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Stassart RM, Gomez-Sanchez JA, Lloyd AC. Schwann Cells as Orchestrators of Nerve Repair: Implications for Tissue Regeneration and Pathologies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041363. [PMID: 38199866 PMCID: PMC11146315 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves exist in a stable state in adulthood providing a rapid bidirectional signaling system to control tissue structure and function. However, following injury, peripheral nerves can regenerate much more effectively than those of the central nervous system (CNS). This multicellular process is coordinated by peripheral glia, in particular Schwann cells, which have multiple roles in stimulating and nurturing the regrowth of damaged axons back to their targets. Aside from the repair of damaged nerves themselves, nerve regenerative processes have been linked to the repair of other tissues and de novo innervation appears important in establishing an environment conducive for the development and spread of tumors. In contrast, defects in these processes are linked to neuropathies, aging, and pain. In this review, we focus on the role of peripheral glia, especially Schwann cells, in multiple aspects of nerve regeneration and discuss how these findings may be relevant for pathologies associated with these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Stassart
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Neuropathology, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Jose A Gomez-Sanchez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante 03010, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias CSIC-UMH, Sant Joan de Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Alison C Lloyd
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Redolfi Riva E, Özkan M, Contreras E, Pawar S, Zinno C, Escarda-Castro E, Kim J, Wieringa P, Stellacci F, Micera S, Navarro X. Beyond the limiting gap length: peripheral nerve regeneration through implantable nerve guidance conduits. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:1371-1404. [PMID: 38363090 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01163a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve damage results in the loss of sensorimotor and autonomic functions, which is a significant burden to patients. Furthermore, nerve injuries greater than the limiting gap length require surgical repair. Although autografts are the preferred clinical choice, their usage is impeded by their limited availability, dimensional mismatch, and the sacrifice of another functional donor nerve. Accordingly, nerve guidance conduits, which are tubular scaffolds engineered to provide a biomimetic environment for nerve regeneration, have emerged as alternatives to autografts. Consequently, a few nerve guidance conduits have received clinical approval for the repair of short-mid nerve gaps but failed to regenerate limiting gap damage, which represents the bottleneck of this technology. Thus, it is still necessary to optimize the morphology and constituent materials of conduits. This review summarizes the recent advances in nerve conduit technology. Several manufacturing techniques and conduit designs are discussed, with emphasis on the structural improvement of simple hollow tubes, additive manufacturing techniques, and decellularized grafts. The main objective of this review is to provide a critical overview of nerve guidance conduit technology to support regeneration in long nerve defects, promote future developments, and speed up its clinical translation as a reliable alternative to autografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Redolfi Riva
- The Biorobotic Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Melis Özkan
- Institute of Materials, école Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neural Engineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, école Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Estefania Contreras
- Integral Service for Laboratory Animals (SIAL), Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Sujeet Pawar
- Institute of Materials, école Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ciro Zinno
- The Biorobotic Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrique Escarda-Castro
- Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaehyeon Kim
- Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Wieringa
- Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- Institute of Materials, école Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvestro Micera
- The Biorobotic Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neural Engineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, école Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Institute Guttmann Foundation, Hospital of Neurorehabilitation, Badalona, Spain
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Hagen KM, Gordon P, Frederick A, Palmer AL, Edalat P, Zonta YR, Scott L, Flancia M, Reid JK, Joel M, Ousman SS. CRYAB plays a role in terminating the presence of pro-inflammatory macrophages in the older, injured mouse peripheral nervous system. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 133:1-15. [PMID: 38381471 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that dysfunction of older Schwann cells and macrophages contributes to poor regeneration of more mature peripheral nervous system (PNS) neurons after damage. Since the underlying molecular factors are largely unknown, we investigated if CRYAB, a small heat shock protein that is expressed by Schwann cells and axons and whose expression declines with age, impacts prominent deficits in the injured, older PNS including down-regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis enzyme genes, Schwann cell dysfunction, and macrophage persistence. Following sciatic nerve transection injury in 3- and 12-month-old wildtype and CRYAB knockout mice, we found by bulk RNA sequencing and RT-PCR, that while gene expression of cholesterol biosynthesis enzymes is markedly dysregulated in the aging, injured PNS, CRYAB is not involved. However, immunohistochemical staining of crushed sciatic nerves revealed that more macrophages of the pro-inflammatory but not immunosuppressive phenotype persisted in damaged 12-month-old knockout nerves. These pro-inflammatory macrophages were more efficient at engulfing myelin debris. CRYAB thus appears to play a role in resolving pro-inflammatory macrophage responses after damage to the older PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Margaret Hagen
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Gordon
- Cumming School of Medicine Centre for Health Genomics and Informatics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ariana Frederick
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alexandra Louise Palmer
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pariya Edalat
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yohan Ricci Zonta
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lucas Scott
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Melissa Flancia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Kelsey Reid
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew Joel
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shalina Sheryl Ousman
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Zhang H, Zhang Z, Lin H. Research progress on the reduced neural repair ability of aging Schwann cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1228282. [PMID: 37545880 PMCID: PMC10398339 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1228282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is associated with delayed repair of the injured nerves in elderly patients, resulting in loss of nerve function, chronic pain, muscle atrophy, and permanent disability. Therefore, the mechanism underlying the delayed repair of peripheral nerves in aging patients should be investigated. Schwann cells (SCs) play a crucial role in repairing PNI and regulating various nerve-repair genes after injury. SCs also promote peripheral nerve repair through various modalities, including mediating nerve demyelination, secreting neurotrophic factors, establishing Büngner bands, clearing axon and myelin debris, and promoting axon remyelination. However, aged SCs undergo structural and functional changes, leading to demyelination and dedifferentiation disorders, decreased secretion of neurotrophic factors, impaired clearance of axonal and myelin debris, and reduced capacity for axon remyelination. As a result, aged SCs may result in delayed repair of nerves after injury. This review article aimed to examine the mechanism underlying the diminished neural repair ability of aging SCs.
