1
|
Inborn errors of energy metabolism associated with myopathies. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:340849. [PMID: 20589068 PMCID: PMC2877206 DOI: 10.1155/2010/340849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited neuromuscular disorders affect approximately one in 3,500 children. Structural muscular defects are most common; however functional impairment of skeletal and cardiac muscle in both children and adults may be caused by inborn errors of energy metabolism as well. Patients suffering from metabolic myopathies due to compromised energy metabolism may present with exercise intolerance, muscle pain, reversible or progressive muscle weakness, and myoglobinuria. In this review, the physiology of energy metabolism in muscle is described, followed by the presentation of distinct disorders affecting skeletal and cardiac muscle: glycogen storage diseases types III, V, VII, fatty acid oxidation defects, and respiratory chain defects (i.e., mitochondriopathies). The diagnostic work-up and therapeutic options in these disorders are discussed.
Collapse
|
2
|
Tarnopolsky MA, Raha S. Mitochondrial myopathies: diagnosis, exercise intolerance, and treatment options. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 37:2086-93. [PMID: 16331134 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000177341.89478.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial myopathies are caused by genetic mutations that directly influence the functioning of the electron transport chain (ETC). It is estimated that 1 of 8,000 people have pathology inducing mutations affecting mitochondrial function. Diagnosis often requires a multifaceted approach with measurements of serum lactate and pyruvate, urine organic acids, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), muscle histology and ultrastructure, enzymology, genetic analysis, and exercise testing. The ubiquitous distribution of the mitochondria in the human body explains the multiple organ involvement. Exercise intolerance is a common but often an overlooked hallmark of mitochondrial myopathies. The muscle consequences of ETC dysfunction include increased reliance on anaerobic metabolism (lactate generation, phosphocreatine degradation), enhanced free radical production, reduced oxygen extraction and electron flux through ETC, and mitochondrial proliferation or biogenesis (see article by Hood in current issue). Treatments have included antioxidants (vitamin E, alpha lipoic acid), electron donors and acceptors (coenzyme Q10, riboflavin), alternative energy sources (creatine monohydrate), lactate reduction strategies (dichloroacetate) and exercise training. Exercise is a particularly important modality in diagnosis as well as therapy (see article by Taivassalo in current issue). Increased awareness of these disorders by exercise physiologists and sports medicine practitioners should lead to more accurate and more rapid diagnosis and the opportunity for therapy and genetic counseling.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kagawa Y, Cha SH, Hasegawa K, Hamamoto T, Endo H. Regulation of energy metabolism in human cells in aging and diabetes: FoF(1), mtDNA, UCP, and ROS. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 266:662-76. [PMID: 10603304 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in bioenergetics consist of discoveries related to rotational coupling in ATP synthase (FoF(1)), uncoupling proteins (UCP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). As shown in cloned sheep, mammalian genomes are composed of both nuclear DNA (nDNA) and maternal mtDNA. Oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos) varies greatly depending on cellular activities, and is regulated by both gene expression and the electrochemical potential difference of H(+) (Delta muH(+)). The expression of both mtDNA (by mtTFA) and nDNA for oxphos and UCP (by NRFs, etc.) is coordinated by a factor called PGC-1. The Delta muH(+) rotates an axis in FoF(1) that is regulated by inhibitors and ATP-sensitive K(+)-channels. We cultured human rho(o) cells (cells without mtDNA) in synthetic media and elucidated relationships among mtDNA, nDNA, Delta muH(+), UCPs, ROS, and apoptosis. These cells lack oxphos-dependent ROS formation and survive under conditions of high O(2). Cells cultured in the absence of ROS scavengers have proliferated for 40 years. UCPs lower Delta muH(+) and prevent ROS formation and resulting apoptosis. These results were applied to diabetology and gerontology. The pancreatic rho(o) cells did not secrete insulin, and mtDNA mutations caused diabetes, owing to the deficient Delta muH(+). Insulin resistance was closely related to UCPs and other energy regulators. The resulting high-glucose environment caused glycation of proteins and ROS-mediated apoptosis in vascular cells involved in diabetic complications. Telomeres, oxphos, and ROS are determinants in cellular aging. Cell division and ROS shortened telomeres and accelerated aging. In aged cells, Delta muH(+) was reduced by the slow respiration, and this change induced apoptosis. Cybrids made from aged cytoplasts and rho(o) cells showed that both decreased expression of nDNA, and somatic mutations of mtDNA are involved in the slowing of respiration in aged cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Kagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi-ken, 329-0498, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ernster L. Wanderings in bioenergetics with Licio Azzone. Biofactors 1998; 8:173-5, iii. [PMID: 9914815 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520080302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Ernster
