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Dubuc J, Schneider MJ, Dubuc V, Richard H, Pinsard M, Bancelin S, Legare F, Girard C, Laverty S. Degradation of Proteoglycans and Collagen in Equine Meniscal Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6439. [PMID: 38928148 PMCID: PMC11203490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Investigate meniscal extracellular matrix degradation. Equine menisci (n = 34 from 17 horses) were studied. Site-matched sections were cut and scored from three regions (ROIs; n = 102) and stained for histology, proteoglycan (safranin O and fast green), aggrecan, and collagen cleavage (NITEGE, DIPEN, and C1,2C antibodies, respectively). Picrosirius red and second harmonic generation microscopy were performed to investigate collagen ultrastructure. A total of 42 ROIs met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. The median (range) ROI histological score was 3 (0-9), providing a large spectrum of pathology. The median (range) proteoglycan score was 1 (0-3), representing superficial and central meniscal loss. The median (range) of DIPEN, NITEGE, and C1,2C scores was 1 (0-3), revealing immunostaining of the femoral and tibial surfaces. The proteoglycan scores exhibited significant positive associations with both histologic evaluation (p = 0.03) and DIPEN scores (p = 0.02). Additionally, a robust positive association (p = 0.007) was observed between the two aggrecanolysis indicators, NITEGE and DIPEN scores. A negative association (p = 0.008) was identified between NITEGE and histological scores. The C1,2C scores were not associated with any other scores. Picrosirius red and second harmonic generation microscopy (SHGM) illustrated the loss of the collagen matrix and structure centrally. Proteoglycan and collagen degradation commonly occur superficially in menisci and less frequently centrally. The identification of central meniscal proteoglycan and collagen degradation provides novel insight into central meniscal degeneration. However, further research is needed to elucidate the etiology and sequence of degradative events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dubuc
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, QC J2S2M2, Canada; (J.D.); (M.J.S.); (V.D.); (H.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Melodie Jil Schneider
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, QC J2S2M2, Canada; (J.D.); (M.J.S.); (V.D.); (H.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Valerie Dubuc
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, QC J2S2M2, Canada; (J.D.); (M.J.S.); (V.D.); (H.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Helene Richard
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, QC J2S2M2, Canada; (J.D.); (M.J.S.); (V.D.); (H.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Maxime Pinsard
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Quebec, 1650 Bd Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec, QC J3X1P7, Canada
| | - Stephane Bancelin
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Quebec, 1650 Bd Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec, QC J3X1P7, Canada
| | - Francois Legare
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Quebec, 1650 Bd Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec, QC J3X1P7, Canada
| | - Christiane Girard
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, QC J2S2M2, Canada; (J.D.); (M.J.S.); (V.D.); (H.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Sheila Laverty
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, QC J2S2M2, Canada; (J.D.); (M.J.S.); (V.D.); (H.R.); (C.G.)
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Zhang Z, Mu Y, Zhou H, Yao H, Wang DA. Cartilage Tissue Engineering in Practice: Preclinical Trials, Clinical Applications, and Prospects. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2023; 29:473-490. [PMID: 36964757 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2022.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage defects significantly compromise the quality of life in the global population. Although many strategies are needed to repair articular cartilage, including microfracture, autologous osteochondral transplantation, and osteochondral allograft, the therapeutic effects remain suboptimal. In recent years, with the development of cartilage tissue engineering, scientists have continuously improved the formulations of therapeutic cells, biomaterial-based scaffolds, and biological factors, which have opened new avenues for better therapeutics of cartilage lesions. This review focuses on advances in cartilage tissue engineering, particularly in preclinical trials and clinical applications, prospects, and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yulei Mu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Huiqun Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hang Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dong-An Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
- Karolinska Institutet Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, HKSTP, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, P.R. China
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Bielajew BJ, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Methodology to Quantify Collagen Subtypes and Crosslinks: Application in Minipig Cartilages. Cartilage 2021; 13:1742S-1754S. [PMID: 34823380 PMCID: PMC8804780 DOI: 10.1177/19476035211060508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study develops assays to quantify collagen subtypes and crosslinks with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and characterizes the cartilages in the Yucatan minipig. METHODS For collagen subtyping, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis was performed on tissues digested in trypsin. For collagen crosslinks, LC-MS analysis was performed on hydrolysates. Samples were also examined histologically and with bottom-up proteomics. Ten cartilages (femoral condyle, femoral head, facet joint, floating rib, true rib, auricular cartilage, annulus fibrosus, 2 meniscus locations, and temporomandibular joint disc) were analyzed. RESULTS The collagen subtyping assay quantified collagen types I and II. The collagen crosslinks assay quantified mature and immature crosslinks. Collagen subtyping revealed that collagen type I predominates in fibrocartilages and collagen type II in hyaline cartilages, as expected. Elastic cartilage and fibrocartilages had more mature collagen crosslink profiles than hyaline cartilages. Bottom-up proteomics revealed a spectrum of ratios between collagen types I and II, and quantified 42 proteins, including 24 collagen alpha-chains and 12 minor collagen types. DISCUSSION The novel assays developed in this work are sensitive, inexpensive, and use a low operator time relative to other collagen analysis methods. Unlike the current collagen assays, these assays quantify collagen subtypes and crosslinks without an antibody-based approach or lengthy chromatography. They apply to any collagenous tissue, with broad applications in tissue characterization and tissue engineering. For example, a novel finding of this work was the presence of a large quantity of collagen type III in the white-white knee meniscus and a spectrum of hyaline and fibrous cartilages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Bielajew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jerry C. Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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McAlinden A, Hudson DM, Fernandes AA, Ravindran S, Fernandes RJ. Biochemical and immuno-histochemical localization of type IIA procollagen in annulus fibrosus of mature bovine intervertebral disc. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 12:100077. [PMID: 34337380 PMCID: PMC8313739 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
For next generation tissue-engineered constructs and regenerative medicine to succeed clinically, the basic biology and extracellular matrix composition of tissues that these repair techniques seek to restore have to be fully determined. Using the latest reagents coupled with tried and tested methodologies, we continue to uncover previously undetected structural proteins in mature intervertebral disc. In this study we show that the “embryonic” type IIA procollagen isoform (containing a cysteine-rich amino propeptide) was biochemically detectable in the annulus fibrosus of both calf and mature steer caudal intervertebral discs, but not in the nucleus pulposus where the type IIB isoform was predominantly localized. Specifically, the triple-helical type IIA procollagen isoform immunolocalized in the outer margins of the inner annulus fibrosus. Triple helical processed type II collagen exclusively localized within the inter-lamellae regions and with type IIA procollagen in the intra-lamellae regions. Mass spectrometry of the α1(II) collagen chains from the region where type IIA procollagen localized showed high 3-hydroxylation of Proline-944, a post-translational modification that is correlated with thin collagen fibrils as in the nucleus pulposus. The findings implicate small diameter fibrils of type IIA procollagen in select regions of the annulus fibrosus where it likely contributes to the organization of collagen bundles and structural properties within the type I-type II collagen transition zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey McAlinden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children- St Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M Hudson
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aysel A Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Soumya Ravindran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Russell J Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Bielajew BJ, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Collagen: quantification, biomechanics, and role of minor subtypes in cartilage. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2020; 5:730-747. [PMID: 33996147 PMCID: PMC8114887 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-020-0213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is a ubiquitous biomaterial in vertebrate animals. Although each of its 28 subtypes contributes to the functions of many different tissues in the body, most studies on collagen or collagenous tissues have focussed on only one or two subtypes. With recent developments in analytical chemistry, especially mass spectrometry, significant advances have been made toward quantifying the different collagen subtypes in various tissues; however, high-throughput and low-cost methods for collagen subtype quantification do not yet exist. In this Review, we introduce the roles of collagen subtypes and crosslinks, and describe modern assays that enable a deep understanding of tissue physiology and disease states. Using cartilage as a model tissue, we describe the roles of major and minor collagen subtypes in detail; discuss known and unknown structure-function relationships; and show how tissue engineers may harness the functional characteristics of collagen to engineer robust neotissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Bielajew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Jerry C. Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Kyriacos A. Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
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Vyas C, Mishbak H, Cooper G, Peach C, Pereira RF, Bartolo P. Biological perspectives and current biofabrication strategies in osteochondral tissue engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40898-020-00008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractArticular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone are crucial in human movement and when damaged through disease or trauma impacts severely on quality of life. Cartilage has a limited regenerative capacity due to its avascular composition and current therapeutic interventions have limited efficacy. With a rapidly ageing population globally, the numbers of patients requiring therapy for osteochondral disorders is rising, leading to increasing pressures on healthcare systems. Research into novel therapies using tissue engineering has become a priority. However, rational design of biomimetic and clinically effective tissue constructs requires basic understanding of osteochondral biological composition, structure, and mechanical properties. Furthermore, consideration of material design, scaffold architecture, and biofabrication strategies, is needed to assist in the development of tissue engineering therapies enabling successful translation into the clinical arena. This review provides a starting point for any researcher investigating tissue engineering for osteochondral applications. An overview of biological properties of osteochondral tissue, current clinical practices, the role of tissue engineering and biofabrication, and key challenges associated with new treatments is provided. Developing precisely engineered tissue constructs with mechanical and phenotypic stability is the goal. Future work should focus on multi-stimulatory environments, long-term studies to determine phenotypic alterations and tissue formation, and the development of novel bioreactor systems that can more accurately resemble the in vivo environment.