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Fontaine C, Yeager EA, Sledziona M, Jones AK, Cheetham J. Revitalizing the common peroneal function index for assessing functional recovery following nerve injury. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e01968. [PMID: 33314721 PMCID: PMC7882187 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Peripheral nerve injury is common with poor functional recovery and consequent high personal and societal costs. Sciatic nerve transection and assessment of recovery using sciatic functional index (SFI) are widely used. SFI is biologically limited as axonal misdirection of axons supplying flexors and extensors in the hindlimb, after nerve injury can lead to synkinetic innervation and function which does not correspond to the degree of axonal regeneration. METHODS We reevaluated the use of traditional metrics such as print length (PL), toe spread (TS), and intermediate toe spread (ITS) as well as hock angle at mid-swing as approaches for determining recovery. We used two alternative approaches in discrete cohorts of rats following common peroneal crush injury, transection with repair and critical gap, using transection with ligation as a negative control. We compared walking track analysis (print) with digital capture and kinematics. RESULTS PL, TS, and ITS varied as expected after injury. The traditional functional index for common peroneal injury using inked prints failed to describe recovery and we derived new indices to describe recovery (all R2 > 0.88, p < .0001) although pre-injury PFI was never attained by any of the models. Kinematic analysis identified hock angle at mid-swing as a useful predictor of recovery (p < .0001). INTERPRETATION Using complementary approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calder Fontaine
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Eric A Yeager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Michael Sledziona
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Amanda K Jones
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Cheetham
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Wagstaff LJ, Gomez-Sanchez JA, Fazal SV, Otto GW, Kilpatrick AM, Michael K, Wong LYN, Ma KH, Turmaine M, Svaren J, Gordon T, Arthur-Farraj P, Velasco-Aviles S, Cabedo H, Benito C, Mirsky R, Jessen KR. Failures of nerve regeneration caused by aging or chronic denervation are rescued by restoring Schwann cell c-Jun. eLife 2021; 10:e62232. [PMID: 33475496 PMCID: PMC7819709 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After nerve injury, myelin and Remak Schwann cells reprogram to repair cells specialized for regeneration. Normally providing strong regenerative support, these cells fail in aging animals, and during chronic denervation that results from slow axon growth. This impairs axonal regeneration and causes significant clinical problems. In mice, we find that repair cells express reduced c-Jun protein as regenerative support provided by these cells declines during aging and chronic denervation. In both cases, genetically restoring Schwann cell c-Jun levels restores regeneration to control levels. We identify potential gene candidates mediating this effect and implicate Shh in the control of Schwann cell c-Jun levels. This establishes that a common mechanism, reduced c-Jun in Schwann cells, regulates success and failure of nerve repair both during aging and chronic denervation. This provides a molecular framework for addressing important clinical problems, suggesting molecular pathways that can be targeted to promote repair in the PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Wagstaff
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jose A Gomez-Sanchez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández‐CSICSan Juan de AlicanteSpain
| | - Shaline V Fazal
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Georg W Otto
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alastair M Kilpatrick
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Kirolos Michael
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Liam YN Wong
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ki H Ma
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Mark Turmaine
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - John Svaren
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoCanada
| | - Peter Arthur-Farraj
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Sergio Velasco-Aviles
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández‐CSICSan Juan de AlicanteSpain
- Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, ISABIALAlicanteSpain
| | - Hugo Cabedo
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández‐CSICSan Juan de AlicanteSpain
- Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, ISABIALAlicanteSpain
| | - Cristina Benito
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Rhona Mirsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kristjan R Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Taminato M, Tomita K, Yano K, Otani N, Kuroda K, Kubo T. Targeted sensory reinnervation by direct neurotization of skin: An experimental study in rats. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2021; 74:2379-2386. [PMID: 33583760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No effective methods currently exist for breast neurotization in implant-based breast reconstruction. Here, we focused on direct neurotization (DN), in which axons regenerating from nerve stumps are directed to the mastectomy flap and aimed to assess whether DN can generate a new mechano-nociceptive field using a rat model of back skin sensory denervation. METHODS Dorsal cutaneous nerves (DCNs) of rats were exposed and transected, leaving only the left medial branch of the DCN of thoracic segment 13 (mDCN-T13) intact. This procedure resulted in an isolated innervated field surrounded by a denervated field. The mDCN-T13 was transected, and the proximal nerve stump was sutured to the subdermis (DN subdermal group, n = 6) or dermis (DN dermal group, n = 5) of a different region of the denervated field. In the Crush group (n = 5), the intact mDCN-T13 was only crushed. We evaluated the generation of a new mechano-nociceptive field over time using the cutaneous trunci muscle (CTM) reflex test and histomorphometrically evaluated regenerating nerves in the reinnervated region. RESULTS In the DN groups, the CTM reflex appeared in the DN area after postoperative week 4. The new mechano-nociceptive field gradually expanded afterwards, and by postoperative week 12, the area was substantially larger than the original region innervated by the mDCN-T13 in the DN dermal group, although not as large as that in the Crush group. In histomorphometric evaluations, many S100-positive myelinated fibers were observed in the dermis of the reinnervated area for all groups. CONCLUSION In targeted sensory reinnervation, DN of the skin is revolutionary in that it allows a new innervated area to be generated at a desired location regardless of whether a distal nerve stump is available. DN may present an effective approach for breast neurotization in breast reconstruction after mastectomy, particularly for procedures that cannot use sensate flaps such as implant-based breast reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mifue Taminato
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Tomita
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | | | - Naoya Otani
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kuroda
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tateki Kubo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Qu WR, Zhu Z, Liu J, Song DB, Tian H, Chen BP, Li R, Deng LX. Interaction between Schwann cells and other cells during repair of peripheral nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:93-98. [PMID: 32788452 PMCID: PMC7818858 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.286956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is common and, unlike damage to the central nervous system injured nerves can effectively regenerate depending on the location and severity of injury. Peripheral myelinating glia, Schwann cells (SCs), interact with various cells in and around the injury site and are important for debris elimination, repair, and nerve regeneration. Following PNI, Wallerian degeneration of the distal stump is rapidly initiated by degeneration of damaged axons followed by morphologic changes in SCs and the recruitment of circulating macrophages. Interaction with fibroblasts from the injured nerve microenvironment also plays a role in nerve repair. The replication and migration of injury-induced dedifferentiated SCs are also important in repairing the nerve. In particular, SC migration stimulates axonal regeneration and subsequent myelination of regenerated nerve fibers. This mobility increases SC interactions with other cells in the nerve and the exogenous environment, which influence SC behavior post-injury. Following PNI, SCs directly and indirectly interact with other SCs, fibroblasts, and macrophages. In addition, the inter- and intracellular mechanisms that underlie morphological and functional changes in SCs following PNI still require further research to explain known phenomena and less understood cell-specific roles in the repair of the injured peripheral nerve. This review provides a basic assessment of SC function post-PNI, as well as a more comprehensive evaluation of the literature concerning the SC interactions with macrophages and fibroblasts that can influence SC behavior and, ultimately, repair of the injured nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Rui Qu
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - De-Biao Song
- Department of Emergency and Critical Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Heng Tian
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bing-Peng Chen
- Orthopedic Medical Center, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ling-Xiao Deng
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Lee J, Jang SH, Lee O. Three-dimensional analysis of injury conditions of single muscle fibers in small animals using phase-contrast X-ray imaging. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 84:38-41. [PMID: 32790099 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Muscle damage can reduces the biological functions and lead to ultimately a disease state. For the reason, it is important to accurately check the state of an injury such as atrophy, and it is required to identify the state of fibers constituting the muscle. This study describes a novel method of analyzing single muscle fibers with injury conditions in three-dimensions. The muscle fibers of the mice were visualized using phase-contrast X-ray projection the microstructure. In additions, it was possible to confirm the status by quantitatively analyzing the injury severity of muscle fibers. Significantly, the muscle conditions of multiple individuals were individually determined. This study could contributes to areas where it is very important to identify microdetailed and quantitative changes of state, such as new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Lee
- Department of Computer & Science Engineering, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Jang
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Life Science, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong-gun, Chungbuk, 27909, Republic of Korea
| | - Onseok Lee
- Department of Medical IT Engineering, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Republic of Korea
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Li R, Li D, Wu C, Ye L, Wu Y, Yuan Y, Yang S, Xie L, Mao Y, Jiang T, Li Y, Wang J, Zhang H, Li X, Xiao J. Nerve growth factor activates autophagy in Schwann cells to enhance myelin debris clearance and to expedite nerve regeneration. Theranostics 2020; 10:1649-1677. [PMID: 32042328 PMCID: PMC6993217 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Autophagy in Schwann cells (SCs) is crucial for myelin debris degradation and clearance following peripheral nerve injury (PNI). Nerve growth factor (NGF) plays an important role in reconstructing peripheral nerve fibers and promoting axonal regeneration. However, it remains unclear if NGF effect in enhancing nerve regeneration is mediated through autophagic clearance of myelin debris in SCs. Methods: In vivo, free NGF solution plus with/without pharmacological inhibitors were administered to a rat sciatic nerve crush injury model. In vitro, the primary Schwann cells (SCs) and its cell line were cultured in normal medium containing NGF, their capable of swallowing or clearing degenerated myelin was evaluated through supplement of homogenized myelin fractions. Results: Administration of exogenous NGF could activate autophagy in dedifferentiated SCs, accelerate myelin debris clearance and phagocytosis, as well as promote axon and myelin regeneration at early stage of PNI. These NGF effects were effectively blocked by autophagy inhibitors. In addition, inhibition of the p75 kD neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) signal or inactivation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) also inhibited the NGF effect as well. Conclusions: NGF effect on promoting early nerve regeneration is closely associated with its accelerating autophagic clearance of myelin debris in SCs, which probably regulated by the p75NTR/AMPK/mTOR axis. Our studies thus provide strong support that NGF may serve as a powerful pharmacological therapy for peripheral nerve injuries.