- Department of Biochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ernster L. Biochemical methods for diagnosis of mitochondrial cytopathies: introduction and perspectives. Biofactors 1998; 7:213-5. [PMID: 9568250 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520070310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Ernster
- Department of Biochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
ERNSTER L, LUFT R. MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CONTROL: BIOCHEMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND PATHOLOGICAL ASPECTS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 15:95-123. [PMID: 14169404 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-6748-0.50008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
|
7
|
Lee CP. Biochemical studies of isolated mitochondria from normal and diseased tissues. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1271:21-8. [PMID: 7599210 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(95)00005-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Isolated mitochondria have served as useful tools for identifying the site(s) of impairment associated with respiratory chain-linked oxidative phosphorylation at the molecular level. Over the last three decades, a number of diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction have been identified. The literature is large and diverse. This paper presents a brief survey of the current state of knowledge concerning biochemical studies of mitochondrial diseases associated with skeletal muscle, such as mitochondrial myopathies and, with brain injury such as that induced by ischemia/reperfusion. Various mitochondrial preparations and assay conditions are evaluated. The importance of fresh tissue for the isolation of tightly coupled mitochondria and the selection of suitable assay conditions for characterization have been demonstrated. Appropriate methodologies for isolation and characterization of tightly coupled mitochondria from both skeletal muscle and brain are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C P Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yamada EW, Huzel NJ. Distribution of the ATPase inhibitor proteins of mitochondria in mammalian tissues including fibroblasts from a patient with Luft's disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1139:143-7. [PMID: 1535226 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(92)90093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor proteins--the Pullman-Monroy inhibitor (PMI) and the Ca(2+)-binding protein (CaBI)--have a wide distribution, both being present in mitochondria of bovine heart and kidney, rat liver and brain, two mitochondrial populations of rabbit skeletal muscle, and mitochondria from human fibroblasts and the human breast cancer cell line T-47-D. The ratio of CaBI to PMI was highest in heart and skeletal muscle mitochondria. The subsarcolemmal fraction of skeletal muscle had 2.6-times as much CaBI as did the intermyofibrillar. The ratio of CaBI to PMI in the mitochondria of the other normal tissues and fibroblasts was close to 1. In contrast, mitochondria from T-47D cells had 1.5-times as much PMI as CaBI whilst mitochondria from fibroblasts from a patient with Luft's disease showed a virtual lack of PMI. The specific ATPase, ATP-synthetase and succinate dehydrogenase activities of the Luft's mitochondria were, however, in the normal range. The specific ATP synthetase activity of the T-47D cells was significantly higher than normal. We conclude that tissues like heart and skeletal muscle which experience wide fluctuations in intracellular Ca2+ have a greater need for CaBI. Why lack of PMI could lead to 'loose' coupling of oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle of Luft's patients, but not in fibroblasts is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E W Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chretien D, Bourgeron T, Rötig A, Munnich A, Rustin P. The measurement of the rotenone-sensitive NADH cytochrome c reductase activity in mitochondria isolated from minute amount of human skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 173:26-33. [PMID: 2256918 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria isolated from minute amounts (100-500 mg) of human skeletal muscle displayed a very high rotenone-resistant NADH cytochrome c reductase activity. Moreover, compared to succinate cytochrome c reductase activity, a low rate of rotenone-sensitive NADH cytochrome c reductase activity was measured when using standard procedures to disrupt mitochondrial membranes. Only a drastic osmotic shock in distillated water as a mean to disrupt mitochondrial membrane was found to strongly increase the actual rate of the rotenone-sensitive activity. This was accompanied by a decrease in the rotenone-insensitive activity. Using such a simple procedure, the NADH cytochrome c reductase was found 70-80% inhibited by rotenone and roughly equivalent to 70-85% of the activity of the succinate cytochrome c reductase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Chretien