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Kim SA, Sur YJ, Cho ML, Go EJ, Kim YH, Shetty AA, Kim SJ. Atelocollagen promotes chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10678. [PMID: 32606308 PMCID: PMC7327030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective engineering approaches for cartilage regeneration involve a combination of cells and biomaterial scaffolds. Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are important sources for cartilage regeneration. Atelocollagen provides a suitable substrate for MSC attachment and enhancing chondrogenic differentiation. Here, we assessed the chondrogenic potential of adipose tissue derived human MSCs (hMSCs) mixed with atelocollagen gel. We observed cell attachment, viability, and microstructures by electron microscopy over 21 days. The levels of Sox9, type II collagen, aggrecan, type I collagen, Runx2, type X collagen, ALP, Osterix, and MMP13 were measured by RT-qPCR. Cartilage matrix-related proteins were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), histology, and immunohistochemistry. hMSCs of all groups exhibited well-maintained cell survival, distribution and morphology. Abundant type II collagen fibers developed on day 21; while Sox9, type II collagen, and aggrecan expression increased over time in the atelocollagen group. However, type I collagen, RUNX2, type X collagen (CoL10A1), Osterix, and ALP were not expressed. These results corroborated the protein expression detected by ELISA. Further, histological analysis revealed lacunae-like structures, while staining demonstrated glycosaminoglycan accumulation. Cumulatively, these results indicate that atelocollagen scaffolds improve hMSC chondrogenic differentiation and are a potential approach for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Ae Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Joon Sur
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-La Cho
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Go
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hwan Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Asode Ananthram Shetty
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, UK
| | - Seok Jung Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Chen J, Chin A, Almarza AJ, Taboas JM. Hydrogel to guide chondrogenesis versus osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells for fabrication of cartilaginous tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 15:045006. [PMID: 31470441 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab401f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ideal combination of hydrogel components for regeneration of cartilage and cartilaginous interfaces is a significant challenge because control over differentiation into multiple lineages is necessary. Stabilization of the phenotype of stem cell derived chondrocytes is needed to avoid undesired progression to terminal hypertrophy and tissue mineralization. A novel ternary blend hydrogel composed of methacrylated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), gelatin, and heparin (PGH) was designed to guide chondrogenesis by bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and maintenance of their cartilaginous phenotype. The hydrogel material effects on chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation by BMSCs were evaluated in comparison to methacrylated gelatin hydrogel (GEL), a conventional bioink used for both chondrogenic and osteogenic applications. PGH and GEL hydrogels were loaded with goat BMSCs and cultured in chondrogenic and osteogenic mediums in vitro over six weeks. The PGH showed no sign of mineral deposition in an osteogenic environment in vitro. To further evaluate material effects, the hydrogels were loaded with adult human BMSCs (hBMSCs) and transforming growth factor β-3 and grown in subcutaneous pockets in mice over eight weeks. Consistent with the in vitro results, the PGH had greater potential to induce chondrogenesis by BMSCs in vivo compared to the GEL as evidenced by elevated gene expression of chondrogenic markers, supporting its potential for stable cartilage engineering. The PGH also showed a greater percentage of GAG positive cells compared to the GEL. Unlike the GEL, the PGH hydrogel exhibited anti-osteogenic effects in vivo as evidenced by negative Von Kossa staining and suppressed gene expression of hypertrophic and osteogenic markers. By nature of their polymer composition alone, the PGH and GEL regulated BMSC differentiation down different osteochondral lineages. Thus, the PGH and GEL are promising hydrogels to regenerate stratified cartilaginous interfacial tissues in situ, such as the mandibular condyle surface, using undifferentiated BMSCs and a stratified scaffold design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingming Chen
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America. Center for Craniofacial Regeneration; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
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Marconi A, Hancock-Ronemus A, Gillis JA. Adult chondrogenesis and spontaneous cartilage repair in the skate, Leucoraja erinacea. eLife 2020; 9:e53414. [PMID: 32393435 PMCID: PMC7217701 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian articular cartilage is an avascular tissue with poor capacity for spontaneous repair. Here, we show that embryonic development of cartilage in the skate (Leucoraja erinacea) mirrors that of mammals, with developing chondrocytes co-expressing genes encoding the transcription factors Sox5, Sox6 and Sox9. However, in skate, transcriptional features of developing cartilage persist into adulthood, both in peripheral chondrocytes and in cells of the fibrous perichondrium that ensheaths the skeleton. Using pulse-chase label retention experiments and multiplexed in situ hybridization, we identify a population of cycling Sox5/6/9+ perichondral progenitor cells that generate new cartilage during adult growth, and we show that persistence of chondrogenesis in adult skates correlates with ability to spontaneously repair cartilage injuries. Skates therefore offer a unique model for adult chondrogenesis and cartilage repair and may serve as inspiration for novel cell-based therapies for skeletal pathologies, such as osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Hancock-Ronemus
- Charles River LaboratoriesWilmington, MassachusettsUnited States
- Marine Biological LaboratoryWoods Hole, MassachusettsUnited States
| | - J Andrew Gillis
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Marine Biological LaboratoryWoods Hole, MassachusettsUnited States
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10
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Anderson-Baron M, Kunze M, Mulet-Sierra A, Adesida AB. Effect of cell seeding density on matrix-forming capacity of meniscus fibrochondrocytes and nasal chondrocytes in meniscus tissue engineering. FASEB J 2020; 34:5538-5551. [PMID: 32090374 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902559r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The presence of intact menisci is imperative for the proper function of the knee joint. Meniscus injuries are often treated by the surgical removal of the damaged tissue, which increases the likelihood of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Tissue engineering holds great promise in producing viable engineered meniscal tissue for implantation using the patient's own cells; however, the cell source for producing the engineered tissue is unclear. Nasal chondrocytes (NC) possess many attractive features for engineering meniscus. However, in order to validate the use of NC for engineering meniscus fibrocartilage, a thorough comparison of NC and meniscus fibrochondrocytes (MFC) must be considered. Our study presents an analysis of the relative features of NC and MFC and their respective chondrogenic potential in a pellet culture model. We showed considerable differences in the cartilage tissue formed by the two different cell types. Our data showed that NC were more proliferative in culture, deposited more extracellular matrix, and showed higher expression of chondrogenic genes than MFC. Overall, our data suggest that NC produce superior cartilage tissue to MFC in a pellet culture model. In addition, NCs produce higher quality cartilage tissue at higher cell seeding densities during cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Anderson-Baron
- Department of Surgery, Divisions of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, 3-021 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Melanie Kunze
- Department of Surgery, Divisions of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, 3-021 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Aillette Mulet-Sierra
- Department of Surgery, Divisions of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, 3-021 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Adetola B Adesida
- Department of Surgery, Divisions of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, 3-021 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Calderon MF, Nucci RAB, de Souza RR. Age-related changes in the articular cartilage of the mandible of rats. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151501. [PMID: 31892437 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.151501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of aging on the articular cartilage of the mandible. Wistar rats were divided in two groups (n = 10/per group): 3-months-old group (young group); and 13-months-old group (aged group). After euthanasia, the head of the mandible was collected and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) to evaluate the thickness of the articular layer and cartilage. Sections stained with Picrosirius red and Safranin O were used to evaluate the collagen and proteoglycans deposition, respectively. First, aging has decreased the articular layer thickness. Second, the results suggest a decrease of chondrocytes followed by an increase of the matrix to maintain the mandible homeostasis. Finally, both collagen and proteoglycans increased with aging. Aging displayed important effects to the mandible of aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Calderon
- School of Dentistry, Uninove University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R A B Nucci
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - R R de Souza