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Al-Adwani DG, Renno WM, Orabi KY. Neurotherapeutic effects of Ginkgo biloba extract and its terpene trilactone, ginkgolide B, on sciatic crush injury model: A new evidence. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226626. [PMID: 31877172 PMCID: PMC6932810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba leaves extract (GBE) was subjected to neuroprotective-guided fractionation to produce eleven fractions with different polarities and constituents. The intermediate polar fraction was shown to be terpene trilactones-enriched fraction (TEGBE). Out of this fraction, pure ginkgolide B (G-B) was further purified and identified based on its spectral data. The effects of GBE and TEGBE were evaluated in comparison to that of G-B in the crush sciatic nerve injury rat model. To evaluate the neuroprotective effects, sixty Wistar male rats were randomly allocated into 6 groups: naive, sham, crush + normal saline, and three treatment groups; crush + GBE, crush + TEGBE, and crush + G-B. Treatments were given one hour following injury, and once daily for 14 days. Neurobehavioral tests, histomorphological examinations, and immunohistochemical analysis of the sciatic nerve and the spinal cord were performed at weeks 3 and 6 post-injury. GBE, TEGBE and G-B were shown to enhance the functional and sensory behavioral parameters and to protect the histological and the ultrastructural elements in the sciatic nerve. Additionally, all treatments prevented spinal cord neurons from further deterioration. It was shown that G-B has the most significant potential effects among all treatments with values that were nearly comparable to those of sham and naive groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal G. Al-Adwani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Waleed M. Renno
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Khaled Y. Orabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
- * E-mail:
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Mok A, Allen J, Haney MM, Deninger I, Ballenger B, Caywood V, Osman KL, Zitsch B, Hopewell BL, Thiessen A, Szewczyk M, Ohlhausen D, Newberry CI, Leary E, Lever TE. A Surgical Mouse Model for Advancing Laryngeal Nerve Regeneration Strategies. Dysphagia 2019; 35:419-437. [PMID: 31388736 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-019-10045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Iatrogenic recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury is a morbid complication of anterior neck surgical procedures. Existing treatments are predominantly symptomatic, ranging from behavioral therapy to a variety of surgical approaches. Though laryngeal reinnervation strategies often provide muscle tone to the paralyzed vocal fold (VF), which may improve outcomes, there is no clinical intervention that reliably restores true physiologic VF movement. Moreover, existing interventions neglect the full cascade of molecular events that affect the entire neuromuscular pathway after RLN injury, including the intrinsic laryngeal muscles, synaptic connections within the central nervous system, and laryngeal nerve anastomoses. Systematic investigations of this pathway are essential to develop better RLN regenerative strategies. Our aim was to develop a translational mouse model for this purpose, which will permit longitudinal investigations of the pathophysiology of iatrogenic RLN injury and potential therapeutic interventions. C57BL/6J mice were divided into four surgical transection groups (unilateral RLN, n = 10; bilateral RLN, n = 2; unilateral SLN, n = 10; bilateral SLN, n = 10) and a sham surgical group (n = 10). Miniaturized transoral laryngoscopy was used to assess VF mobility over time, and swallowing was assessed using serial videofluoroscopy. Histological assays were conducted 3 months post-surgery for anatomical investigation of the larynx and laryngeal nerves. Eight additional mice underwent unilateral RLN crush injury, half of which received intraoperative vagal nerve stimulation (iVNS). These 8 mice underwent weekly transoral laryngoscopy to investigate VF recovery patterns. Unilateral RLN injury resulted in chronic VF immobility but only acute dysphagia. Bilateral RLN injury caused intraoperative asphyxiation and death. VF mobility was unaffected by SLN transection (unilateral or bilateral), and dysphagia (transient) was evident only after bilateral SLN transection. The sham surgery group retained normal VF mobility and swallow function. Mice that underwent RLN crush injury and iVNS treatment demonstrated accelerated and improved VF recovery. We successfully developed a mouse model of iatrogenic RLN injury with impaired VF mobility and swallowing function that can serve as a clinically relevant platform to develop translational neuroregenerative strategies for RLN injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Mok
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Missouri School of Health Professions, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jakob Allen
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Megan M Haney
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ian Deninger
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Brayton Ballenger
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Victoria Caywood
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kate L Osman
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bradford Zitsch
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bridget L Hopewell
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Aaron Thiessen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Marlena Szewczyk
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Daniel Ohlhausen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Emily Leary
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Teresa E Lever
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA. .,One Hospital Dr. MA314, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
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13
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Geuna S, Muratori L, Fregnan F, Manfredi M, Bertolo R, Porpiglia F. Strategies to improve nerve regeneration after radical prostatectomy: a narrative review. MINERVA UROL NEFROL 2018; 70:546-558. [PMID: 30037210 DOI: 10.23736/s0393-2249.18.03157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves are complex organs that spread throughout the entire human body. They are frequently affected by lesions not only as a result of trauma but also following radical tumor resection. In fact, despite the advancement in surgical techniques, such as nerve-sparing robot assisted radical prostatectomy, some degree of nerve injury may occur resulting in erectile dysfunction with significant impairment of the quality of life. The aim of this review was to provide an overview on the mechanisms of the regeneration of injured peripheral nerves and to describe the potential strategies to improve the regeneration process and the functional recovery. Yet, the recent advances in bio-engineering strategies to promote nerve regeneration in the urological field are outlined with a view on the possible future regenerative therapies which might ameliorate the functional outcome after radical prostatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy - .,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Turin, Italy -
| | - Luisa Muratori
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Fregnan
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Manfredi
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bertolo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.,Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Yokoi T, Uemura T, Takamatsu K, Shintani K, Onode E, Okada M, Hidaka N, Nakamura H. Bioabsorbable nerve conduits coated with induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurospheres enhance axonal regeneration in sciatic nerve defects in aged mice. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:1752-1758. [PMID: 28888079 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Aging influences peripheral nerve regeneration. Nevertheless, most basic research of bioabsorbable nerve conduits including commercial products have been performed in very young animals. Results from these studies may not provide information about axonal regeneration in aged tissue, because young nerve tissue holds sufficient endogenous potential for axonal regeneration. The clinical target age for nerve conduit application is most likely going to increase with a rapidly growing elderly population. In the present study, we examined axonal regeneration after sciatic nerve defects in aged and young mice. 5-mm sciatic nerve defects in young (6 weeks old) and aged (92 weeks old) mice were reconstructed using nerve conduits (composed of a poly lactide and caprolactone) or autografts. In addition, in aged mice, sciatic nerve defects were reconstructed using nerve conduits coated with mouse induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSc)-derived neurospheres. Using electrophysiological and histological techniques, we demonstrated axonal regeneration was significantly less effective in aged than in young mice both for nerve conduits and for nerve autografts. However, despite the low regenerative capacity of the peripheral nerve in aged mice, axonal regeneration significantly increased when nerve conduits coated with iPSc-derived neurospheres, rather than nerve conduits alone, were used. The present study shows that aging negatively affects peripheral nerve regeneration based on nerve conduits in mice. However, axonal regeneration using nerve conduits was improved when supportive iPSc-derived neurospheres were added in the aged mice. We propose that tissue-engineered bioabsorbable nerve conduits in combination with iPSc-derived neurospheres hold therapeutic potential both in young and elderly patients. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1752-1758, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yokoi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Uemura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Takamatsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yodogawa Christian Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Shintani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ema Onode
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Okada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriaki Hidaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Delayed glial clearance of degenerating axons in aged Drosophila is due to reduced PI3K/Draper activity. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12871. [PMID: 27647497 PMCID: PMC5034330 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced age is the greatest risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders, but the mechanisms that render the senescent brain vulnerable to disease are unclear. Glial immune responses provide neuroprotection in a variety of contexts. Thus, we explored how glial responses to neurodegeneration are altered with age. Here we show that glia–axon phagocytic interactions change dramatically in the aged Drosophila brain. Aged glia clear degenerating axons slowly due to low phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) signalling and, subsequently, reduced expression of the conserved phagocytic receptor Draper/MEGF10. Importantly, boosting PI3K/Draper activity in aged glia significantly reverses slow phagocytic responses. Moreover, several hours post axotomy, early hallmarks of Wallerian degeneration (WD) are delayed in aged flies. We propose that slow clearance of degenerating axons is mechanistically twofold, resulting from deferred initiation of axonal WD and reduced PI3K/Draper-dependent glial phagocytic function. Interventions that boost glial engulfment activity, however, can substantially reverse delayed clearance of damaged neuronal debris. Glial engulfment declines with age, but the mechanism is unclear. Here authors show that in the Drosophila olfactory system, glial phagocytosis of injury-induced degenerating axons decreases with age due to reduced PI3K/Draper activity, and restoring Draper in aged glia rescues such defects.
