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Abstract
Pharmacokinetic studies have provided new insights into human Amanita poisoning, but it appears to be impossible to treat this intoxication by immunotherapy. New synthetic analogs have revealed structure-activity relationships that were unknown so far. The main toxin, alpha-amanitin, is in constant use as a tool in molecular biology and in biological research. First experiments have been reported in which amanitin bound to polymers could be internalized into tumor cells via a receptor-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wieland
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, Germany
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Groenewald JV, Terblanche SE, Oelofsen W. Tyrosine aminotransferase: characteristics and properties. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 16:1-18. [PMID: 6141963 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(84)90045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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3
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Grote H, Voigt J, Sekeris CE. No correlation between binding of glucocorticosteroids to specific cytoplasmic proteins in vivo and enzyme induction in the rat liver. Biochem J 1983; 212:305-12. [PMID: 6136271 PMCID: PMC1152048 DOI: 10.1042/bj2120305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Time- and dose-dependence of the formation of the different cytoplasmic hormone-protein complexes were studied in the rat liver after administration in vivo of [3H]cortisol or [3H]dexamethasone and compared with the stimulation of RNA polymerase B and induction of tyrosine aminotransferase and tryptophan oxygenase. No correlation could be found between formation in vivo of any of the five cytoplasmic hormone-protein complexes found and stimulation of RNA polymerase B activity or enzyme induction. After administration of [3H]cortisol, different metabolites of cortisol could be demonstrated in the isolated hormone-protein complexes. No time- or dose-dependence of the metabolite patterns could be observed after application of hormone doses that were in the range of the biologically active doses. After administration of [3H]dexamethasone, the same hormone-protein complexes were observed, which contained, however, the injected steroid instead of metabolites. These results seem to indicate that the cytoplasmic binding components present in the rat liver are enzymes involved in the metabolism of the glucocorticosteroids and that dexamethasone binds to these enzymes as a substrate analogue.
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, García MD, Castell JV. Effect of glucocorticoids on the expression of gamma-glutamyltransferase and tyrosine aminotransferase in serum-free-cultured hepatocytes. HOPPE-SEYLER'S ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PHYSIOLOGISCHE CHEMIE 1983; 364:501-8. [PMID: 6135659 DOI: 10.1515/bchm2.1983.364.1.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids exert a known beneficial effect on cultured hepatocytes when present in culture medium, maintaining their polygonal morphology and ultrastructural organization throughout the days of culture. Parallel to this excellent morphology, hepatocytes cultured in serum-free conditions, but with continuous presence of Dexamethasone, retained after a week the ability to express tyrosine aminotransferase when stimulated by glucagon and glucocorticoids. The rise of gamma-glutamyltransferase was blocked in cultures supplemented by Dexamethasone.
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Voigt J, Grote H, Sekeris CE. Absence of hydrocortisone from cytoplasmic hormone-protein complexes formed in vivo after administration of biologically active doses of [3H]hydrocortisone. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 674:306-18. [PMID: 7236733 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(81)90361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
After administration of [3H]hydrocortisone to adrenalectomized rats, hormone-protein complexes were isolated from liver cytosol by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. After application of biologically active and inactive doses of hydrocortisone five binding components were detected eluting at the same salt concentrations as the hormone-protein complexes observed after incubation of cytosol with [3H]hydrocortisone in vitro. The isolated hormone-protein fractions were acidified and extracted with ethylacetate and the steroids were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. No significant amount of hydrocortisone could be detected in any of the complexes formed in vivo 5-60 min after administration of biologically active doses of hydrocortisone. 3 xi, 11 beta, 17 alpha, 20 xi, 21-Pentahydroxypregnane, steroidal carboxy acids, glucuronides and a very polar conjugate of hydrocortisone were found in the different fractions. After an in vivo dose of hydrocortisone of about 1/5000th of the minimal dose required for enzyme induction, hydrocortisone could be found in all the cytoplasmic hormone-protein complexes formed. In contrast to the cytoplasmic hormone-protein complexes, hydrocortisone could be readily demonstrated in nuclei isolated after the administration of biologically active doses of hormone, although acid metabolites were found to represent the main part of the radioactive compounds present in the nuclei. These acid metabolites were located in the nuclear envelope. These results seem to contradict the generally accepted theory that hydrocortisone induces biosynthesis of proteins via a cytoplasmic hydrocortisone-receptor complex: after administration of biologically active doses of hydrocortisone, no such complex could be detected.