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Biosynthesis of Silver nanoparticles using Bauhinia acuminate flower extract and their effect to promote osteogenesis of MSCs and improve meniscus injury healing. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 197:111536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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van Geffen EW, van Caam APM, Vitters EL, van Beuningen HM, van de Loo FA, van Lent PLEM, Koenders MI, van der Kraan PM. Interleukin-37 Protects Stem Cell-Based Cartilage Formation in an Inflammatory Osteoarthritis-Like Microenvironment. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:1155-1166. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elly Louise Vitters
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Henk Maria van Beuningen
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Fons Adrianus van de Loo
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marije Ingrid Koenders
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Mario van der Kraan
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Murphy CA, Garg AK, Silva-Correia J, Reis RL, Oliveira JM, Collins MN. The Meniscus in Normal and Osteoarthritic Tissues: Facing the Structure Property Challenges and Current Treatment Trends. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2019; 21:495-521. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-060418-052547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of meniscus injuries has recently been facing a paradigm shift toward the field of tissue engineering, with the aim of regenerating damaged and diseased menisci as opposed to current treatment techniques. This review focuses on the structure and mechanics associated with the meniscus. The meniscus is defined in terms of its biological structure and composition. Biomechanics of the meniscus are discussed in detail, as an understanding of the mechanics is fundamental for the development of new meniscal treatment strategies. Key meniscal characteristics such as biological function, damage (tears), and disease are critically analyzed. The latest technologies behind meniscal repair and regeneration are assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A. Murphy
- Stokes Laboratories, Bernal Institute, School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 PC82, Ireland
| | - Atul K. Garg
- Manufacturing Technology and Innovation Global Supply Chain, Johnson & Johnson, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, USA
| | - Joana Silva-Correia
- 3B's Research Group, I3B's: Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho and Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's: PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3B's: Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho and Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's: PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, University of Minho, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M. Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group, I3B's: Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho and Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's: PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, University of Minho, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maurice N. Collins
- Stokes Laboratories, Bernal Institute, School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 PC82, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
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15
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Donahue RP, Gonzalez-Leon EA, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Considerations for translation of tissue engineered fibrocartilage from bench to bedside. J Biomech Eng 2018; 141:2718210. [PMID: 30516244 PMCID: PMC6611470 DOI: 10.1115/1.4042201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fibrocartilage is found in the knee meniscus, the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc, the pubic symphysis, the annulus fibrosus of intervertebral disc, tendons, and ligaments. These tissues are notoriously difficult to repair due to their avascularity, and limited clinical repair and replacement options exist. Tissue engineering has been proposed as a route to repair and replace fibrocartilages. Using the knee meniscus and TMJ disc as examples, this review describes how fibrocartilages can be engineered toward translation to clinical use. Presented are fibrocartilage anatomy, function, epidemiology, pathology, and current clinical treatments because they inform design criteria for tissue engineered fibrocartilages. Methods for how native tissues are characterized histomorphologically, biochemically, and mechanically to set gold standards are described. Then, provided is a review of fibrocartilage-specific tissue engineering strategies, including the selection of cell sources, scaffold or scaffold-free methods, and biochemical and mechanical stimuli. In closing, the Food and Drug Administration paradigm is discussed to inform researchers of both the guidance that exists and the questions that remain to be answered with regard to bringing a tissue engineered fibrocartilage product to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of California, Irvine,
Irvine, CA 92697
e-mail:
| | - Erik A. Gonzalez-Leon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of California, Irvine,
Irvine, CA 92697
e-mail:
| | - Jerry C. Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of California, Irvine,
Irvine, CA 92697
e-mail:
| | - Kyriacos A. Athanasiou
- Fellow ASME
Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of California, Irvine
Irvine, CA 92697
e-mail:
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16
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López-Franco M, Gómez-Barrena E. Cellular and molecular meniscal changes in the degenerative knee: a review. J Exp Orthop 2018; 5:11. [PMID: 29675769 PMCID: PMC5908770 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-018-0126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The important role of knee menisci to maintain adequate knee function is frequently impaired since early stages of knee joint degeneration. A better understanding of meniscal impairment may help the orthopaedic surgeon to orient the treatment of the degenerative knee. This review focuses on changes in meniscal cells and matrix when degeneration is in progress. Main body Differences in the meniscal structure and metabolism have been investigated in the degenerative knee, both in experimental animal models and in surgical specimens. Cell population reduction, extracellular matrix disorganization, disturbances in collagen and non-collagen protein synthesis and/or expression have been found in menisci along with knee degeneration. These changes are considered disease-specific, different from those due to aging. Conclusion Significant cellular and matrix differences are found in menisci during knee degeneration. These investigations may help to further progress in the understanding of knee degeneration and in the search of more biological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano López-Franco
- Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital "Infanta Sofía", Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Sur de Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina de la Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Gómez-Barrena
- Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Interplay between stiffness and degradation of architectured gelatin hydrogels leads to differential modulation of chondrogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Acta Biomater 2018; 69:83-94. [PMID: 29378326 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The limited capacity of cartilage to heal large lesions through endogenous mechanisms has led to extensive effort to develop materials to facilitate chondrogenesis. Although physical-chemical properties of biomaterials have been shown to impact in vitro chondrogenesis, whether these findings are translatable in vivo is subject of debate. Herein, architectured 3D hydrogel scaffolds (ArcGel) (produced by crosslinking gelatin with ethyl lysine diisocyanate (LDI)) were used as a model system to investigate the interplay between scaffold mechanical properties and degradation on matrix deposition by human articular chondrocytes (HAC) from healthy donors in vitro and in vivo. Using ArcGel scaffolds of different tensile and shear modulus, and degradation behavior; in this study, we compared the fate of ex vivo engineered ArcGels-chondrocytes constructs, i.e. the traditional tissue engineering approach, with thede novoformation of cartilaginous tissue in HAC laden ArcGels in an ectopic nude mouse model. While the softer and fast degrading ArcGel (LNCO3) was more efficient at promoting chondrogenic differentiation in vitro, upon ectopic implantation, the stiffer and slow degrading ArcGel (LNCO8) was superior in maintaining chondrogenic phenotype in HAC and retention of cartilaginous matrix. Furthermore, surprisingly the de novo formation of cartilage tissue was promoted only in LNCO8. Since HAC cultured for only three days in the LNCO8 environment showed upregulation of hypoxia-associated genes, this suggests a potential role for hypoxia in the observed in vivo outcomes. In summary, this study sheds light on how immediate environment (in vivo versus in vitro) can significantly impact the outcomes of cell-laden biomaterials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In this study, 3D architectured hydrogels (ArcGels) with different mechanical and biodegradation properties were investigated for their potential to promote formation of cartilaginous matrix by human articular chondrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Two paradigms were explored (i) ex vivo engineering followed by in vivo implantation in ectopic site of nude mice and (ii) short in vitro culture (3 days) followed by implantation to induce de novo cartilage formation. Softer and fast degrading ArcGel were better at promoting chondrogenesis in vitro, while stiffer and slow degrading ArcGel were strikingly superior in both maintaining chondrogenesis in vivo and inducing de novo formation of cartilage. Our findings highlight the importance of the interplay between scaffold mechanics and degradation in chondrogenesis.
