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Boffa LC, Walker J, Chen TA, Sterner R, Mariani MR, Allfrey VG. Factors affecting nucleosome structure in transcriptionally active chromatin. Histone acetylation, nascent RNA and inhibitors of RNA synthesis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 194:811-23. [PMID: 1702716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The nucleosomes of transcriptionally active genes can be separated from those of inactive genes by affinity chromatography on organomercury-agarose (Hg-agarose) columns. The basis for this separation is the difference in accessibility of the sulfhydryl groups of histone H3 and certain non-histone proteins in active and inactive chromatin. A new procedure distinguishing between different modes of binding of transcriptionally active nucleosomes to the Hg-agarose column has been applied to study several factors which might influence the binding reaction. Nucleosomes that bind to the column because of salt-labile associations with SH-reactive non-histone proteins, such as the high-mobility-group proteins, HMG-1 and HMG-2, were released by adding 0.5 M NaCl to the eluting buffer. The remaining nucleosomes, in which reactive histone H3 thiol groups can bind covalently to the organomercury, were then displaced from the column by 10 mM dithiothreitol. Both Hg-agarose-bound fractions contain the transcriptionally active DNA sequences of the cell, but inactive nucleosomes, such as those containing alpha-globin DNA, pass through the column. The histones of both Hg-agarose-bound fractions have significantly higher levels of acetylation than do histones of the unbound fraction, but the content of tri- and tetra-acetylated H3 and H4 is significantly higher in the nucleosomes with reactive H3 thiols. The rate of turnover of histone N-acetyl groups is also far greater in the Hg-agarose-bound nucleosomes than in the unbound nucleosomes. Although the overall levels of histone acetylation can be increased significantly by incubating HeLa cells in the presence of the deacetylase inhibitor, 5 mM sodium butyrate, this treatment has little if any effect on the total number of nucleosomes retained on the Hg-agarose column. However, the ability of Hg-agarose chromatography to detect localized changes in chromatin structure is evidenced by an 11-fold increase in the Hg-agarose binding of nucleosomes containing the DNA of the butyrate-inducible alkaline phosphatase gene, compared to the Hg-agarose-bound nucleosomes of control cells. Although nascent RNA chains are present in the Hg-agarose-bound nucleosomes released by dithiothreitol, binding of the SH-reactive nucleosomes to the Hg-agarose column is not dependent on the presence of proteins associated with nascent RNA chains, since binding does not decrease following removal of the nascent transcripts by ribonuclease treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Boffa
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021
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Chen TA, Sterner R, Cozzolino A, Allfrey VG. Reversible and irreversible changes in nucleosome structure along the c-fos and c-myc oncogenes following inhibition of transcription. J Mol Biol 1990; 212:481-93. [PMID: 2325130 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(90)90327-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A new affinity chromatographic procedure for the separation of transcriptionally active nucleosomes has been used to study the changes that take place in chromatin structure along the c-fos and c-myc genes when RNA synthesis is inhibited. Mercury-affinity chromatography separates the sulfhydryl-reactive nucleosomes of transcriptionally active genes from the compactly beaded, non-reactive nucleosomes of transcriptionally inert DNA sequences. The new procedure also discriminates between nucleosomes that have "unfolded" to reveal the previously shielded SH groups of histone H3 and nucleosomes that bind to the mercury column because of their association with thiol-containing non-histone proteins located in the transcription unit. Both classes of Hg-bound nucleosomes contain the c-fos and c-myc sequences, but only when they are being transcribed. We compared the effects of alpha-amanitin and actinomycin D on the transcription of c-fos and c-myc with the effects of each inhibitor on the distribution of the corresponding oncogenic DNA sequences in the chromatographically separated nucleosome fractions. It was found that the inhibition of RNA polymerase II by alpha-amanitin (added at the peaks of c-fos or c-myc expression in serum-stimulated BALB/c 3T3 cells) resulted in a rapid loss of affinity of the oncogene-containing nucleosomes for the mercury column. There was no corresponding effect on the mercury-binding properties of nucleosomes containing 28 S ribosomal gene sequences, which continue to be transcribed by amanitin-resistant RNA polymerase I. Therefore, the binding of the c-fos and c-myc nucleosomes to the mercury column seems to depend upon reversible structural changes associated with their transcription. Surprisingly, there was no corresponding loss of affinity of the c-fos and c-myc nucleosomes for the mercury column when actinomycin D was employed to inhibit RNA synthesis, despite the fact that transcription of both genes had been arrested abruptly. Measurements of [3H]actinomycin D binding show its preferential intercalation into the transcriptionally active nucleosomes. We suggest that the intercalation of actinomycin D into the DNA of active nucleosomes can lock the transcription complex into an "unfolded" but potentially active configuration. This was confirmed by run-off transcription assays showing a restoration of c-fos and c-myc RNA synthesis when actinomycin D was displaced by proflavine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Chen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021
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Abstract
The binding of actinomycin D (actD) to fixed human metaphase chromosomes was studied by using autoradiography with [3H]actD and indirect immunofluorescence with a specific anti-actD antibody. At concentrations of 0.01 and 0.1 micrograms/ml there was a uniform distribution of drug along the chromosomes as observed by both methods. This is the first study to date characterizing actD binding at such low concentrations to human chromosomes. Since actD intercalates into the DNA helix with GC specificity, our observations indicate that detectable differences in base composition along the lengths of human chromosomes are minimal.