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16
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Canta A, Chiorazzi A, Carozzi VA, Meregalli C, Oggioni N, Bossi M, Rodriguez-Menendez V, Avezza F, Crippa L, Lombardi R, de Vito G, Piazza V, Cavaletti G, Marmiroli P. Age-related changes in the function and structure of the peripheral sensory pathway in mice. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 45:136-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Byrne AB, Hammarlund M. Axon regeneration in C. elegans: Worming our way to mechanisms of axon regeneration. Exp Neurol 2016; 287:300-309. [PMID: 27569538 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
How axons repair themselves after injury is a fundamental question in neurobiology. With its conserved genome, relatively simple nervous system, and transparent body, C. elegans has recently emerged as a productive model to uncover the cellular mechanisms that regulate and execute axon regeneration. In this review, we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the C. elegans model of regeneration. We explore the technical advances that enable the use of C. elegans for in vivo regeneration studies, review findings in C. elegans that have contributed to our understanding of the regeneration response across species, discuss the potential of C. elegans research to provide insight into mechanisms that function in the injured mammalian nervous system, and present potential future directions of axon regeneration research using C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra B Byrne
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Marc Hammarlund
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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18
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Scheib J, Höke A. Impaired regeneration in aged nerves: Clearing out the old to make way for the new. Exp Neurol 2016; 284:79-83. [PMID: 27451012 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although many observational studies have shown that peripheral nerve regeneration is impaired with aging, underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms have remained obscure until recently. A series of recent genetic, live imaging and heterochronic parabiosis experiments are providing new insights into the underlying mechanisms of reduced regenerative capacity with aging. These studies show that Schwann cells pose a primary impediment to axon regeneration in older animals as they fail to support regenerating axons, while the contribution from macrophages remains an unresolved issue. Neurons do not appear to have an intrinsic defect of axonal elongation with aging but are impaired when they encounter an inhibitory environment, suggesting that therapeutic approaches to improve intrinsic neuronal regeneration capacity across inhibitory environments, as it is being done in central nervous system regeneration, can improve peripheral nerve regeneration as well. As in many aspects of neuroscience therapeutics development, a combinatorial approach may yield the best outcomes for nerve regeneration in aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jami Scheib
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ahmet Höke
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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19
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Scheib JL, Höke A. An attenuated immune response by Schwann cells and macrophages inhibits nerve regeneration in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 45:1-9. [PMID: 27459920 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although peripheral nerves are capable of regeneration, advanced age decreases the potential for functional recovery after injury. The cellular mechanisms for this are not currently understood. Here, we performed sciatic nerve grafting with young (2 months old) and aged (18 months old) Brown-Norway male rats, in which 1 cm nerve grafts from young or aged rats were sutured into nerves of young or aged rats. Axons were allowed to regenerate until the nerve grafts and distal nerves were harvested at 1, 3, and 7 days and 2 and 6 weeks. At 6 weeks, our data suggested that young nerve grafts supported regeneration better than aged nerve grafts. In addition, myelin debris clearance was inhibited in young nerves when grafted into aged rats, but clearance was faster when aged nerves were grafted into young rats. Further analysis revealed that aged macrophages have delayed migration into injured nerve, and macrophages and Schwann cells from aged rats were less phagocytic for myelin debris in vitro. To understand these impairments, expression levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were analyzed at 1 day after injury. Based on these levels, there was not a clear polarization to either an M1 or M2 phenotype; however, expression levels of IL-6, IL-10, CCL2 (MCP1), and Arg-1 were decreased in aged nerves. Taken together, both macrophages and Schwann cells had attenuated responses to nerve injury in aged rats, leading to inefficient clearance of debris and impaired axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jami L Scheib
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ahmet Höke
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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20
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Benzina O, Cloitre T, Martin M, Raoul C, Gergely C, Scamps F. Morphology and intrinsic excitability of regenerating sensory and motor neurons grown on a line micropattern. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110687. [PMID: 25329060 PMCID: PMC4203813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal regeneration is one of the greatest challenges in severe injuries of peripheral nerve. To provide the bridge needed for regeneration, biological or synthetic tubular nerve constructs with aligned architecture have been developed. A key point for improving axonal regeneration is assessing the effects of substrate geometry on neuronal behavior. In the present study, we used an extracellular matrix-micropatterned substrate comprising 3 µm wide lines aimed to physically mimic the in vivo longitudinal axonal growth of mice peripheral sensory and motor neurons. Adult sensory neurons or embryonic motoneurons were seeded and processed for morphological and electrical activity analyses after two days in vitro. We show that micropattern-guided sensory neurons grow one or two axons without secondary branching. Motoneurons polarity was kept on micropattern with a long axon and small dendrites. The micro-patterned substrate maintains the growth promoting effects of conditioning injury and demonstrates, for the first time, that neurite initiation and extension could be differentially regulated by conditioning injury among DRG sensory neuron subpopulations. The micro-patterned substrate impacts the excitability of sensory neurons and promotes the apparition of firing action potentials characteristic for a subclass of mechanosensitive neurons. The line pattern is quite relevant for assessing the regenerative and developmental growth of sensory and motoneurons and offers a unique model for the analysis of the impact of geometry on the expression and the activity of mechanosensitive channels in DRG sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouafa Benzina
- Université Montpellier 2, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Cloitre
- Université Montpellier 2, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Montpellier, France
| | - Marta Martin
- Université Montpellier 2, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Montpellier, France
| | - Cédric Raoul
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm UMR1051, the neuroscience institute of Montpellier, Saint Eloi hospital, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Csilla Gergely
- Université Montpellier 2, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédérique Scamps
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm UMR1051, the neuroscience institute of Montpellier, Saint Eloi hospital, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, 2, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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21
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Milde S, Adalbert R, Elaman MH, Coleman MP. Axonal transport declines with age in two distinct phases separated by a period of relative stability. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:971-81. [PMID: 25443288 PMCID: PMC4321880 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Axonal transport is critical for supplying newly synthesized proteins, organelles, mRNAs, and other cargoes from neuronal cell bodies into axons. Its impairment in many neurodegenerative conditions appears likely to contribute to pathogenesis. Axonal transport also declines during normal aging, but little is known about the timing of these changes, or about the effect of aging on specific cargoes in individual axons. This is important for understanding mechanisms of age-related axon loss and age-related axonal disorders. Here we use fluorescence live imaging of peripheral nerve and central nervous system tissue explants to investigate vesicular and mitochondrial axonal transport. Interestingly, we identify 2 distinct periods of change, 1 period during young adulthood and the other in old age, separated by a relatively stable plateau during most of adult life. We also find that after tibial nerve regeneration, even in old animals, neurons are able to support higher transport rates of each cargo for a prolonged period. Thus, the age-related decline in axonal transport is not an inevitable consequence of either aging neurons or an aging systemic milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Milde
- Signalling ISP, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert Adalbert
- Signalling ISP, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Handan Elaman
- Signalling ISP, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael P Coleman
- Signalling ISP, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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22
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The effect of patient age on the success of laryngeal reinnervation. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 271:3241-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-014-3091-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
The ability of injured axons to regenerate declines with age, yet the mechanisms that regulate axon regeneration in response to age are not known. Here we show that axon regeneration in aging C. elegans motor neurons is inhibited by the conserved insulin/IGF1 receptor DAF-2. DAF-2's function in regeneration is mediated by intrinsic neuronal activity of the forkhead transcription factor DAF-16/FOXO. DAF-16 regulates regeneration independently of lifespan, indicating that neuronal aging is an intrinsic, neuron-specific, and genetically regulated process. In addition, we found that DAF-18/PTEN inhibits regeneration independently of age and FOXO signaling via the TOR pathway. Finally, DLK-1, a conserved regulator of regeneration, is downregulated by insulin/IGF1 signaling, bound by DAF-16 in neurons, and required for both DAF-16- and DAF-18-mediated regeneration. Together, our data establish that insulin signaling specifically inhibits regeneration in aging adult neurons and that this mechanism is independent of PTEN and TOR.