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18
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Open questions on the 3D structures of collagen containing vertebrate mineralized tissues: A perspective. J Struct Biol 2018; 201:187-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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19
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Chondrogenic potential of IL-10 in mechanically injured cartilage and cellularized collagen ACI grafts. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:264-275. [PMID: 29169959 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The application of adjunctive mediators in Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) techniques might be useful for improving the dedifferentiated chondrocyte phenotype, to support neocartilage formation and inhibit post-traumatic cartilage destruction. In this study we examined if (a) interleukin 10 treatment can cause chondrogenic phenotype stabilization and matrix preservation in mechanically injured cartilage and if (b) IL-10 can promote chondrogenesis in a clinically applied collagen scaffold for ACI treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS For (a) bovine articular cartilage was harvested, subjected to an axial unconfined injury and treated with bovine IL-10 (1-10,000 pg/ng/ml). For (b) a post-operatively remaining ACI graft was treated with human IL-10. Expression levels of type I/II/X collagen, SOX9 and aggrecan were measured by qPCR (a,b). After 3 weeks cell death was analyzed (nuclear blebbing and TUNEL assay) and matrix composition was determined by GAG measurements and immunohistochemistry (aggrecan, type I/II collagen, hyaluronic acid). STATISTICS One way ANOVA analysis with Bonferroni's correction. RESULTS (a) IL-10 stabilized the chondrogenic phenotype after injurious compression and preserved matrix integrity. This was indicated by elevated expression of chondrogenic markers COL2A1, ACAN, SOX9, while COL1A1 and COL10A1 were reduced. An increased GAG content paralleled this and histological staining of type 2 collagen, aggrecan and toluidine blue were enhanced after 3 weeks. (b) IL-10 [100 pg/ml] improved the chondrogenic differentiation of human chondrocytes, which was accompanied by cartilaginous matrix formation after 3 weeks of incubation. CONCLUSION Interleukin-10 is a versatile adjuvant candidate to control the post-injurious environment in cartilage defects and promote chondrogenesis in ACI grafts.
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20
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Liang Y, Idrees E, Andrews SHJ, Labib K, Szojka A, Kunze M, Burbank AD, Mulet-Sierra A, Jomha NM, Adesida AB. Plasticity of Human Meniscus Fibrochondrocytes: A Study on Effects of Mitotic Divisions and Oxygen Tension. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12148. [PMID: 28939894 PMCID: PMC5610182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Meniscus fibrochondrocytes (MFCs) may be the optimal cell source to repair non-healing meniscus injuries using tissue engineering strategies. In this study, we investigated the effects of mitotic divisions and oxygen tension on the plasticity of adult human MFCs. Our assessment techniques included gene expression, biochemical, histological, and immunofluorescence assays. MFCs were expanded in monolayer culture with combined growth factors TGFβ1 and FGF-2 (T1F2) under normoxia (21% O2). Trilineage (adipogenesis, chondrogenesis and osteogenesis) differentiation was performed under both normoxic (21% O2) and hypoxic (3% O2) conditions. The data demonstrated that MFCs with a mean total population doubling of 10 can undergo adipogenesis and chondrogenesis. This capability was enhanced under hypoxic conditions. The MFCs did not undergo osteogenesis. In conclusion, our findings suggest that extensively expanded human MFCs have the capacity to generate tissues with the functional matrix characteristics of avascular meniscus. To this end, expanded MFCs may be an ideal cell source for engineering functional constructs for the replacement or repair of avascular meniscus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- University of Alberta, Department of Surgery, Divisions of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, Canada
- Division of Burn and Reconstructive Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Enaam Idrees
- University of Alberta, Department of Surgery, Divisions of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Stephen H J Andrews
- University of Alberta, Department of Surgery, Divisions of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Kirollos Labib
- University of Alberta, Department of Surgery, Divisions of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Alexander Szojka
- University of Alberta, Department of Surgery, Divisions of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Melanie Kunze
- University of Alberta, Department of Surgery, Divisions of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Andrea D Burbank
- University of Alberta, Department of Surgery, Divisions of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Aillette Mulet-Sierra
- University of Alberta, Department of Surgery, Divisions of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Nadr M Jomha
- University of Alberta, Department of Surgery, Divisions of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Adetola B Adesida
- University of Alberta, Department of Surgery, Divisions of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, Canada.
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McDaniel D, Tilton E, Dominick K, Flory K, Ernest T, Johnson JC, Main DC, Kondrashov P. Histological characteristics of knee menisci in patients with osteoarthritis. Clin Anat 2017; 30:805-810. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dalton McDaniel
- Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine; A.T. Still University; Kirksville Missouri
| | - Emily Tilton
- Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine; A.T. Still University; Kirksville Missouri
| | - Kathryn Dominick
- Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine; A.T. Still University; Kirksville Missouri
| | - Kale Flory
- Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine; A.T. Still University; Kirksville Missouri
| | - Taylor Ernest
- Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine; A.T. Still University; Kirksville Missouri
| | - Jane C. Johnson
- A.T. Still Research Institute, A.T. Still University; Kirksville Missouri
| | | | - Peter Kondrashov
- Department of Anatomy; Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University; Kirksville Missouri
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22
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Chen S, Fu P, Wu H, Pei M. Meniscus, articular cartilage and nucleus pulposus: a comparative review of cartilage-like tissues in anatomy, development and function. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 370:53-70. [PMID: 28413859 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of cartilage in the human body is impacted by aging, disease, genetic predisposition and continued insults resulting from daily activity. The burden of cartilage defects (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, intervertebral disc damage, knee replacement surgeries, etc.) is daunting in light of substantial economic and social stresses. This review strives to broaden the scope of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering approaches used for cartilage repair by comparing and contrasting the anatomical and functional nature of the meniscus, articular cartilage (AC) and nucleus pulposus (NP). Many review papers have provided detailed evaluations of these cartilages and cartilage-like tissues individually but none have comprehensively examined the parallels and inconsistencies in signaling, genetic expression and extracellular matrix composition between tissues. For the first time, this review outlines the importance of understanding these three tissues as unique entities, providing a comparative analysis of anatomy, ultrastructure, biochemistry and function for each tissue. This novel approach highlights the similarities and differences between tissues, progressing research toward an understanding of what defines each tissue as distinctive. The goal of this paper is to provide researchers with the fundamental knowledge to correctly engineer the meniscus, AC and NP without inadvertently developing the wrong tissue function or biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9196, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9196, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiliang Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Haishan Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9196, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9196, USA.