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Pompidou A, Rousset S, Macé B, Michel P, Esnous D, Renard N. Chromatin structure and nucleic acid synthesis in human lymphocyte activation by phytohemagglutinin. Exp Cell Res 1984; 150:213-25. [PMID: 6198188 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(84)90716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in chromatin structure were explored as a function of time following phytohemagglutinin (PHA) activation of human lymphocytes. Nuclear refringency (related to chromatin status), ultrastructural changes, and modifications of nucleic acid synthesis were compared. Chromatin dispersion was observed within 20 min of stimulation, with a concomitant increase in [3H]uridine incorporation; both were inhibited by actinomycin D. Recondensation of chromatin had occurred at 60 min when RNA synthesis was still increasing. The early chromatin dispersion thus was a reversible step and one of the most striking cellular events during the first phase of PHA activation. Late chromatin dispersion of blastic cells during the second phase of PHA response (after 24 h) was related to DNA synthesis in mitotic cells. This step was also inhibited by actinomycin D. These results suggest a relationship between the morphological changes in chromatin structure and the induction of RNA and DNA syntheses. The regulation of transcriptional and replicational states of the nucleus is discussed in terms of modifications of chromatin structure, considering PHA-induced calcium and cyclic nucleotide metabolism and interleukin II receptor expression.
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Hanks SK, Gollin SM, Rao PN, Wray W, Hittelman WN. Cell cycle-specific changes in the ultrastructural organization of prematurely condensed chromosomes. Chromosoma 1983; 88:333-42. [PMID: 6653205 DOI: 10.1007/bf00285856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prematurely condensed chromosomes (PCC) of HeLa cells synchronized in different phases of the cell cycle were analyzed by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in the arrangement of the basic 30-nm chromatin fiber within interphase chromosomes associated with progression through the cell cycle. These studies revealed that highly condensed metaphase chromosomes and early G1-PCC consisted of tightly packed looping fibers. Early to mid G1-PCC were more extended and exhibited gyres suggestive of a despiralized chromonema. Further attenuation of PCC during progression through G1 was associated with a gradual transition from packed looping fibers to single extended longitudinal fibers. This process occurs prior to the initiation of DNA synthesis which appears to be localized within single longitudinal fibers. Following replication of a chromosome segment, extended longitudinal fibers were rapidly reorganized into packed looping fiber clusters concomitant with the formation of a multifibered chromosome axis. This results in the characteristic "pulverized" appearance of S-PCC when viewed by light microscopy. Subsequently, adjacent looping fiber domains coalesce, resulting in the uniformly packed, looping fiber arrangement observed in G2-PCC. Spiralization of the chromonema during the G2-mitotic transition results in the formation of highly compact metaphase chromosomes.
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Polet H. The effects of concanavalin A and other agents on protein degradation and migration of non-histone proteins (NHP) to the nucleus in lymphocytes. Exp Cell Res 1983; 148:345-62. [PMID: 6628562 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(83)90158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Concanavalin A (conA) inhibits the degradation of [3H]leucine-labeled cellular proteins of human lymphocytes. The lectin also stimulates the migration of non-histone proteins (NHP) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The increased nuclear level of NHP is associated with increased cellular binding of [3H]actinomycin D [(3H]AD). Decreased protein breakdown and increased migration of NHP are parallel events, i.e. both changes occur as a function of the lectin concentration and display a similar time course, suggesting that these events could be related. Similar effects are observed with fluoride, chloroquine and iodoacetate: these agents simultaneously decrease proteolysis and increase the nuclear level of NHP, associated with increased cellular [3H]AD binding. Fractionation of the acidic NHP according to pH 2.5-6.5 shows that proteins with a high degree of degradation in unstimulated cells correspond to proteins with a high degree of migration in conA-stimulated cells. A similar correlation was observed in fluoride-treated lymphocytes. conA, fluoride and iodoacetate decrease cellular [3H]chloroquine [(3H]CQ) accumulation, indicating a lysosomotropic effect. These and previously reported data suggest, but do not prove that conA inhibits degradation of cellular proteins via the lysosomal pathway. Ammonium chloride, methylamine and sodium azide also inhibit proteolysis and increase cellular [3H]AD binding; however, their effects are weak. On the basis of these observations it appears that lysosomal degradation and migration of NHP to the nucleus are linked; however, the mechanism of the linkage is unknown.