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Djondjurov L, Ivanova E, Pironcheva G, Tsanev R. Metabolically labile nonhistone proteins of chromatin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 107:105-12. [PMID: 7398631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In a previous paper in this journal [Djondjurov, L., Ivanova, E. and Tsanev, R. (1979) Eur. J. Biochem. 97, 133-139], we showed that a nuclear fraction released from chromatin under a mild nuclease digestion contained an increased amount of hnRNA and the bulk of nonhistone proteins with a high metabolic rate. The present investigation has revealed that the nonhistone proteins of this fraction could be divided into three distinct metabolic groups. The first group consists of proteins with a fast turnover rate (mean half-life 30 min) which migrate into chromatin immediately after their synthesis. These proteins are predominantly acid-soluble and have relatively high molecular weights. The second group includes proteins which migrate to the nucleus more slowly and metabolize with a moderate turnover rate (mean half-life 5 h). The third group contains proteins with a more conservative metabolic behaviour. In experiments with actinomycin D it was found that the bulk of the nonhistone proteins of this fraction are not real components of the chromatin but belong to the protein moiety of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles associated with chromatin.
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Ernest MJ, Feigelson P. Multihormonal control of tyrosine aminotransferase in isolated liver cells. MONOGRAPHS ON ENDOCRINOLOGY 1979; 12:219-41. [PMID: 40115 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-81265-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of tyrosine aminotransferase activity by glucocorticoids and cyclic AMP was investigated in isolated liver parenchymal cell suspensions. The induction and maintenance of elevated levels of tyrosine aminotransferase activity in liver cells were completely dependent upon the presence of both the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, and glucagon of dibutyryl cyclic AMP. No induction was observed when any of these compounds were tested alone. Immunotitration experiments revealed that the 6- to 7-fold increase in tyrosine aminotransferase activity following the addition of dexamethasone and glucagon was accompanied by a parallel increase in the amount of immunologically reactive enzyme protein. Pulse-labeling experiments established that this increase in enzyme protein could be fully accounted for by a corresponding increase in rate of synthesis of tyrosine aminotransferase. Neither hormone had any effect on the rate of degradation of the enzyme. The increase in tyrosine aminotransferase synthesis evoked by the presence of both hormones was blocked by the addition of actinomycin D or cycloheximide to the medium, demonstrating that RNA and protein synthesis were required for the induction of enzyme activity. By varying the time and order of addition of the inducers and inhibitions, evidence was obtained that the hormones act sequentially. The steroid hormone acts first, presumably to increase the level of functional tyrosine aminotransferase mRNA or its precursor. The processing of this precursor to a translatable form or the specific translation of tyrosine aminotransferase mRNA is apparently dependent upon a specific cyclic AMP-controlled process. In vivo experiments demonstrated that both glucocorticoids and cyclic AMP increase the level of functional tyrosine aminotransferase mRNA in the liver. The actions of the steroid hormone and cyclic nucleotide were blocked by alpha amanitin, establishing the requirement for ongoing gene transcription. The protein synthesis inhibitors, cycloheximide, emetine, and puromycin, were as effective as cyclic AMP in increasing tyrosine aminotransferase mRNA activity. The action of these inhibitors is probably related to their ability to elevate hepatic intracellular cyclic AMP levels, thus mimicking cyclic AMP administration. Extension of these in vivo studies to isolated liver cells will provide a valuable system for investigating the regulation of gene expression by glucocorticoids and cyclic AMP.