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23
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Koh RH, Jin Y, Kang BJ, Hwang NS. Chondrogenically primed tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in riboflavin-induced photocrosslinking collagen-hyaluronic acid hydrogel for meniscus tissue repairs. Acta Biomater 2017; 53:318-328. [PMID: 28161573 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Current meniscus tissue repairing strategies involve partial or total meniscectomy, followed by allograft transplantation or synthetic material implantation. However, allografts and synthetic implants have major drawbacks such as the limited supply of grafts and lack of integration into host tissue, respectively. In this study, we investigated the effects of conditioned medium (CM) from meniscal fibrochondrocytes and TGF-β3 on tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (T-MSCs) for meniscus tissue engineering. CM-expanded T-MSCs were encapsulated in riboflavin-induced photocrosslinked collagen-hyaluronic acid (COL-RF-HA) hydrogels and cultured in chondrogenic medium containing TGF-β3. In vitro results indicate that CM-expanded cells followed by TGF-β3 exposure stimulated the expression of fibrocartilage-related genes (COL2, SOX9, ACAN, COL1) and production of extracellular matrix components. Histological assessment of in vitro and subcutaneously implanted in vivo constructs demonstrated that CM-expanded cells followed by TGF-β3 exposure resulted in highest cell proliferation, GAG accumulation, and collagen deposition. Furthermore, when implanted into meniscus defect model, CM treatment amplified the potential of TGF-β3 and induced complete regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Conditioned medium derived from chondrocytes have been reported to effectively prime mesenchymal stem cells toward chondrogenic lineage. Type I collagen is the main component of meniscus extracellular matrix and hyaluronic acid is known to promote meniscus regeneration. In this manuscript, we investigated the effects of conditioned medium (CM) and transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) on tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (T-MSCs) encapsulated in riboflavin-induced photocrosslinked collagen-hyaluronic acid (COL-RF-HA) hydrogel. We employed a novel source of conditioned medium, derived from meniscal fibrochondrocytes. Our in vitro and in vivo results collectively illustrate that CM-expanded cells followed by TGF-β3 exposure have the best potential for meniscus regeneration. This manuscript highlights a novel stem cell commitment strategy combined with biomaterials designs for meniscus regeneration.
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24
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Melrose J, Fuller ES, Little CB. The biology of meniscal pathology in osteoarthritis and its contribution to joint disease: beyond simple mechanics. Connect Tissue Res 2017; 58:282-294. [PMID: 28121190 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2017.1284824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The meniscal cartilages in the knee function to improve congruity of the medial and lateral femoro-tibial joints and play critical roles in load distribution and joint stability. Meniscal tears of various configurations are one of the most common conditions of the knee and are associated with an increased risk of developing osteoarthritis (OA). While this risk has been largely attributed to loss of the biomechanical functions of the menisci, there is accumulating evidence suggesting that other aspects of meniscal biology may play a role in determining the long-term consequences of meniscal damage for joint health. In this narrative review, we examine the existing literature and present some new data implicating synthesis and secretion of enzymes and other pro-catabolic mediators by injured and degenerate menisci, contributing to the pathological change in other knee joint tissues in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- a Raymond Purves Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney Medical School Northern , University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital , St. Leonards , Australia.,b Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Emily S Fuller
- a Raymond Purves Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney Medical School Northern , University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital , St. Leonards , Australia
| | - Christopher B Little
- a Raymond Purves Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney Medical School Northern , University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital , St. Leonards , Australia
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25
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Parmar PA, Skaalure SC, Chow LW, St-Pierre JP, Stoichevska V, Peng YY, Werkmeister JA, Ramshaw JAM, Stevens MM. Temporally degradable collagen-mimetic hydrogels tuned to chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 2016; 99:56-71. [PMID: 27214650 PMCID: PMC4910873 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering strategies for repairing and regenerating articular cartilage face critical challenges to recapitulate the dynamic and complex biochemical microenvironment of native tissues. One approach to mimic the biochemical complexity of articular cartilage is through the use of recombinant bacterial collagens as they provide a well-defined biological 'blank template' that can be modified to incorporate bioactive and biodegradable peptide sequences within a precisely defined three-dimensional system. We customized the backbone of a Streptococcal collagen-like 2 (Scl2) protein with heparin-binding, integrin-binding, and hyaluronic acid-binding peptide sequences previously shown to modulate chondrogenesis and then cross-linked the recombinant Scl2 protein with a combination of matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7)- and aggrecanase (ADAMTS4)-cleavable peptides at varying ratios to form biodegradable hydrogels with degradation characteristics matching the temporal expression pattern of these enzymes in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) during chondrogenesis. hMSCs encapsulated within the hydrogels cross-linked with both degradable peptides exhibited enhanced chondrogenic characteristics as demonstrated by gene expression and extracellular matrix deposition compared to the hydrogels cross-linked with a single peptide. Additionally, these combined peptide hydrogels displayed increased MMP7 and ADAMTS4 activities and yet increased compression moduli after 6 weeks, suggesting a positive correlation between the degradation of the hydrogels and the accumulation of matrix by hMSCs undergoing chondrogenesis. Our results suggest that including dual degradation motifs designed to respond to enzymatic activity of hMSCs going through chondrogenic differentiation led to improvements in chondrogenesis. Our hydrogel system demonstrates a bimodal enzymatically degradable biological platform that can mimic native cellular processes in a temporal manner. As such, this novel collagen-mimetic protein, cross-linked via multiple enzymatically degradable peptides, provides a highly adaptable and well defined platform to recapitulate a high degree of biological complexity, which could be applicable to numerous tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh A Parmar
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Stacey C Skaalure
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley W Chow
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Philippe St-Pierre
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yong Y Peng
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | | | - John A M Ramshaw
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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26
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Baek J, Sovani S, Glembotski NE, Du J, Jin S, Grogan SP, D'Lima DD. Repair of Avascular Meniscus Tears with Electrospun Collagen Scaffolds Seeded with Human Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 22:436-48. [PMID: 26842062 PMCID: PMC4800276 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-healing capacity of an injured meniscus is limited to the vascularized regions and is especially challenging in the inner avascular regions. As such, we investigated the use of human meniscus cell-seeded electrospun (ES) collagen type I scaffolds to produce meniscal tissue and explored whether these cell-seeded scaffolds can be implanted to repair defects created in meniscal avascular tissue explants. Human meniscal cells (derived from vascular and avascular meniscal tissue) were seeded on ES scaffolds and cultured. Constructs were evaluated for cell viability, gene expression, and mechanical properties. To determine potential for repair of meniscal defects, human meniscus avascular cells were seeded and cultured on aligned ES collagen scaffolds for 4 weeks before implantation. Surgical defects resembling "longitudinal tears" were created in the avascular zone of bovine meniscus and implanted with cell-seeded collagen scaffolds and cultured for 3 weeks. Tissue regeneration and integration were evaluated by histology, immunohistochemistry, mechanical testing, and magentic resonance imaging. Ex vivo implantation with cell-seeded collagen scaffolds resulted in neotissue that was significantly better integrated with the native tissue than acellular collagen scaffolds or untreated defects. Human meniscal cell-seeded ES collagen scaffolds may therefore be useful in facilitating meniscal repair of avascular meniscus tears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Baek
- 1 Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic , La Jolla, California.,2 Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California , La Jolla, California
| | - Sujata Sovani
- 1 Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic , La Jolla, California
| | - Nicholas E Glembotski
- 1 Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic , La Jolla, California
| | - Jiang Du