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicap Génétiques de l'Enfant, INSERM U. 12, Hôpital des Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Herpin P, Barré H. Loose-coupled subsarcolemmal mitochondria from muscle Rhomboideus in cold-acclimated piglets. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 92:59-65. [PMID: 2539939 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(89)90313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. Intermyofibrillar (IM) and subsarcolemmal (SM) mitochondria were isolated from rhomboideus (RH) and longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles of cold-acclimated (12 degrees C for 3 weeks) and control (23 degrees C) 8-week-old piglets. 2. Together with measurements of yield of mitochondrial protein and enzyme activities (cytochrome oxydase-CO; creatine kinase--CK), the respiratory rate of isolated mitochondria was followed polarographically in order to determine the respiratory control ratio (RCR) and consequently the tightness of coupling in response to ADP. 3. In control and cold-acclimated piglets, there were more IM than SM (P less than 0.05) and more mitochondria in RH than LD muscle (P less than 0.05). In both muscles, the yield of mitochondria was slightly but not significantly higher after cold acclimation than in controls. 4. In both muscles, IM were tightly coupled and their RCR (congruent to 4.5) were similar in both groups of piglets. RCR values were increased in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA). 5. In controls, SM exhibited lower respiration rates than IM (P less than 0.05) and were slightly coupled (RCR congruent to 2). Cold acclimation increases the loose-coupling of SM (P less than 0.05), especially in RH muscle. No changes appeared in the mitochondrial coupling after the addition of BSA. 6. After cold acclimation, CO and CK activities were increased in IM (P less than 0.05) while only CO activity was increased in SM (P less than 0.05). These results support a coupling defect in SM and therefore confirm mitochondrial respiration results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Herpin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Station de Recherches Procines, Saint-Gilles, l'Hermitage, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Dysfunctioning of human mitochondria is found in a rapidly increasing number of patients. The mitochondrial system for energy transduction is very vulnerable to damage by genetic and environmental factors. A primary mitochondrial disease is caused by a genetic defect in a mitochondrial enzyme or translocator. More than 60 mitochondrial enzyme deficiencies have been reported. Secondary mitochondrial defects are caused by lack of compounds to enable a proper mitochondrial function or by inhibition of that function. This may result from malnutrition, circulatory or hormonal disturbances, viral infection, poisoning, or an extramitochondrial error of metabolism. Once mitochondrial ATP synthesis decreases, secondary mitochondrial lesions may be generated further, due to changes in synthesis and degradation of mitochondrial phospholipids and proteins, to mitochondrial antibody formation following massive degradation, to accumulation of toxic products as excess acyl-CoA, to the depletion of Krebs cycle intermediates, and to the increase of free radical formation and lipid peroxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H R Scholte
- Department of Biochemistry I, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Biogenesis of Mammalian Mitochondria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152515-6.50012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
13
|
Blix AS, Grav HJ, Markussen KA, White RG. Modes of thermal protection in newborn muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus). ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1984; 122:443-53. [PMID: 6524390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1984.tb07532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus), a native of Greenland and the Canadian North West Territories, give birth in late April, and the newborn calves are known to tolerate an ambient temperature (Ta) of -35 degrees C. At birth the calves weigh about 8 kg, increasing in weight with 0.6 kg . day-1 for the first 30 days. With a deep body temperature (DBT) of 39.5 degrees C (range 37.7-41.3 degrees C) the newborn calves are consequently able to maintain a thermogradient of at least 70 degrees C between body core and the environment. The calves use primarily two modes of thermal protection: High metabolic heat production and prime fur insulation. Metabolic rate was about 3.5 W . kg-1 at thermoneutrality in calves aged from 8 h to 7 days. Lower critical temperature at this age was about -7 degrees C and a drop in Ta to -30 degrees C increased metabolism to about 5.3 W . kg-1. Upper critical temperature at age 4-7 days is as low as 20 degrees C, while it in calves aged only 18-24 h appears to be even lower. The calves possess great amounts of brown adipose tissue (BAT) at birth. Mitochondria from the BAT deposits were isolated and found to be in an extremely loose-coupled state with a great capacity for thermogenesis. Skeletal muscle contained very few mitochondria and is hardly employed in aerobic non-shivering thermogenesis. Calves shiver visibly while drying just after birth, but are normally not seen shivering thereafter. The conductance value for the dry pelt of newborn calves averaged 3.2 W . m-2 . 