 nm) assays. A recently reported dipeptide aldehyde with activity against cathepsins L (K(i) = 0.052 nm) and K (K(i) = 1.57 nm) was also active in both assays (IC(50) = 110 and 115 nm, respectively) These data confirm that cathepsin K and not cathepsin L is the major protease responsible for human osteoclastic bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E James
- Departments of Bone and Cartilage Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, Protein Biochemistry, and Mechanistic Enzymology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA.
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21
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Phan UT, Arunachalam B, Cresswell P. Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT). Maturation, activity, and mechanism of action. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:25907-14. [PMID: 10852914 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003459200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently identified a gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT), constitutively expressed in antigen-presenting cells, that catalyzes disulfide bond reduction both in vitro and in vivo and is optimally active at acidic pH. GILT is synthesized as a 35-kDa precursor, and following delivery to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-containing compartments (MIICs), is processed to the mature 30-kDa form via cleavage of N- and C-terminal propeptides. The generation of MHC class II epitopes requires both protein denaturation and reduction of intra- and inter-chain disulfide bonds prior to proteolysis. GILT may be important in disulfide bond reduction of proteins delivered to MIICs and consequently in antigen processing. In this report we show that, like its mature form, precursor GILT reduces disulfide bonds with an acidic pH optimum, suggesting that it may also be involved in disulfide bond reduction in the endocytic pathway. We also show that processing of precursor GILT can be mediated by multiple lysosomal proteases and provide evidence that the mechanism of action of GILT resembles that of other thiol oxidoreductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- U T Phan
- Section of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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22
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Lynas JF, Hawthorne SJ, Walker B. Development of peptidyl alpha-keto-beta-aldehydes as new inhibitors of cathepsin L--comparisons of potency and selectivity profiles with cathepsin B. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:1771-3. [PMID: 10937745 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have utilized previously known substrate and inhibitor specificity profiles for the lysosomal cysteine protease, cathepsin L, to design a new series of putative inhibitors of this enzyme, based on di- and tri-peptidyl alpha-keto-beta-aldehydes. Kinetic evaluation of these compounds revealed Z-Phe-Tyr(OBut)-COCHO, with a Ki 0.6 nM, to be the most potent, synthetic reversible inhibitor of cathepsin L reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Lynas
- Division of Biomedicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Northern Ireland, UK.
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23
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Nishizaki Y, Yoshizane C, Toshimori Y, Arai N, Akamatsu S, Hanaya T, Arai S, Ikeda M, Kurimoto M. Disaccharide-trehalose inhibits bone resorption in ovariectomized mice. Nutr Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(00)00155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Yamaguchi K, Yada M, Tsuji T, Hatanaka Y, Goda K, Kobori T. 4-Phenylthiazole derivatives inhibit IL-6 secretion in osteoblastic cells and suppress bone weight loss in ovariectomized mice. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:957-60. [PMID: 10230619 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-phenylthiazole derivatives were synthesized and tested their inhibitory effect on the interleukin-6 secretion stimulated by PTH in osteoblastic cells. SCRC2941-18, 2-amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylthiazole, was found to be the most potent inhibitor in the derivatives. Furthermore, SCRC2941-18 significantly suppressed the bone weight loss in the ovariectomized mice, an osteoporosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamaguchi
- Sagami Chemical Research Center, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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25
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Ando R, Sakaki T, Morinaka Y, Takahashi C, Tamao Y, Yoshii N, Katayama S, Saito K, Tokuyama H, Isaka M, Nakamura E. Cyclopropenone-containing cysteine proteinase inhibitors. Synthesis and enzyme inhibitory activities. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:571-9. [PMID: 10353636 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
By focusing on the amphiphilic properties of cyclopropenone (e.g. a good electrophile and a precursor for a stable 2pi-aromatic hydroxycyclopropenium cation), a new class of cysteine proteinase inhibitors containing a cyclopropenone moiety was designed. For the purpose of the present research, we needed to devise a new method to introduce a peptide-related moiety as a substituent on the cyclopropenone residue. We investigated the reaction of metalated cyclopropenone acetal derivatives (2, R2 = metal) with N-protected alpha-aminoaldehydes 4 to obtain the adduct 5, and succeeded in the preparation of highly potentiated cysteine proteinase inhibitors 8 after several steps transformations. They showed strong inhibitory activities only to cysteine proteinases such as calpain, papain, cathepsin B, and cathepsin L and not to serine (e.g. thrombin and cathepsin G) and aspartic proteinases (e.g. cathepsin D). Kinetic studies indicated that they are competitive inhibitors, and by the examinations of their inhibitory mechanism it became clear that they are reversible inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ando
- Pharmaceuticals Laboratory 1, Yokohama Research Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Japan.