- 3 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California , San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Sungho Jin
- 2 Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California , La Jolla, California
| | - Shawn P Grogan
- 1 Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic , La Jolla, California
| | - Darryl D D'Lima
- 1 Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic , La Jolla, California
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Han S, Li YY, Chan BP. Extracellular Protease Inhibition Alters the Phenotype of Chondrogenically Differentiating Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) in 3D Collagen Microspheres. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146928. [PMID: 26760956 PMCID: PMC4711899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix remodeling of cells is highly regulated by proteases and their inhibitors. Nevertheless, how would the chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) be affected, when the balance of the matrix remodeling is disturbed by inhibiting matrix proteases, is incompletely known. Using a previously developed collagen microencapsulation platform, we investigated whether exposing chondrogenically differentiating MSCs to intracellular and extracellular protease inhibitors will affect the extracellular matrix remodeling and hence the outcomes of chondrogenesis. Results showed that inhibition of matrix proteases particularly the extracellular ones favors the phenotype of fibrocartilage rather than hyaline cartilage in chondrogenically differentiating hMSCs by upregulating type I collagen protein deposition and type II collagen gene expression without significantly altering the hypertrophic markers at gene level. This study suggests the potential of manipulating extracellular proteases to alter the outcomes of hMSC chondrogenesis, contributing to future development of differentiation protocols for fibrocartilage tissues for intervertebral disc and meniscus tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejin Han
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yuk Yin Li
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Barbara Pui Chan
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- * E-mail:
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Wang T, Lai JH, Han LH, Tong X, Yang F. Modulating stem cell–chondrocyte interactions for cartilage repair using combinatorial extracellular matrix-containing hydrogels. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:7641-7650. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01583b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial ECM-containing hydrogels with decoupled mechanical and biochemical cues modulate cartilage formation by a stem cell and chondrocyte co-culture in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Wang
- Department of Bioengineering
- Stanford University
- Stanford
- USA
| | - Janice H. Lai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Stanford School of Medicine
- Stanford
- USA
| | - Li-Hsin Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Drexel University
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Xinming Tong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
- Stanford University
- Stanford
- USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Bioengineering
- Stanford University
- Stanford
- USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
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Warnock JJ, Bobe G, Duesterdieck-Zellmer KF. Fibrochondrogenic potential of synoviocytes from osteoarthritic and normal joints cultured as tensioned bioscaffolds for meniscal tissue engineering in dogs. PeerJ 2014; 2:e581. [PMID: 25289180 PMCID: PMC4183955 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Meniscal tears are a common cause of stifle lameness in dogs. Use of autologous synoviocytes from the affected stifle is an attractive cell source for tissue engineering replacement fibrocartilage. However, the diseased state of these cells may impede in vitro fibrocartilage formation. Synoviocytes from 12 osteoarthritic (“oaTSB”) and 6 normal joints (“nTSB”) were cultured as tensioned bioscaffolds and compared for their ability to synthesize fibrocartilage sheets. Gene expression of collagens type I and II were higher and expression of interleukin-6 was lower in oaTSB versus nTSB. Compared with nTSB, oaTSB had more glycosaminoglycan and alpha smooth muscle staining and less collagen I and II staining on histologic analysis, whereas collagen and glycosaminoglycan quantities were similar. In conclusion, osteoarthritic joint—origin synoviocytes can produce extracellular matrix components of meniscal fibrocartilage at similar levels to normal joint—origin synoviocytes, which makes them a potential cell source for canine meniscal tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Warnock
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR , United States
| | - Gerd Bobe
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR , United States
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Ballard GA, Warnock JJ, Bobe G, Duesterdieck-Zellmer KF, Baker L, Baltzer WI, Ott J. Comparison of meniscal fibrochondrocyte and synoviocyte bioscaffolds toward meniscal tissue engineering in the dog. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:400-8. [PMID: 24856453 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a promising field of study toward curing the meniscal deficient stifle; however the ideal cell type for this task is not known. We describe here the extraction of synoviocytes and meniscal fibrochondrocytes from arthroscopic debris from six dogs, which were cultured as tensioned bioscaffolds to synthesize meniscal-like fibrocartilage sheets. Despite the diseased status of the original tissues, synoviocytes and meniscal fibrochondrocytes had high viability at the time of removal from the joint. Glycosaminoglycan and collagen content of bioscaffolds did not differ. Meniscal fibrochondrocyte bioscaffolds contained more type II collagen, but collagen deposition was disorganized, with only 30-40% of cells viable. The collagen of synoviocyte bioscaffolds was organized into sheets and bands and 80-90% of cells were viable. Autologous, diseased meniscal fibrochondrocytes and synoviocytes are plausible cell sources for future meniscal tissue engineering research, however cell viability of meniscal fibrochondrocytes in the tensioned bioscaffolds was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Ballard
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 105 Magruder Hall, 700 SW 30th St., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jennifer J Warnock
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 105 Magruder Hall, 700 SW 30th St., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Gerd Bobe
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 307 Linus Pauling Science Center, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Katja F Duesterdieck-Zellmer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 105 Magruder Hall, 700 SW 30th St., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Lindsay Baker
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 105 Magruder Hall, 700 SW 30th St., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Wendy I Baltzer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 105 Magruder Hall, 700 SW 30th St., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jesse Ott
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 105 Magruder Hall, 700 SW 30th St., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Bahcecioglu G, Buyuksungur A, Kiziltay A, Hasirci N, Hasirci V. Construction and in vitro testing of a multilayered, tissue-engineered meniscus. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911514529688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel three-dimensional construct was designed to serve as a substitute for the natural meniscus tissue, and tested in vitro. The design consisted of mats of aligned collagen micro/nanofibers, entrapped within a macroporous poly(l-lactic acid)/poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) foam coated with Ca+2-cross-linked alginic acid. Fibrochondrocytes derived from human meniscus were tested in vitro to study cell attachment and proliferation. After a 21-day culture, the cells populating the constructs were shown to produce extracellular matrix components specific for fibrocartilages, such as collagen Types I and II and aggrecan. Coating the foam with alginate increased the compressive modulus of the collagen-containing constructs (from 320 to 381 kPa, after 21 days of incubation with fibrochondrocytes) but decreased cell attachment and proliferation, as well as aggrecan production. Collagen fibers substantially increased the tensile modulus of the cell-seeded constructs (from 0.98 to 1.71 MPa for uncoated and from 0.67 to 1.32 MPa for coated samples). All constructs produced extracellular matrix components specific for fibrocartilages. These findings indicate that these constructs have potential for use as meniscus substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Bahcecioglu
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- BIOMATEN—Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arda Buyuksungur
- BIOMATEN—Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysel Kiziltay
- BIOMATEN—Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Central Laboratory, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Hasirci
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- BIOMATEN—Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vasif Hasirci