0 degrees C-1 (n = 4). Wetting of the pelt with ice-water at a Ta of 3 degrees C increased conductance to 8.8 W . m-2 . 0 degrees C-1. The conductance of the pelt was also influenced by wind, being 10 W . m-2 . C-1 at a wind-speed of 10 m . sec-1. The legs of the newborn calves are heavily furred and countercurrent circulation is not present, subcutaneous temperature just above the hooves being +29.8 degrees C at Ta of -24 degrees C as compared to 37.5 degrees C on the back. The newborn calves could cope with a Ta of -30 degrees C without apparent problems under experimental conditions, but they suffered hypothermia when exposed to a Ta of -33 degrees C in combination with wind of 10 m . sec-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
|
16
|
Kamieniecka Z, Schmalbruch H. Neuromuscular disorders with abnormal muscle mitochondria. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1980; 65:321-57. [PMID: 6993406 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
17
|
Maeda S. PATHOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTAL RADIATION PANCARDITIS I. Pathol Int 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1980.tb01304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
18
|
Abstract
The mitochondria from the subscapular muscle of naturally cold-stressed 10- to 15-year-old northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) were loosely coupled upon isolation, whereas the mitochondria from the same muscle of warm-acclimated pups of the same age were tightly coupled. Thus, loose-coupled muscle mitochondria might provide an important vehicle for nonshivering thermogenesis in this species.
Collapse
|
19
|
Behrens WA, Himms-Hagen J. Alteration in skeletal muscle mitochondria of cold-acclimated rats: association with enhanced metabolic response to noradrenaline. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1977; 9:41-63. [PMID: 881423 DOI: 10.1007/bf00745042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
20
|
Bonilla E, Schotland DL, Di Mauro S. Luft's disease: an electron cytochemical study. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1977; 58:1-9. [PMID: 833914 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(77)80002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
21
|
|
22
|
|
23
|
Refetoff S, DeGroot LJ, Benard B, DeWind LT. Studies of a sibship with apparent hereditary resistance to the intracellular action of thyroid hormone. Metabolism 1972; 21:723-56. [PMID: 5047916 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(72)90121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
24
|
Hudgson P, Bradley WG, Jenkison M. Familial "mitochondrial" myopathy. A myopathy associated with disordered oxidative metabolism in muscle fibres. 1. Clinical, electrophysiological and pathological findings. J Neurol Sci 1972; 16:343-70. [PMID: 4114165 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(72)90197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
25
|
Afifi AK, Ibrahim MZ, Bergman RA, Haydar NA, Mire J, Bahuth N, Kaylani F. Morphologic features of hypermetabolic mitochondrial disease. A light microscopic, histochemical and electron microscopic study. J Neurol Sci 1972; 15:271-90. [PMID: 5014093 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(72)90070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
26
|
Cassuto Y. Oxidative activities of liver mitochondria from mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibia as a function of temperature. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 39:919-23. [PMID: 5132542 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(71)90115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
27
|
Argus MF, White LE, Bryant GM, Arcos JC, Hoch-Ligeti C. Molecular specificity of the tumorigenic action of ethionine: the inactivity of S-ethylcysteine. Action on respiratory parameters. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KREBSFORSCHUNG 1971; 75:201-8. [PMID: 4256415 DOI: 10.1007/bf00524516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
28
|
|
29
|
Mockel J, Dumont JE. Influence of energy-coupling inhibitors on the respiration of tightly-coupled human skeletal muscle mitochondria. Eur J Clin Invest 1970; 1:32-9. [PMID: 4248504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1970.tb00594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
30
|
Lindberg O, Prusiner SB, Cannon B, Ching TM, Eisenhardt RH. Metabolic control in isolated brown fat cells. Lipids 1970; 5:204-9. [PMID: 4314248 DOI: 10.1007/bf02532470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
31
|
Christiansen EN, Pedersen JI, Grav HJ. Uncoupling and recoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in brown adipose tissue mitochondria. Nature 1969; 222:857-60. [PMID: 5770525 DOI: 10.1038/222857a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
32
|
|
33
|
|
34
|
|
35
|
|
36
|
Jasmin G. Histochemical studies on denervation, chemically induced and hereditary forms of myopathies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1966; 138:186-98. [PMID: 4291233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1966.tb41165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|