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Martin M, Benzina O, Szabo V, Végh AG, Lucas O, Cloitre T, Scamps F, Gergely C. Morphology and nanomechanics of sensory neurons growth cones following peripheral nerve injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56286. [PMID: 23418549 PMCID: PMC3571950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A prior peripheral nerve injury in vivo, promotes a rapid elongated mode of sensory neurons neurite regrowth in vitro. This in vitro model of conditioned axotomy allows analysis of the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to an improved neurite re-growth. Our differential interference contrast microscopy and immunocytochemistry results show that conditioned axotomy, induced by sciatic nerve injury, did not increase somatic size of adult lumbar sensory neurons from mice dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons but promoted the appearance of larger neurites and growth cones. Using atomic force microscopy on live neurons, we investigated whether membrane mechanical properties of growth cones of axotomized neurons were modified following sciatic nerve injury. Our data revealed that neurons having a regenerative growth were characterized by softer growth cones, compared to control neurons. The increase of the growth cone membrane elasticity suggests a modification in the ratio and the inner framework of the main structural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martin
- Université Montpellier 2, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Montpellier, France
| | - Ouafa Benzina
- Université Montpellier 2, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire LVBPPE- Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax- BP 1177, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Vivien Szabo
- Université Montpellier 2, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Montpellier, France
| | - Attila-Gergely Végh
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Olivier Lucas
- INSERM U 1051 INM-Hôpital St Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Cloitre
- Université Montpellier 2, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédérique Scamps
- INSERM U 1051 INM-Hôpital St Eloi, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (FS); (CG)
| | - Csilla Gergely
- Université Montpellier 2, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (FS); (CG)
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Azizi S, Mohammadi R, Amini K, Fallah R. Effects of topically administered FK506 on sciatic nerve regeneration and reinnervation after vein graft repair of short nerve gaps. Neurosurg Focus 2012; 32:E5. [DOI: 10.3171/2012.1.focus11320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Object
Despite the development of various nerve coaptation materials and techniques, achievement of desired functional peripheral nerve regeneration is still inadequate, and repair of peripheral nerve injuries is still one of the most challenging tasks and concerns in neurosurgery. The effect of an FK506-loaded vein graft as an in situ delivery system for FK506 in bridging the defects was studied using a rat sciatic nerve regeneration model.
Methods
A 10-mm sciatic nerve defect was bridged using an inside-out vein graft (IOVG) filled with 10 μl of a carrier-drug dilution (10 ng/ml FK506) in the IOVG/FK506 group. In the IOVG control group, the vein was filled with the same volume of carrier dilution alone. The regenerated fibers were studied 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery.
Results
Functional study confirmed faster recovery of the regenerated axons in the IOVG/FK506 group than in the IOVG group (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between the mean gastrocnemius muscle weight ratios of the IOVG/FK506 and IOVG control groups (p < 0.05). Morphometric indices of regenerated fibers showed that the number and diameter of the myelinated fibers were significantly higher in the IOVG/FK506 group than in the IOVG control group. Immunohistochemical analysis showed more positive immunoreactivity to S100 protein in the IOVG/FK506 group than in the IOVG control group.
Conclusions
When loaded in a vein graft, FK506 resulted in improvement of functional recovery and quantitative morphometric indices of sciatic nerve. Topical application of this readily available agent offers the benefit of cost savings as well as avoiding the complications associated with systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Azizi
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran; and
| | - Rahim Mohammadi
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran; and
| | - Keyvan Amini
- 2Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Roza Fallah
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran; and
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Yuan Q, Su H, Guo J, Tsang KY, Cheah KS, Chiu K, Yang J, Wong WM, So KF, Huang JD, Wu W, Lin ZX. Decreased c-Jun expression correlates with impaired spinal motoneuron regeneration in aged mice following sciatic nerve crush. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47:329-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Boudes M, Scamps F. Calcium-activated chloride current expression in axotomized sensory neurons: what for? Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:35. [PMID: 22461766 PMCID: PMC3309971 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-activated chloride currents (CaCCs) are activated by an increase in intracellular calcium concentration. Peripheral nerve injury induces the expression of CaCCs in a subset of adult sensory neurons in primary culture including mechano- and proprioceptors, though not nociceptors. Functional screenings of potential candidate genes established that Best1 is a molecular determinant for CaCC expression among axotomized sensory neurons, while Tmem16a is acutely activated by inflammatory mediators in nociceptors. In nociceptors, such CaCCs are preferentially activated under receptor-induced calcium mobilization contributing to cell excitability and pain. In axotomized mechano- and proprioceptors, CaCC activation does not promote electrical activity and prevents firing, a finding consistent with electrical silencing for growth competence of adult sensory neurons. In favor of a role in the process of neurite growth, CaCC expression is temporally correlated to neurons displaying a regenerative mode of growth. This perspective focuses on the molecular identity and role of CaCC in axotomized sensory neurons and the future directions to decipher the cellular mechanisms regulating CaCC during neurite (re)growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Boudes
- INSERM U-1051, Sensory Diseases, Neuro-plasticity and Therapy, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier Montpellier, France
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Chronic sciatic nerve injury impairs the local cutaneous neurovascular interaction in rats. Pain 2012; 153:149-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Age affects reciprocal cellular interactions in neuromuscular synapses following peripheral nerve injury. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10:43-53. [PMID: 20943206 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the influence of age on regeneration and reinnervation in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) are reviewed, with a particular focus on aged and denervated skeletal muscles. The morphological and functional features of incomplete regeneration and reinnervation are compared between adult and aged animals. In addition, some possible mechanisms of the age-related defects will be discussed. Increased fragmentation or damage in individual components of the NMJ (terminal Schwann cells (TSCs), axon terminals and acetylcholine receptor sites occurs during muscle reinnervation following PNS injury in the aged animals. The capacity to produce ultraterminal sprouting or multiple innervation secondary to PNS injury is maintained, but not the capacity to eliminate such anomalous axonal profiles. The frequency and accuracy of reoccupation of the synaptic sites by TSCs and axon terminals are impaired. Thus, despite the capability of extending neural processes, the rate at which regenerating nerve fibers grow, mature and precisely appose the postsynaptic muscle fiber is impaired, resulting in the failure of re-establishment of the normal single motor innervation in the NMJ. A complex set of cellular interactions in the NMJ are known to participate in the neurotrophism and neurotrophism to support growth of the regenerating and sprouting axons and their pathfinding to direct the target muscle fiber. Besides the capability of α-motoneurons, signaling originating from the TSCs and muscle may be impaired during aging.
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Kovacic U, Zele T, Mars T, Sketelj J, Bajrović FF. Aging impairs collateral sprouting of nociceptive axons in the rat. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 31:339-50. [PMID: 18499304 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Sprouting of uninjured nociceptive axons was examined in young adult, middle aged and aged rats. Axon sprouting from the spared sural nerve, both into adjacent denervated skin and into end-to-side coapted nerve graft, was significantly higher in young rats than in aged rats. Cross-transplantations of the end-to-side coapted nerve grafts between young and aged rats demonstrated that axon sprouting from young recipient nerves into aged donor nerve grafts was significantly deteriorated, whereas the axon sprouting from aged recipient nerves into young donor nerve grafts was not statistically significantly affected. The levels of laminin polypeptides in peripheral nerves were 50-100% higher in young adult than in aged rats. However, the levels of peripherin, NGF isoforms and TrkA in skin, peripheral nerves and DRG, respectively, were not significantly reduced in aged rats. Therefore, impaired sprouting of nociceptive axons in aged rats is due rather to the alterations in peripheral neural pathways, than to the limited sprouting capacity of aged sensory neurons. Decreased levels of extracellular matrix components might be important in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uros Kovacic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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31
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Best1 is a gene regulated by nerve injury and required for Ca2+-activated Cl- current expression in axotomized sensory neurons. J Neurosci 2009; 29:10063-71. [PMID: 19675239 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1312-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the molecular determinants of Ca(2+)-activated chloride current (CaCC) expressed in adult sensory neurons after a nerve injury. Dorsal root ganglia express the transcripts of three gene families known to induce CaCCs in heterologous systems: bestrophin, tweety, and TMEM16. We found with quantitative transcriptional analysis and in situ hybridization that nerve injury induced upregulation of solely bestrophin-1 transcripts in sensory neurons. Gene screening with RNA interference in single neurons demonstrated that mouse Best1 is required for the expression of CaCC in injured sensory neurons. Transfecting injured sensory neurons with bestrophin-1 mutants inhibited endogenous CaCC. Exogenous expression of the fusion protein green fluorescent protein-Bestrophin-1 in naive neurons demonstrated a plasma membrane localization of the protein that generates a CaCC with biophysical and pharmacological properties similar to endogenous CaCC. Our data suggest that Best1 belongs to a group of genes upregulated by nerve injury and supports functional CaCC expression in injured sensory neurons.