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- BIOMATEN—Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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Warnock JJ, Bobe G, Duesterdieck-Zellmer KF, Spina J, Ott J, Baltzer WI, Bay BK. Growth factor treated tensioned synoviocyte neotissues: towards meniscal bioscaffold tissue engineering. Vet J 2014; 200:22-30. [PMID: 24559744 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Meniscal injury is a common cause of osteoarthritis, pain, and disability in dogs and humans, but tissue-engineered bioscaffolds could be a treatment option for meniscal deficiency. The objective of this study was to compare meniscus-like matrix histology, composition, and biomechanical properties of autologous tensioned synoviocyte neotissues (TSN) treated with fetal bovine serum (TSNfbs) or three chondrogenic growth factors (TSNgf). Fourth passage canine synoviocytes from 10 dogs were grown in hyperconfluent monolayer culture, formed into TSN, and then cultured for 3 weeks with 17.7% FBS or three human recombinant TSNgf (bFGF, TGF-β1, and IGF-1). Cell viability was determined with laser microscopy. Histological architecture and the composition of fibrocartilage matrix were evaluated in TSN by staining tissues for glycosaminoglycan (GAG), α-smooth muscle actin, and collagen 1 and 2; quantifying the content of GAG, DNA, and hydroxyproline; and measuring the gene expression of collagens type 1α and 2α, the GAG aggrecan, and transcription factor Sry-type Homeobox Protein-9 (SOX9). Biomechanical properties were determined by materials testing force-deformation curves. The TSN contained components and histological features of mensical fibrocartilage extracellular matrix. Growth factor-treated TSN had higher DNA content but lower cell viability than TSNfbs. TSNgf had greater fibrocartilage-like matrix content (collagen 2 and GAG content with increased collagen 2α and SOX9 gene expression). Additionally, TSNgf collagen was more organized histologically and so had greater tensile biomechanical properties. The results indicate the potential of TSN when cultured with growth factors as implantable bioscaffolds for the treatment of canine meniscal deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Warnock
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - G Bobe
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, OR 97331, USA
| | - K F Duesterdieck-Zellmer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - J Spina
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - J Ott
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - W I Baltzer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - B K Bay
- School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Warnock JJ, Baker L, Ballard GA, Ott J. In vitro synthesis of tensioned synoviocyte bioscaffolds for meniscal fibrocartilage tissue engineering. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:242. [PMID: 24299420 PMCID: PMC4220847 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meniscal injury is a common cause of lameness in the dog. Tissue engineered bioscaffolds may be a treatment option for meniscal incompetency, and ideally would possess meniscus- like extracellular matrix (ECM) and withstand meniscal tensile hoop strains. Synovium may be a useful cell source for meniscal tissue engineering because of its natural role in meniscal deficiency and its in vitro chondrogenic potential. The objective of this study is to compare meniscal -like extracellular matrix content of hyperconfluent synoviocyte cell sheets (“HCS”) and hyperconfluent synoviocyte sheets which have been tensioned over wire hoops (tensioned synoviocyte bioscaffolds, “TSB”) and cultured for 1 month. Results Long term culture with tension resulted in higher GAG concentration, higher chondrogenic index, higher collagen concentration, and type II collagen immunoreactivity in TSB versus HCS. Both HCS and TSB were immunoreactive for type I collagen, however, HCS had mild, patchy intracellular immunoreactivity while TSB had diffuse moderate immunoreactivity over the entire bisocaffold. The tissue architecture was markedly different between TSB and HCS, with TSB containing collagen organized in bands and sheets. Both HCS and TSB expressed alpha smooth muscle actin and displayed active contractile behavior. Double stranded DNA content was not different between TSB and HCS, while cell viability decreased in TSB. Conclusions Long term culture of synoviocytes with tension improved meniscal- like extra cellular matrix components, specifically, the total collagen content, including type I and II collagen, and increased GAG content relative to HCS. Future research is warranted to investigate the potential of TSB for meniscal tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Warnock
- Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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Synoviocyte neotissues towards in vitro meniscal tissue engineering. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:1201-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Haidarliu S, Kleinfeld D, Ahissar E. Mediation of muscular control of rhinarial motility in rats by the nasal cartilaginous skeleton. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:1821-32. [PMID: 24249396 PMCID: PMC4157211 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The rhinarium is the rostral-most area of the snout that surrounds the nostrils, and is hairless in most mammals. In rodents, it participates in coordinated behaviors, active tactile sensing, and active olfactory sensing. In rats, the rhinarium is firmly connected to the nasal cartilages, and its motility is determined by movements of the rostral end of the nasal cartilaginous skeleton (NCS). Here, we demonstrate the nature of different cartilaginous regions that form the rhinarium and the nasofacial muscles that deform these regions during movements of the NCS. These muscles, together with the dorsal nasal cartilage that is described here, function as a rhinarial motor plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Haidarliu
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics and Section of Neurobiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ehud Ahissar
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Warnock JJ, Spina J, Bobe G, Duesterdieck-Zellmer KF, Ott J, Baltzer WI, Bay BK. Culture of canine synoviocytes on porcine intestinal submucosa scaffolds as a strategy for meniscal tissue engineering for treatment of meniscal injury in dogs. Vet J 2013; 199:49-56. [PMID: 24360729 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Meniscal injury is a common cause of canine lameness. Tissue engineered bioscaffolds may be a treatment option for dogs suffering from meniscal damage. The aim of this study was to compare in vitro meniscal-like matrix formation and biomechanical properties of porcine intestinal submucosa sheets (SIS), used in canine meniscal regenerative medicine, to synoviocyte-seeded SIS bioscaffold (SSB), cultured with fetal bovine serum (SSBfbs) or chondrogenic growth factors (SSBgf). Synoviocytes from nine dogs were seeded on SIS and cultured for 30days with 17.7% fetal bovine serum or recombinant chondrogenic growth factors (IGF-1, TGFβ1 and bFGF). The effect on fibrochondrogenesis was determined by comparing mRNA expression of collagen types Iα and IIα, aggrecan, and Sry-type homeobox protein-9 (SOX9) as well as protein expression of collagens I and II, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), and hydroxyproline. The effect of synoviocyte seeding and culture conditions on biochemical properties was determined by measuring peak load, tensile stiffness, resilience, and toughness of bioscaffolds. Pre-culture SIS contained 13.6% collagen and 2.9% double-stranded DNA. Chondrogenic growth factor treatment significantly increased SOX9, collagens I and IIα, aggrecan gene expression (P<0.05), and histological deposition of fibrocartilage extracellular matrix (GAG and collagen II). Culture with synoviocytes increased SIS tensile peak load at failure, resilience, and toughness of bioscaffolds (P<0.05). In conclusion, culturing SIS with synoviocytes prior to implantation might provide biomechanical benefits, and chondrogenic growth factor treatment of cultured synoviocytes improves in vitro axial meniscal matrix formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Warnock
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Jason Spina
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Gerd Bobe
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Katja F Duesterdieck-Zellmer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jesse Ott
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Wendy I Baltzer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Brian K Bay
- School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Grogan SP, Chung PH, Soman P, Chen P, Lotz MK, Chen S, D’Lima DD. Digital micromirror device projection printing system for meniscus tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:7218-26. [PMID: 23523536 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Meniscus degeneration due to age or injury can lead to osteoarthritis. Although promising, current cell-based approaches show limited success. Here we present three-dimensional methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) scaffolds patterned via projection stereolithography to emulate the circumferential alignment of cells in native meniscus tissue. Cultured human avascular zone meniscus cells from normal meniscus were seeded on the scaffolds. Cell viability was monitored, and new tissue formation was assessed by gene expression analysis and histology after 2weeks in serum-free culture with transforming growth factor β1 (10ngml(-1)). Light, confocal and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe cell-GelMA interactions. Tensile mechanical testing was performed on unseeded, fresh scaffolds and 2-week-old cell-seeded and unseeded scaffolds. 2-week-old cell-GelMA constructs were implanted into surgically created meniscus defects in an explant organ culture model. No cytotoxic effects were observed 3weeks after implantation, and cells grew and aligned to the patterned GelMA strands. Gene expression profiles and histology indicated promotion of a fibrocartilage-like meniscus phenotype, and scaffold integration with repair tissue was observed in the explant model. We show that micropatterned GelMA scaffolds are non-toxic, produce organized cellular alignment, and promote meniscus-like tissue formation. Prefabrication of GelMA scaffolds with architectures mimicking the meniscus collagen bundle organization shows promise for meniscal repair. Furthermore, the technique presented may be scaled up to repair larger defects.