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Polet H, Spieker-Polet H. Role of nuclear proteins on [3H]actinomycin D binding during lymphocyte mitogenesis. Exp Cell Res 1980; 128:419-29. [PMID: 6157551 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(80)90077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Rothstein H, Gordon SR. Studies on corneal endothelial growth and repair. II. increased transcription as detected by incorporation of 3H-uridine and 3H-actinomycin D. Tissue Cell 1980; 12:647-59. [PMID: 6971002 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(80)90019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells from injured frog corneas undergo increased 3H-uridine and 3H-actinomycin D (3H-AMD) incorporation as judged by autoradiography. The increase in 3H-AMD binding occurs when living endothelium is labeled in vitro or when fixed preparations are exposed to the drug. The changes in 3H-AMD incorporation detected by the two methods are comparable (55 and 62% for living and pre-fixed tissue respectively). However, when fixed endothelium is also de-histonized with 2 N HCl, differential binding of 3H-AMD is eliminated. This result suggests that the enhanced incorporation of 3H-AMD into nuclei is at least partly due to a modification in the association of chromosomal proteins with DNA and not entirely to cell permeability changes that may accompany wound repair. This contrasts with observations of cells that are killed outright by the injury. Such cells bind very large amounts of 3H-AMD compared with their living neighbors. Here the difference in incorporation is eliminated by prefixation. Thus, in the dead cells increased binding may be due to a reduction of cell surface permeability barriers which accompanies cell morbidity.
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Preumont AM, Van Gansen P, Brachet J. Cytochemical study of human lymphocytes stimulated by PHA in function of donor age. Mech Ageing Dev 1978; 7:25-32. [PMID: 75332 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(78)90050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The 3H-AM binding reflects the structural changes involved in the cellular differentiation. This parameter was studied during blastic transformation of human lymphocytes, in relation to the age of the donor. Although they are individual variations, the 3H-AM binding is higher in the young group than in the aged subjects, as well as the blast transformation score. These results indicate that the weak lymphocyte response to the mitogen lectine (PHA) stimulation could be related to some age-induced structural alterations of the chromatin, resulting in an irreversible blockage in G1, at least in some of the T lymphocytes.
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Briggs RC, Wainwright N, Rothstein H. Biochemical events associated with healing of a chemical injury in the rabbit lens. Exp Eye Res 1977; 24:523-9. [PMID: 862684 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4835(77)90273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Phillips WA, Blunck JM. Actinomycin D binding to DNA and chromatin: a colorimetric procedure suitable for the analysis of turbid preparations and for simultaneous processing of several samples. Anal Biochem 1976; 73:321-30. [PMID: 962046 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(76)90177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Panar LC, Nair KK. Cytochemistry of the differentiating flight muscles of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1975; 45:129-41. [PMID: 1194088 DOI: 10.1007/bf00495157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytochemical changes in the metathoracic dorsal longitudinal flight muscle of the female desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, during its differentiation from the last day of the fourth larval instar, through the fifth larval instar up to the eighth day after the imaginal moult were examined with respect to: (1) DNA content, (2) transcriptional activity, (3) degree of chromatin condensation, (4) RNA content, (5) protein content and (6) cross-secetional fibre area. Microspectrophotometric analysis of Feulgen-stained nuclei shows that polyploidization is not a phenomenon associated with the differentiation of these muscles. The nuclei remain diploid throughout the developmental period. By "staining" with 3H-Actinomycin D, followed by autoradiography, the changes in transcriptional activity coincedent with flight muscle development were examined. At the beginning of the developmental period the transcriptional activity is relatively high and remains so up until about the middle of the fifth instar after which time it declines fairly steadily. These changes in transcriptional activity are accompanied by changes in the degree of chromatin condensation. Generally, the periods of high transcriptional activity exhibit less condensation of the chromatin. The originally high transcriptional activity is accompanied by a steady over-all increase in total RNA content during the developmental period; and in turn a large increase in total protein content. The cross-sectional area of the muscle fibres increases significantly during the growth and differentiation of the flight muscles.