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32
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Effect of Aging on Recovery of Cutaneous Nociception After End-to-Side Nerve Repair in the Rat. Ann Plast Surg 2009; 62:439-45. [DOI: 10.1097/sap.0b013e318180c8cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Apel PJ, Alton T, Northam C, Ma J, Callahan M, Sonntag WE, Li Z. How age impairs the response of the neuromuscular junction to nerve transection and repair: An experimental study in rats. J Orthop Res 2009; 27:385-93. [PMID: 18853430 PMCID: PMC2766619 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Age is the most important predictor of clinical outcome after peripheral nerve injury. The stability of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) after denervation is thought to be central to neuromuscular recovery. Stability is characterized by maintenance of the motor endplate and mRNA upregulation of the constituent nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptor (nAChR) subtypes and the muscle regulatory factors (MRFs). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of age on the recovery and stability of the postsynaptic NMJ after peripheral nerve injury. Young and aged rats underwent transection and repair of the tibial nerve. At 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 weeks following transection, the gastrocnemius was examined for electrical recovery, NMJ fragmentation and endplate area, mRNA, and protein levels of the MRFs and nAChR subtypes. After nerve injury, aged NMJ exhibited significant fragmentation and loss of motor endplate area while the young NMJ remained relatively stable. Concomitantly, age impaired peak upregulation of the MRFs and nAChRs. However, expression of gamma-nAChR and myogenin after nerve injury was not affected by age. These data support the claim that upregulation of the nAChRs and MRFs may play an important role in maintaining NMJ stability following nerve transection and repair. Furthermore, expression of gamma-nAChR and myogenin does not appear to prevent age-related NMJ fragmentation and loss of endplate area after nerve injury. These impairments of the aged NMJ response to injury may contribute to the poor neuromuscular recovery seen after nerve injury in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Apel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Timothy Alton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Casey Northam
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Jianjun Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Michael Callahan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - William E. Sonntag
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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Kovacic U, Sketelj J, Bajrović FF. Chapter 26: Age-related differences in the reinnervation after peripheral nerve injury. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 87:465-82. [PMID: 19682655 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)87026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Numerous and extensive functional, structural, and biochemical changes characterize intact aged peripheral nervous system. Functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury depends on survival of injured neurons and functional reinnervation of target tissue by regeneration of injured axons and collateral sprouting of uninjured (intact) adjacent axons. The rate of axonal regeneration becomes slower and its extent (density and number of regenerating axons) decreases in aged animals. Aging also impairs terminal sprouting of regenerated axons and collateral sprouting of intact adjacent axons, thus further limiting target reinnervation and its functional recovery. Decreased survival of aged noninjured and injured neurons, limited intrinsic growth potential of neuron, alteration in its responsiveness to stimulatory or inhibitory environmental factors, and changes in the peripheral neural pathways and target tissues are possible reasons for impaired reinnervation after peripheral nerve injury in old age. The review of present data suggests that this impairment is mostly due to the age-related changes in the peripheral neural pathways and target tissues, and not due to the limited intrinsic growth capacity of neurons or their reduced responsiveness to trophic factors. Age-related alterations in the soluble target derived neurotrophic factors, like nerve growth factor, and nonsoluble extracellular matrix components of neural pathways, like laminin, might be important in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uros Kovacic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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35
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Verdú E, Ceballos D, Vilches JJ, Navarro X. Influence of aging on peripheral nerve function and regeneration. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2000.00026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Verdú
- Neuroplasticity Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine,
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Dolores Ceballos
- Neuroplasticity Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine,
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jorge J. Vilches
- Neuroplasticity Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine,
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Neuroplasticity Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine,
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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36
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Pieraut S, Laurent-Matha V, Sar C, Hubert T, Méchaly I, Hilaire C, Mersel M, Delpire E, Valmier J, Scamps F. NKCC1 phosphorylation stimulates neurite growth of injured adult sensory neurons. J Neurosci 2007; 27:6751-9. [PMID: 17581962 PMCID: PMC6672700 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1337-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve section promotes regenerative, elongated neuritic growth of adult sensory neurons. Although the role of chloride homeostasis, through the regulation of ionotropic GABA receptors, in the growth status of immature neurons in the CNS begins to emerge, nothing is known of its role in the regenerative growth of injured adult neurons. To analyze the intracellular Cl- variation after a sciatic nerve section in vivo, gramicidin perforated-patch recordings were used to study muscimol-induced currents in mice dorsal root ganglion neurons isolated from control and axotomized neurons. We show that the reversal potential of muscimol-induced current, E(GABA-A), was shifted toward depolarized potentials in axotomized neurons. This was attributable to Cl- influx because removal of extracellular Cl- prevented this shift. Application of bumetanide, an inhibitor of NKCC1 cotransporter and E(GABA-A) recordings in sensory neurons from NKCC1-/- mice, identified NKCC1 as being responsible for the increase in intracellular Cl- in axotomized neurons. In addition, we demonstrate with a phospho-NKCC1 antibody that nerve injury induces an increase in the phosphorylated form of NKCC1 in dorsal root ganglia that could account for intracellular Cl- accumulation. Time-lapse recordings of the neuritic growth of axotomized neurons show a faster growth velocity compared with control. Bumetanide, the intrathecal injection of NKCC1 small interfering RNA, and the use of NKCC1-/- mice demonstrated that NKCC1 is involved in determining the velocity of elongated growth of axotomized neurons. Our results clearly show that NKCC1-induced increase in intracellular chloride concentration is a major event accompanying peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pieraut
- Inserm, Unité 583, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier II, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Laurent-Matha
- Inserm, Unité 583, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier II, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Ilana Méchaly
- Inserm, Unité 583, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier II, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Eric Delpire
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Jean Valmier
- Inserm, Unité 583, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier II, F-34000 Montpellier, France
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37
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Navarro X, Vivó M, Valero-Cabré A. Neural plasticity after peripheral nerve injury and regeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2007; 82:163-201. [PMID: 17643733 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 619] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 02/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Injuries to the peripheral nerves result in partial or total loss of motor, sensory and autonomic functions conveyed by the lesioned nerves to the denervated segments of the body, due to the interruption of axons continuity, degeneration of nerve fibers distal to the lesion and eventual death of axotomized neurons. Injuries to the peripheral nervous system may thus result in considerable disability. After axotomy, neuronal phenotype switches from a transmitter to a regenerative state, inducing the down- and up-regulation of numerous cellular components as well as the synthesis de novo of some molecules normally not expressed in adult neurons. These changes in gene expression activate and regulate the pathways responsible for neuronal survival and axonal regeneration. Functional deficits caused by nerve injuries can be compensated by three neural mechanisms: the reinnervation of denervated targets by regeneration of injured axons, the reinnervation by collateral branching of undamaged axons, and the remodeling of nervous system circuitry related to the lost functions. Plasticity of central connections may compensate functionally for the lack of specificity in target reinnervation; plasticity in human has, however, limited effects on disturbed sensory localization or fine motor control after injuries, and may even result in maladaptive changes, such as neuropathic pain, hyperreflexia and dystonia. Recent research has uncovered that peripheral nerve injuries induce a concurrent cascade of events, at the systemic, cellular and molecular levels, initiated by the nerve injury and progressing throughout plastic changes at the spinal cord, brainstem relay nuclei, thalamus and brain cortex. Mechanisms for these changes are ubiquitous in central substrates and include neurochemical changes, functional alterations of excitatory and inhibitory connections, atrophy and degeneration of normal substrates, sprouting of new connections, and reorganization of somatosensory and motor maps. An important direction for ongoing research is the development of therapeutic strategies that enhance axonal regeneration, promote selective target reinnervation, but are also able to modulate central nervous system reorganization, amplifying those positive adaptive changes that help to improve functional recovery but also diminishing undesirable consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Navarro
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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38
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Hess JR, Brenner MJ, Myckatyn TM, Hunter DA, Mackinnon SE. Influence of Aging on Regeneration in End-to-Side Neurorrhaphy. Ann Plast Surg 2006; 57:217-22. [PMID: 16862007 DOI: 10.1097/01.sap.0000215258.57614.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aging profoundly affects the structural and functional characteristics of the peripheral nervous system. Although several experiments have investigated the effect of aging on nerve regeneration after crush and transection nerve injuries, little is known about the influence of age on end-to-side nerve repairs. It was hypothesized that decreased terminal and collateral sprouting in older animals would be associated with less robust regeneration through end-to-side nerve repairs. In this study, 27 Lewis rats underwent end-to-side repair at ages 2 weeks, 3 months, or 1 year. Histomorphometric assessments at 12 weeks demonstrated increased fiber width, percent neural tissue, and neural density in animals undergoing nerve reconstruction at the age of 2 weeks (P < 0.05). A trend toward further decline in regeneration was noted at ages 1 year versus 3 months. After end-to-side nerve repair, younger animals exhibit a more robust regenerative response, consistent with prior experience in other nerve injury models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Hess
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63310, USA
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39
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Blondet B, Carpentier G, Ferry A, Courty J. Exogenous Pleiotrophin Applied to Lesioned Nerve Impairs Muscle Reinnervation. Neurochem Res 2006; 31:907-13. [PMID: 16804756 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a heparin-binding growth factor involved in nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. After crush injury, PTN is found in distal nerve segments in several non-neural cell types, including Schwann cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells, but not in axons. To further clarify the role for PTN in nerve regeneration, we investigated the effects of PTN applied to lesioned peripheral nerve in vivo. PTN in a dose of 1 mg/kg impaired muscle reinnervation. Thus, gastrocnemius muscle failed to recover its contractile properties as assessed by in situ maximal isometric tetanic force. PTN also decreased non-neural cell densities and delayed macrophage recruitment in the distal crushed nerve. These results are discussed in the light of recent evidence that PTN is a multifunctional polypeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Blondet
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires, UMR CNRS, No 7149, Université Paris 12, Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France.