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Wieland T, Faulstich H. Amatoxins, phallotoxins, phallolysin, and antamanide: the biologically active components of poisonous Amanita mushrooms. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 5:185-260. [PMID: 363352 DOI: 10.3109/10409237809149870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review gives a comprehensive account of the molecular toxicology of the bicyclic peptides obtained from the poisonous mushrooms of the genus Amanita. The discussion of the biochemical events will be preceded by a consideration of the chemistry of the toxic peptides. The structural features essential for biological activities of both the amatoxins and the phallotoxins will be discussed, also including the most important analytical data. Similar consideration will be given to antamanide, a cyclic peptide, which counteracts phalloidin. In addition, the phallolysins, three cytolytic proteins from Amanita phalloides will be discussed. The report on the biological activity of the amatoxins will deal with the sensitivity of the different RNA-polymerases towards the toxins and with their action on various cell types. Consideration will also be given to systems in which alpha-amanitin was used and can be used as a molecular tool; in the past, many investigators used the inhibitor in molecular biology, genetics, and even in physiological research. As for the phallotoxins, discussion of the affinity of these toxins for actin is provied. Further discussion attempts to understand the course of intoxication by filling in the gap between the first molecular event, formation of microfilaments, and the various lesions in hepatocytes during the intoxication.
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Hofer E, Land H, Sekeris CE, Morris HP. Messenger RNA activities for two liver enzymes, tyrosine aminotransferase and tryptophan oxygenase, in Morris hepatoma 5123C and 9618A and in HTC cells. Correlation with enzyme activities. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 91:223-9. [PMID: 31284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb20955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Voigt J, Wieland T, Sekeris CE. Initial steps in the induction by glucocorticosteroids of rat liver tryptophan oxygenase and tyrosin aminotransferase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 191:101-9. [PMID: 32840 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Land H, Hofer E, Sekeris CE. Differential behavior of two dexamethasone induced mRNA activities in HTC cells in response to cordycepin and to withdrawal of hormone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 83:607-15. [PMID: 29627 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)91033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Hofer E, Sekeris CE. Cycloheximide causes increased accumulation of translatable mRNA for tyrosine aminotransferase and tryptophan oxygenase in livers of cortisol-treated rats. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 86:547-54. [PMID: 26567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Messenger RNA activities for two cortisol-inducible enzymes, tyrosine aminotransferase and tryptophan oxygenase, have been determined by translation in a wheat germ system. The effects of cycloheximide on the two mRNA activities have been evaluated. Cortisol leads to an increase of the translatable mRNAs for tyrosine aminotransferase and tryptophan oxygenase with a maximum at approximately 6 h. Cycloheximide was administered 4 h after treatment with cortisol; 2 h later, the activities of tyrosine aminotransferase and tryptophan oxygenase mRNA had increased five-fold and two-fold, respectively, compared to the activities reached with cortisol alone. Thereafter the amount of the two translatable mRNAs declined, though 14 h after cortisol administration the mRNA activities were still several fold higher than in control animals. Application of alpha-amanitin together with cycloheximide did not prevent an increased accumulation of specific translatable mRNAs. The increase in tyrosine aminotransferase and tryptophan oxygenase activity by cortisol was immediately blocked by cycloheximide. Whereas tryptophan oxygenase activity rapidly declined after cycloheximide application, tyrosine aminotransferase activity remained at the same level. Approximately 4 h thereafter, both enzyme activities increased again.