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Ingoglia NA, Grafstein B, McEwen BS. Effect of actinomycin-D on labelled material in the retina and optic tectum of goldfish after intraocular injection of tritiated RNA precursors. J Neurochem 1974; 23:681-7. [PMID: 4139241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1974.tb04391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Darzynkiewicz Z, Chelmicka-Szorc E, Arnason BG. Suppressive effect of protease inhibitors on heterokaryons containing chick erythrocyte nuclei. Exp Cell Res 1974; 87:333-45. [PMID: 4472333 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(74)90489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Geuskens M. 3H-actinomycin D binding to DNA localized in ultrathin sections of plastic-embedded biological materials. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1974; 47:179-95. [PMID: 4363512 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(74)80069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Darzynkiewicz Z, Arnason BG. Suppression of RNA synthesis in lymphocytes by inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes. Exp Cell Res 1974; 85:95-104. [PMID: 4545277 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(74)90217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Tubbert MA, Berlowitz L. Chromatin and histones in mealy bug spermatogonia. In situ alteration of template availability in hetero- and euchromatin by a synthetic polyanion. Exp Cell Res 1974; 85:205-11. [PMID: 4827158 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(74)90231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Rocchi A, Gigliani F, de Capoa A, Archidiacono N. Labelling of human chromosomes with 3H-AMD. HUMANGENETIK 1974; 24:297-301. [PMID: 4140838 DOI: 10.1007/bf00297593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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Gledhill BL, Darzynkiewicz Z. Unscheduled synthesis of DNA during mammalian spermatogenesis in response to UV irradiation. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1973; 183:375-82. [PMID: 4697408 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401830311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Auer G, Moore GP, Ringertz NR, Zetterberg A. DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in nuclear chromatin of fixed cells: relationship between dye-binding properties, nuclear protein content and RNA polymerase activity. Exp Cell Res 1973; 76:229-33. [PMID: 4734182 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(73)90440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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26
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Andersson J, Darzynkiewicz Z. Nucleoprotein changes and uridine incorporation in rat thymus lymphocytes. I. Cellular characterization of age-dependent thymus involution. Exp Cell Res 1972; 75:410-6. [PMID: 4644250 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(72)90447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Andersson J, Darzynkiewicz Z. Nucleoprotein changes and uridine incorporation in rat thymocytes. II. Effect of treatment with anti-thymocyte serum in vitro. Exp Cell Res 1972; 75:417-23. [PMID: 4674694 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(72)90448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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28
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Cionini PG, Avanzi S. Pattern of binding of tritiated actinomycin D to Phaseolus coccineus polytene chromosomes. I. Nucleolus organizing chromosomes. Exp Cell Res 1972; 75:154-8. [PMID: 4635875 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(72)90531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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29
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Darzynkiewicz Z, Chelmicka-Szorc E, Arnason BG. UV-induced DNA synthesis in Xeroderma pigmentosum nuclei in heterokaryons. Exp Cell Res 1972; 74:602-6. [PMID: 4343024 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(72)90427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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30
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Bernier R, Iglesias R, Simard R. Detection of DNA by tritiated actinomycin D on ultrathin frozen sections. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1972; 53:798-808. [PMID: 4554990 PMCID: PMC2108779 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.53.3.798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrathin frozen sections of fresh liver tissue were floated on actinomycin D-(3)H. Quantitative high resolution radioautography was performed to determine the value of the method for detection of DNA by electron microscopy. A complete series of control experiments involving various treatments of frozen sections with enzymes (pronase, DNase) and 0.1 N HCl were also carried out to determine the specificity of the labeling. The results indicate the value of the method for detection of DNA directly on ultrathin frozen sections. Short treatments with pronase followed by DNase reduce the labeling to zero, whereas removal of chromosomal proteins with HCl increases the amount of radioactivity in the nucleus considerably. The results are discussed in view of the future applications opened by ultracryotomy, since radioautographic detection of various macromolecules and cellular components by labeled compound with specific affinities will now be possible.