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40
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Prinz RAD, Nakamura-Pereira M, De-Ary-Pires B, Fernandes D, Fabião-Gomes BDSV, Martinez AMB, de Ary-Pires R, Pires-Neto MA. Axonal and extracellular matrix responses to experimental chronic nerve entrapment. Brain Res 2005; 1044:164-75. [PMID: 15885215 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Revised: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed the ultrastructural and histopathological changes that occur during experimental chronic nerve entrapment, as well as the immunohistochemical expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). Adult hamsters (n = 30) were anesthetized and received a cuff around the right sciatic nerve. Animals survived for varying times (5 to 15 weeks) being thereafter perfused transcardially with fixative solutions either for immunohistochemical or electron microscopic procedures. Experimental nerves were dissected based upon the site of compression (proximal, entrapment and distal). CSPG overexpression was detected in the compressed nerve segment and associated with an increase in perineurial and endoneurial cells. Ultrastructural changes and data from semithin sections were analyzed both in control and compressed nerves. We have observed endoneurial edema, perineurial and endoneurial thickening, and whorled cell-sparse pathological structures (Renaut bodies) in the compressed nerves. Morphometrical analyses of myelinated axons at the compression sites revealed: (a) a reduction both in axon sectional area (up to 30%) and in myelin sectional area (up to 80%); (b) an increase in number of small axons (up to 60%) comparatively to the control group. Distal segment of compressed nerves presented: (a) a reduction in axon sectional area (up to 60%) and in myelin sectional area (up to 90%); (b) a decrease in axon number (up to 40%) comparatively to the control data. In conclusion, we have shown that nerve entrapment is associated with a local intraneural increase in CSPG expression, segmental demyelination, perineurial and endoneurial fibrosis, and other histopathological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Augusto Dantas Prinz
- Departamento de Anatomia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco F, Cidade Universitária, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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41
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Kovacic U, Zele T, Osredkar J, Sketelj J, Bajrović FF. Sex-related differences in the regeneration of sensory axons and recovery of nociception after peripheral nerve crush in the rat. Exp Neurol 2004; 189:94-104. [PMID: 15296839 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Revised: 04/14/2004] [Accepted: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sex-related differences regarding the regeneration of nociceptive axons and the recovery of nociception after sural nerve crush injury were examined in rats. The elongation rate of the fastest regenerating sensory axons in females started to increase after the first 6 days. This resulted in about 15% greater axon elongation distance at 8 days after crush in female than in male rats as determined by the nerve pinch test. The number of regenerating sensory axons in female and male rats, however, was not different. The recovery of nociception in the instep started earlier and was more extensive in females than in males during the entire 24-week recovery period, so that the pain sensitive area was finally about 20% larger in females than in males. Although ovariectomy significantly reduced plasma estradiol concentration in female rats, it did not change the elongation distance of regenerating nociceptive axons, which remained significantly greater than in male rats. Elimination of the cells in the distal nerve segment by freezing revealed that a more effective cell support in the distal nerve segment is probably responsible for faster regeneration of nociceptive axons in females than in males, rather than the circulating female sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uros Kovacic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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42
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André S, Boukhaddaoui H, Campo B, Al-Jumaily M, Mayeux V, Greuet D, Valmier J, Scamps F. Axotomy-induced expression of calcium-activated chloride current in subpopulations of mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons. J Neurophysiol 2003; 90:3764-73. [PMID: 12944538 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00449.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole cell patch-clamp recordings of calcium-activated chloride current [ICl(Ca)] were made from adult sensory neurons of naive and axotomized mouse L4-L6 lumbar dorsal root ganglia after 1 day of culture in vitro. A basal ICl(Ca) was specifically expressed in a subset of naive medium-diameter neurons (30-40 microm). Prior nerve injury, induced by sciatic nerve transection 5 days before experiments, increased both ICl(Ca) amplitude and its expression in medium-diameter neurons. Moreover, nerve injury also induced ICl(Ca) expression in a new subpopulation of neurons, the large-diameter neurons (40-50 microm). Small-diameter neurons (inferior to 30 microm) never expressed ICl(Ca). Regulated ICl(Ca) expression was strongly correlated with injury-induced regenerative growth of sensory neurons in vitro and nerve regeneration in vivo. Cell culture on a substrate not permissive for growth, D,L-polyornithine, prevented both elongation growth and ICl(Ca) expression in axotomized neurons. Regenerative growth and the induction of ICl(Ca) expression take place 2 days after injury, peak after 5 days of conditioning in vivo, slowly declining thereafter to control values. The selective expression of ICl(Ca) within medium- and large-diameter neurons conditioned for rapid, efficient growth suggests that these channels play a specific role in postinjury behavior of sensory neuron subpopulations such as neuropathic pain and/or axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain André
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-583, Université Montpellier II, 34095, Montpellier 5, France
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43
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Sahenk Z, Serrano-Munuera C, Chen L, Kakabadze I, Najagara HN. Evidence for impaired axonal regeneration in PMP22 duplication: studies in nerve xenografts. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2003; 8:116-27. [PMID: 12795716 DOI: 10.1046/j.1529-8027.2003.03017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Whether axonal regeneration in Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathies is impaired has not been addressed in detail. Our studies in nude mice harboring xenografts from patients with different primary Schwann cell (SC) genetic defects suggested an intimate association between the onset of myelination and impairment in the growth capacity of nude mice axons engulfed by the mutant SCs. To assess the effects of peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) gene duplication on the regeneration process, we conducted morphometric studies to generate temporal growth profiles of myelinated axons within the xenografts obtained from CMT1A patients and from healthy controls. Axon size distribution histograms in controls at different time intervals revealed that size differentiation of myelinated fibers within the grafts is established as early as 2 weeks, and that the temporal pattern of myelination of different sized axons has striking similarities to myelination during development. In PMP22 duplication grafts, the onset of myelination is delayed and the regeneration capacity of all fiber sizes is impaired. This defect, however, is most pronounced for the large diameter axons. In addition, significant large fiber loss occurred after 12 weeks with a concomitant new cycle of regeneration of small size axons. These studies show that the PMP22 duplication in SCs have profound effects on the regeneration process, which might be a contributing factor to preferential distal axonal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarife Sahenk
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Disease Center, The Ohio State University, Means Hall 4th Floor, 1654 Upham Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Ekström PAR, Mayer U, Panjwani A, Pountney D, Pizzey J, Tonge DA. Involvement of alpha7beta1 integrin in the conditioning-lesion effect on sensory axon regeneration. Mol Cell Neurosci 2003; 22:383-95. [PMID: 12691739 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-7431(02)00034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditioning lesions of peripheral nerves improve axonal regeneration after injury and involve changes in expression of proteins required for axonal growth. Integrin alpha7beta1 expression in motor and sensory neurons increases following nerve lesions and motor axon regeneration is impaired in alpha7 integrin KO mice (J. Neurosci. 20, 1822-1830). To investigate the role of alpha7beta1 integrin in sensory axon regeneration, dorsal root ganglia of adult mice were cultured in gels of laminin-rich extracellular matrix (Matrigel) or collagen. Normal dorsal root ganglia in Matrigel or collagen supplemented with laminin showed spontaneous axonal outgrowth, which was greatly increased in conditioned preparations, but only in the presence of laminin. Conditioned dorsal root ganglia from normal mice cultured with a blocking antibody to beta1 integrin and from alpha7 integrin KO mice showed reduced axonal growth in both Matrigel- and laminin-supplemented collagen gels. Enhanced axonal regeneration after conditioning lesions therefore involves increased responsiveness to laminin and integrin alpha7beta1 expression.