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Stunnenberg HG, Louis C, Sekeris CE. Depletion in nuclei of proteins associated with hnRNA, as a result of inhibition of RNA synthesis. Exp Cell Res 1978; 112:335-44. [PMID: 564781 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(78)90216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Ernest M, Feigelson P. Increase in hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase mRNA during enzyme induction by N6,O2'-dibutyryl cyclic AMP. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Ben-Porath E, Gibson KD. Effect of RNA synthesis inhibitors on stimulation of sulfation by L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977; 75:311-9. [PMID: 557980 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)91044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Krone W, Huttner WB, Seitz HJ, Tarnowski W. Interaction of hydrocortisone and dibutyryl cyclic AMP in the induction of tyrosine amino-transferase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy-kinase in rat liver. FEBS Lett 1974; 46:158-61. [PMID: 4153975 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(74)80358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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McNamara DJ, Webb TE. Glucagon-mediated changes in the concentration of rat hepatic tyrosine transaminase: an immunochemical analysis. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 163:776-83. [PMID: 4137685 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Jacob ST, Scharf MB, Vessel ES. Role of RNA in induction of hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:704-7. [PMID: 4522784 PMCID: PMC388081 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.3.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity by phenobarbital requires de novo synthesis of mRNA. Inhibition of RNA synthesis by alpha-amanitin given up to 8 hr after phenobarbital administration substantially inhibits this induction. However, beyond 8 hr after phenobarbital administration, RNA synthesis is not required for induction of these hepatic microsomal systems. Thus, mRNAs for cytochrome P-450 and ethylmorphine N-demethylase appear to be stable. Furthermore, these experiments reveal that the lag period for RNA synthesis approximates the length of the lag period for induction of the hepatic microsomal enzyme systems.
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Montanaro L, Novello F, Stirpe F. Inhibition of ribonucleic acid and of protein synthesis in the organs of rats and mice poisoned with alpha-amanitin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 319:188-98. [PMID: 4795896 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(73)90009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Montecuccoli G, Novello F, Stirpe F. Effect of alpha-amanitin poisoning on the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid and of protein in regenerating rat liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 319:199-208. [PMID: 4795897 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(73)90010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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McNamara DJ, Webb TE. A common component involved in the induction of hepatic tyrosine transaminase by hydrocortisone and glucagon. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 313:356-62. [PMID: 4126335 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(73)90035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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Corradino RA. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol: inhibition of action in organ-cultured intestine by actinomycin D and alpha-amanitin. Nature 1973; 243:41-3. [PMID: 4621103 DOI: 10.1038/243041a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Mendelson IS, Anderson KM. Rat mammary gland nuclear RNA polymerases in late pregnancy and lactation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 299:576-87. [PMID: 4350629 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(73)90230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Boctor A, Grossman A. Differential sensitivity of rat liver and rat hepatoma cells to alpha-amanitin. Biochem Pharmacol 1973; 22:17-28. [PMID: 4148686 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(73)90250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- C E. Sekeris
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie der Universität Marburg, 355 Marburg/Lahn, Lahnberge, BRD
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Tata JR, Hamilton MJ, Shields D. Effects of alpha-amanitin in vivo on RNA polymerase and nuclear RNA synthesis. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1972; 238:161-4. [PMID: 4505982 DOI: 10.1038/newbio238161a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Stith RD, Bottoms GD. Intracellular binding of ( 3 H)cortisol and its effect on RNA polymerase activity in hypothalamus of the pig. Brain Res 1972; 41:423-34. [PMID: 5038334 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90512-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Wieland T. [Structure and mode of action of the amatoxins]. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1972; 59:225-31. [PMID: 5065761 DOI: 10.1007/bf00610196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Jolicoeur P, Labrie F. Induction of rat liver tyrosine aminotransferase by dibutyryl cyclic AMP and its inhibition by actinomycin D and alpha-Amanitin. FEBS Lett 1971; 17:141-144. [PMID: 11946016 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(71)80583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Jolicoeur
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 10, Quebec, Canada
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Shaaya E, Sekeris CE. Inhibitory effects of alpha-amanitin on RNA synthesis and induction of DOPA-decarboxylase by beta-ecdysone. FEBS Lett 1971; 16:333-336. [PMID: 11945974 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(71)80383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Shaaya
- Physiologisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität, Marburg/Lahnberge, Germany
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Incefy GS, Kappas A. Inhibitory effect of a-amanitin on the induction of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase in chick embryo liver. FEBS Lett 1971; 15:153-155. [PMID: 11945835 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(71)80045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G S. Incefy
- The Rockefeller University, 10021, New York, New York, USA
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