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26
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common disorder characterized by reduced bone mineral density, deterioration of the microarchitecture of bone tissue and increased risk of fracture. The aim of treatment of osteoporosis is to maintain and, ideally, to restore bone strength safely. In recent years the role of polypeptide growth factors in bone metabolism has begun to appear. It has been proposed that alterations in the expression or production of growth factor can modulate the proliferation and activity of bone forming cells. In this direction, the role of structurally diverse peptides for the management and diagnosis of osteoporosis has attracted the attention of many investigators. This paper reviews numerous findings concerning the use of polypeptides, hormones, and growth factors, for the management of osteoporosis. Many of the compounds mentioned here are experimental prototypes of new therapeutic classes. Though it is unlikely that some of the compounds may ever be used clinically, development of safe and efficacious agents in each class will define the future course of therapy for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kundu
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
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27
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Millest AJ, Breen SA, Loveday BE, Clarkson PN, Simpson CA, Waterton JC, Johnstone D. Effects of an inhibitor of cathepsin L on bone resorption in thyroparathyroidectomized and ovariectomized rats. Bone 1997; 20:465-71. [PMID: 9145244 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(97)00014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The process of bone resorption by osteoclasts involves the dissolution of mineral salts and enzymatic degradation of the mainly collagenous extracellular matrix. Cysteine proteinases, which can efficiently degrade collagen at acidic pH, have been suggested to play an important role in the bone resorptive process. The cysteine proteinase cathepsin L is secreted by osteoclasts, and inhibitors of this enzyme can prevent bone resorption in vitro. The activity of acetyl-leu-leu-norleucinol (ALLN), a selective inhibitor of cathepsin L, was investigated in two models of bone resorption in vivo. In the first study, the ability of ALLN to inhibit bone resorption was investigated in Ro-13-6298 (arotinoid)-treated thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats. ALLN [100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)] inhibited hypercalcemia by 62.8% acutely (p < 0.001), compared to 94.9% (p < 0.001) inhibition by salmon calcitonin (sCT) (10 IU/kg, subcutaneously). In rats treated for 3 days with ALLN, arotinoid-induced reduction in cortical bone mineral density measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) was inhibited by 86.4% (p < 0.05) in rats treated with ALLN 100 mg/kg, i.p., and by 82% in rats treated with 50 mg/kg, i.p. (p < 0.05). In a second study, the efficacy of ALLN was tested in a longitudinal study in ovariectomized (ovx) rats. Bone loss, measured by pQCT, was unaffected by treatment with ALLN. The bisphosphonate alendronate, however, inhibited bone loss in this model. These data demonstrate the ability of a cathepsin L inhibitor to inhibit bone resorption in arotinoid-treated TPTX rats, a process which may be dependent on the activity of cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinases. In contrast to its effects in TPTX rats, ALLN had no inhibitory activity on bone resorption in ovx rats. It is possible that in chronic bone resorption in ovx rats, the activity of other enzymes such as cathepsins OC-2 or K allows the process of resorption to continue even when cathepsin L is inhibited by ALLN. Further studies are required to determine why the activity of ALLN varies between different animal models. These data indicate that there may be variations in the effects of drugs in different animal models of bone resorption which should be considered when investigating novel antiresorptive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Millest
- Cardiovascular and Musculoskeletal Research Department, ZENECA Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
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28
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Rood JA, Van Horn S, Drake FH, Gowen M, Debouck C. Genomic organization and chromosome localization of the human cathepsin K gene (CTSK). Genomics 1997; 41:169-76. [PMID: 9143491 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.4614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human cathepsin K is a recently described cysteine protease with high sequence homology to cathepsins S and L, members of the papain superfamily of cysteine proteases. Cathepsin K is abundantly and selectively expressed in osteoclasts and may perform a specialized role in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. In the present study, the genomic organization and chromosomal localization of human cathepsin K (HGMW-approved symbol CTSK) were determined. Intron-exon boundaries were identified by PCR on human genomic DNA, and subsequently a P1 genomic clone containing the full-length gene was isolated. Cathepsin K spans approximately 12.1 kb of genomic DNA and is composed of eight exons and seven introns. The genomic organization of cathepsin K is similar to that of cathepsins S and L. The gene was mapped to chromosome 1q21 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Primer walking on the P1 genomic clone identified 1108 bp of 5' flanking sequence and 459 bp of 3' flanking sequence. Ribonuclease protection assay and 5' RACE indicated a single transcriptional start site 49 bp upstream of the initiator Met codon. Analysis of the 5' flanking region indicates that this gene lacks canonical TATA and CAAT boxes and contains multiple potential transcription regulatory sites. The characterization of the cathepsin K gene and its promoter may provide valuable insights not only into its osteoclast-selective expression, but also into the molecular mechanisms responsible for osteoclast activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Rood
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA
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29
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Inui T, Ishibashi O, Inaoka T, Origane Y, Kumegawa M, Kokubo T, Yamamura T. Cathepsin K antisense oligodeoxynucleotide inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:8109-12. [PMID: 9079619 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.13.8109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K is a recently identified cysteine protease which is abundantly and selectively expressed in osteoclasts. To evaluate the contribution of cathepsin K to bone resorption processes, we investigated the effect of cathepsin K antisense phosphothiorate oligodeoxynucleotide (S-ODN) on the bone-resorbing activity of osteoclasts. Rabbit osteoclasts were cultured on dentine slices for 24 h in the presence or absence of antisense S-ODN in a medium containing 100 nM TfxTM-50, polycationic liposome, as a carrier of the S-ODN. Uptake of the S-ODN by osteoclasts was confirmed microscopically using fluorescein-labeled S-ODN. The treatment with antisense significantly decreased the amount of cathepsin K protein in osteoclasts. The antisense inhibited the osteoclastic pit formation in a concentration-dependent fashion. At 10 microM the antisense reduced the total pit number and area and average pit depth by 46, 52, and 30%, respectively. The sense and mismatch S-ODNs, which were used as negative controls, had no effect on either the cathepsin K protein level or the pit formation. A nonspecific cysteine protease inhibitor, E-64, also reduced pit formation in a concentration-dependent manner with maximum reductions at 1 microM of 46, 48, and 35% in the above pit parameters. The inhibitory effect of the antisense almost equal to that of E-64 demonstrates that cathepsin K is a cysteine protease playing a crucial role in osteoclastic bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Inui
- International Research Laboratories, Ciba-Geigy Japan Ltd., 10-66 Miyuki-cho, Takarazuka 665, Japan
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