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Abstract
Acridine orange enhances the uptake of [(3)H]actinomycin D in disrupted and intact human lymphocytes, as measured by liquid scintillation and autoradiography. Proflavine, quinacrine, chloroquine, and ethidium bromide are not effective. In mice, acridine orange increases the capacity of actinomycin to reduce spleen weight. Type II acridine binding to DNA may be a prerequisite for actinomycin enhancement.
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Darzynkiewicz Z, Jacobson B. Effect of prednisolone on thymus lymphocytes. II. Studies on 3 H-actinomycin D Binding and RNA polymerase activity of isolate nuclei. Exp Cell Res 1971; 67:49-60. [PMID: 5569203 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(71)90620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Darzynkiewicz Z, Andersson J. Effect of prednisolone on thymus lymphocytes. 1. Autoradiographic studies on 3 H-actinomycin D binding and 3 H-uridine incorporation. Exp Cell Res 1971; 67:39-48. [PMID: 5569202 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(71)90619-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Hirschhorn R, Grossman J, Troll W, Weissmann G. The effect of epsilon amino caproic acid and other inhibitors of proteolysis upon the response of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin. J Clin Invest 1971; 50:1206-17. [PMID: 5578231 PMCID: PMC292050 DOI: 10.1172/jci106598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work has suggested that intracellular proteolysis may play a role in lymphocyte stimulation. An inhibitor of proteolysis, epsilon amino caproic acid (EACA) was studied for its effect on the lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). EACA was found to inhibit several parameters of lymphocyte stimulation (e.g. DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis as well as alterations in morphology) This inhibition was not due to diminished cellular viability and did not permanently impair the capacity of the lymphocyte to subsequently respond to PHA. Additionally, there was no evidence that this inhibition was due to other possible effects of EACA, such as alterations in Na(+) - K(+) transport, competitive amino acid deprivation or interference with PHA binding. Moreover, the inhibitors of proteolysis, tosyl arginine methyl ester (TAME), tosyl lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), and tosyl phenyl-alanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), were also shown to inhibit lymphocyte stimulation.EACA was most effective when added during the first 24 hr of stimulation. Therefore, these experiments support the hypothesis that proteolysis is an essential step in the early phase of lymphocyte activation.
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Sieger M, Garweg G, Schwarzacher HG. Constitutive heterochromatin in Microtus agrestis: binding of actinomycin-D and transcriptional inactivity. Chromosoma 1971; 35:84-98. [PMID: 5116080 DOI: 10.1007/bf00344684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Gordon S, Cohn Z. Macrophage-melanocyte heterokaryons. II. The activation of macrophage DNA synthesis. Studies with inhibitors of RNA synthesis. J Exp Med 1971; 133:321-38. [PMID: 4109113 PMCID: PMC2138902 DOI: 10.1084/jem.133.2.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse peritoneal macrophages, which do not synthesize DNA in vitro, were fused with melanocytes, a mouse cell strain which proliferates rapidly in vitro. DNA synthesis was induced in macrophage nuclei 2-3 hr after fusion and occurred irrespective of the number of macrophage nuclei present per melanocyte nucleus in each heterokaryon. 50-80% of macrophage nuclei initiated DNA synthesis in the 3-7 hr period after fusion. The activation of most 11-12-day chick red cell nuclei in melanocyte cytoplasm took longer than 10 hr. The lag before DNA synthesis may reflect the heterochromatin content of each nucleus. Studies with actinomycin showed that heterokaryon RNA synthesis was essential for subsequent macrophage DNA synthesis. This RNA was synthesized 1-4 hr before the DNA and was unlikely to be ribosomal RNA, since it was insensitive to <0.1 microg/ml actinomycin. Melanocytes and macrophages were treated before fusion with actinomycin and bromotubercidin to bring about a more selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. Macrophages pretreated for 1 hr with 5 microg/ml of actinomycin showed less than 20% of control RNA synthesis in the first 4 hr after fusion, but a normal activation of macrophage DNA synthesis. Pretreatment of melanocytes for 3-7 hr with 5 microg/ml bromotubercidin, a reversible inhibitor of RNA synthesis, prevented macrophage DNA synthesis without affecting macrophage RNA synthesis in the heterokaryons (81% of control). These studies showed that only melanocyte RNA synthesis was essential for the production of macrophage DNA. The exposure of one cell partner to actinomycin before fusion caused cross-toxicity of the untreated nucleus after fusion. Bromotubercidin, an adenosine analogue which is incorporated into RNA, did not give rise to such cross-toxicity after fusion. Once the macrophage nucleus becomes activated in the heterokaryon it becomes less sensitive to the action of actinomycin.
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