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45
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Bajrović FF, Sketelj J, Jug M, Gril I, Mekjavić IB. The effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment on early regeneration of sensory axons after nerve crush in the rat. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2002; 7:141-8. [PMID: 12365561 DOI: 10.1046/j.1529-8027.2002.02020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBO) on sensory axon regeneration was examined in the rat. The sciatic nerve was crushed in both legs. In addition, the distal stump of the sural nerve on one side was made acellular and its blood perfusion was compromised by freezing and thawing. Two experimental groups received hyperbaric exposures (2.5 ATA) to either compressed air (pO2 = 0.5 ATA) or 100% oxygen (pO2 = 2.5 ATA) 90 minutes per day for 6 days. Sensory axon regeneration in the sural nerve was thereafter assessed by the nerve pinch test and immunohistochemical reaction to neurofilament. HBO treatment increased the distances reached by the fastest regenerating sensory axons by about 15% in the distal nerve segments with preserved and with compromised blood perfusion. There was no significant difference between the rats treated with different oxygen tensions. The total number of regenerated axons in the distal sural nerve segments after a simple crush injury was not affected, whereas in the nerve segments with compromised blood perfusion treated by the higher pO2, the axon number was about 30% lower than that in the control group. It is concluded that the beneficial effect of HBO on sensory axon regeneration is not dose-dependent between 0.5 and 2.5 ATA pO2. Although the exposure to 2.5 ATA of pO2 moderately enhanced early regeneration of the fastest sensory axons, it decreased the number of regenerating axons in the injured nerves with compromised blood perfusion of the distal nerve stump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fajko F Bajrović
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Udina E, Ceballos D, Verdú E, Gold BG, Navarro X. Bimodal dose-dependence of FK506 on the rate of axonal regeneration in mouse peripheral nerve. Muscle Nerve 2002; 26:348-55. [PMID: 12210363 DOI: 10.1002/mus.10195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
FK506 has been shown to enhance the rate of axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve lesions. However, quite variable doses of FK506 have been used in different animal studies. We examined the dose-dependence of FK506 on the rate of axonal regeneration after crush lesion of the mouse sciatic nerve. Mice received daily subcutaneous injections of FK506 at 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, or 10 mg/kg for 7 days after lesioning. A control group was injected with saline. The distance that regenerative axons advanced from the crush site was measured by the pinch test at 2, 4, and 7 days. Regenerating axons reached greater mean distances in all FK506-treated groups compared to the control group. The fastest regeneration rate was found at 5 mg/kg (12% increase over controls), although the 0.2 and 2 mg/kg doses achieved similar regeneration rates. In contrast, intermediate doses (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) and a higher dose (10 mg/kg) were not different from controls. Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunohistochemical labeling of regenerating axons yielded similar results to those found with the pinch test. Based on our finding of a double peak in the dose-response for FK506, it is hypothesized that at least two mechanisms of action (perhaps corresponding to distinct functional binding sites) are evoked at different concentrations of the drug to accelerate nerve regeneration. These results have clinical implications for the pharmacological treatment of nerve injuries while avoiding immunosuppressive effects and for the design of related drugs with more specific activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Udina
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Facultat de Medecina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-8193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Navarro X, Udina E, Ceballos D, Gold BG. Effects of FK506 on nerve regeneration and reinnervation after graft or tube repair of long nerve gaps. Muscle Nerve 2001; 24:905-15. [PMID: 11410918 DOI: 10.1002/mus.1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We compared the effects of FK506 administration on regeneration and reinnervation after sciatic nerve resection and repair with an autologous graft or with a silicone tube leaving a 6-mm gap in the mouse. Functional reinnervation was assessed by noninvasive methods to determine recovery of motor, sensory, and sweating functions in the hindpaw over 4 months after operation. Morphometric analysis of the regenerated nerves was performed at the end of follow-up. The nerve graft allowed for faster and higher levels of reinnervation in the four functions tested than silicone tube repair. Treatment with FK506 (for the first 9 weeks only) resulted in a slight, although not significant, improvement of the onset of reinnervation and of the maximal degree of recovery achieved after autografting. The recovery of pain sensibility and of the compound nerve action potentials in the digital nerves, which directly depend on axonal regeneration, showed better progression with FK506 than reinnervation of muscles and sweat glands, which require reestablishment of synaptic contacts with target cells. The myelinated fibers in the regenerated nerve showed a more mature appearance in the FK506-treated rats. However, FK506 showed a marginal effect in situations in which regeneration was limited, as in a silicone tube bridging a 6-mm gap in the mouse sciatic nerve. In conclusion, treatment with FK506 improved the rate of functional recovery after nerve resection and autograft repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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Vougioukas VI, Siebert H, Heinecke K, Brück W. Effects of the immunomodulator linomide on macrophage migration and myelin phagocytic activity in peripheral nerve trauma: an experimental study. J Neurotrauma 2001; 18:555-62. [PMID: 11393258 DOI: 10.1089/089771501300227350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wallerian degeneration after peripheral nerve transection leads to the phagocytosis of degenerated myelin and axon components by macrophages. These phagocytes are recruited from the systemic circulation and Wallerian degeneration may therefore be used as a model for myelin removal by hematogenous macrophages, a feature that is also a hallmark of demyelinating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. The immunomodulator linomide has been shown to be effective in the treatment of experimental demyelinating diseases although the exact mode of its action is not yet defined. The present study investigated the effect of linomide on monocyte invasion and myelin phagocytosis after sciatic nerve transection. Linomide had a dual effect in Wallerian degeneration. Monocyte migration from the circulation to the damaged nervous system was significantly reduced. Additionally, the myelin phagocytic capacity of macrophages was impaired, finally resulting in a significant delay in the removal of myelin. The present experiments may provide an explanation for the effects of linomide during the course of demyelinating diseases of the nervous system.
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Abstract
Local events in the milieu of injured peripheral nerve trunks may have an important influence on the likelihood of regenerative success or the development of neuropathic pain. Injury-related changes in the microcirculation of this milieu have provided some evidence that axonal endbulbs, structures that form at the proximal end of transected axons, dump peptides and other molecules into the injury milieu where they may exert local actions, including those on microvessels. During a later phase of nerve repair, macrophage influx and pancellular proliferative events appear to develop in a coordinated fashion. Nitric oxide is probably an important and prominent player in the injured nerve trunk, both at early and later stages of the repair process. A better understanding of the injured peripheral nerve microenvironment may allow therapeutic approaches that can enhance regeneration and diminish pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Zochodne
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Room 182A, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Liefner M, Siebert H, Sachse T, Michel U, Kollias G, Brück W. The role of TNF-alpha during Wallerian degeneration. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 108:147-52. [PMID: 10900348 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of TNF-alpha in the course of Wallerian degeneration of the sciatic nerve was studied in control and TNF-alpha deficient mice. In control animals, the characteristic phenomena of Wallerian degeneration such as axon and myelin degeneration as well as macrophage recruitment with subsequent myelin removal were observed. In TNF-alpha deficient mice, in contrast, macrophage recruitment into the degenerating nerves was impaired resulting in a delayed myelin removal. However, the myelin phagocytic capacity of macrophages was not affected as it could be demonstrated by a similar myelin load of control and TNF-alpha deficient macrophages. These data indicate that the main function of TNF-alpha during Wallerian degeneration is the induction of macrophage recruitment from the periphery without affecting myelin damage or phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Liefner
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
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