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Longo UG, Loppini M, Romeo G, Maffulli N, Denaro V. Histological scoring systems for tissue-engineered, ex vivo and degenerative meniscus. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2013; 21:1569-76. [PMID: 22829330 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-012-2142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Because its function is strictly related to the quality of meniscal tissue, one of the most important outcome measures for the evaluation of meniscal repair effectiveness is the assessment of histological features. Data on the validation and application of the histological scoring systems in research settings and specific fields of meniscal disorders are lacking. The available histological scoring systems to assess meniscal tissue were systematically evaluated. METHODS Histological scoring systems for the analysis of degenerative meniscal changes, ex vivo and tissue-engineered meniscal repair were reviewed. Furthermore, the validity and applicability of the scoring systems were assessed. RESULTS The Copenhaver classification and Mankin score have been modified to classify the degeneration of collagen bundles in the meniscal structure. The Pauli score seems to be a comprehensive and simple scoring system for the evaluation of both macroscopic and histologic meniscal changes related to ageing and osteoarthritic degeneration. The Zhang score may be used for ex vivo gene therapy in meniscus healing. The Ishida score seems to be the most adequate for the evaluation of tissue-engineered meniscal repair. CONCLUSION Although several histological scoring systems are available to assess meniscal structure, only few of them have been validated for specific application in research settings. Validated scores are required to provide a standardized data collection to allow the comparison of results of different research groups. Further experimental and clinical studies are needed to find a comprehensive and validated histological scoring system in the field of meniscus repair. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Systematic review of Level III studies, Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umile Giuseppe Longo
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Trigoria, Rome, Italy
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Deponti D, Di Giancamillo A, Scotti C, Peretti GM, Martin I. Animal models for meniscus repair and regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 9:512-27. [PMID: 23712959 DOI: 10.1002/term.1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The meniscus plays an important role in knee function and mechanics. Meniscal lesions, however, are common phenomena and this tissue is not able to achieve spontaneous successful repair, particularly in the inner avascular zone. Several animal models have been studied and proposed for testing different reparative approaches, as well as for studying regenerative methods aiming to restore the original shape and function of this structure. This review summarizes the gross anatomy, function, ultrastructure and biochemical composition of the knee meniscus in several animal models in comparison with the human meniscus. The relevance of the models is discussed from the point of view of basic research as well as of clinical translation for meniscal repair, substitution and regeneration. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of each model for various research directions are critically discussed.
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Fox AJS, Bedi A, Rodeo SA. The basic science of human knee menisci: structure, composition, and function. Sports Health 2012; 4:340-51. [PMID: 23016106 PMCID: PMC3435920 DOI: 10.1177/1941738111429419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Information regarding the structure, composition, and function of the knee menisci has been scattered across multiple sources and fields. This review contains a concise, detailed description of the knee menisci-including anatomy, etymology, phylogeny, ultrastructure and biochemistry, vascular anatomy and neuroanatomy, biomechanical function, maturation and aging, and imaging modalities. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A literature search was performed by a review of PubMed and OVID articles published from 1858 to 2011. RESULTS This study highlights the structural, compositional, and functional characteristics of the menisci, which may be relevant to clinical presentations, diagnosis, and surgical repairs. CONCLUSIONS An understanding of the normal anatomy and biomechanics of the menisci is a necessary prerequisite to understanding the pathogenesis of disorders involving the knee.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asheesh Bedi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Vanderploeg EJ, Wilson CG, Imler SM, Ling CHY, Levenston ME. Regional variations in the distribution and colocalization of extracellular matrix proteins in the juvenile bovine meniscus. J Anat 2012; 221:174-86. [PMID: 22703476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A deeper understanding of the composition and organization of extracellular matrix molecules in native, healthy meniscus tissue is required to fully appreciate the degeneration that occurs in joint disease and the intricate environment in which an engineered meniscal graft would need to function. In this study, regional variations in the tissue-level and pericellular distributions of collagen types I, II and VI and the proteoglycans aggrecan, biglycan and decorin were examined in the juvenile bovine meniscus. The collagen networks were extensively, but not completely, colocalized, with tissue-level organization that varied with radial position across the meniscus. Type VI collagen exhibited close association with large bundles composed of type I and II collagen and, in contrast to type I and II collagen, was further concentrated in the pericellular matrix. Aggrecan was detected throughout the inner region of the meniscus but was restricted to the pericellular matrix and sheaths of collagen bundles in the middle and outer regions. The small proteoglycans biglycan and decorin exhibited regional variations in staining intensity but were consistently localized in the intra- and/or peri-cellular compartments. These results provide insight into the complex hierarchy of extracellular matrix organization in the meniscus and provide a framework for better understanding meniscal degeneration and disease progression and evaluating potential repair and regeneration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Vanderploeg
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Steinmetz NJ, Bryant SJ. Chondroitin sulfate and dynamic loading alter chondrogenesis of human MSCs in PEG hydrogels. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:2671-82. [PMID: 22511184 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
While biochemical and biomechanical cues are known to play important roles in directing stem cell differentiation, there remains little known regarding how these inextricably linked biological cues impact the differentiation fate of human marrow stromal cells (hMSCs). This study investigates the chondrogenic differentiation potential of hMSCs when encapsulated in a three dimensional (3D) hydrogel and exposed to a biochemical cue, chondroitin sulfate (ChS), a biomechanical cue, dynamic loading, and their combination. hMSCs were encapsulated in bioinert poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels only, PEG hydrogels modified with covalently incorporated methacrylated ChS and cultured under free swelling conditions or subjected to delayed intermittent dynamic loading for 2 weeks. The 3D hydrogel environment led to the expression of chondrogenic genes (SOX9) and proteins (aggrecan and collagen II), but also upregulated hypertrophic genes (RUNX2 and Col X mRNA) and proteins (collagen X), while the application of loading generally led to a downregulation in chondrogenic proteins (collagen II). The presence of ChS led to elevated levels of aggrecan, but also collagen I, protein expression and when combined with dynamic loading downregulated, but did not suppress, hypertrophic genes (Col X and RUNX2) and collagen I protein expression. Taken together, this study demonstrates that while the 3D environment induces early terminal differentiation during chondrogenesis of hMSCs, the incorporation of ChS into PEG hydrogels may slow the terminal differentiation process down the hypertrophic lineage particularly when dynamic loading is applied.
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Fuller ES, Smith MM, Little CB, Melrose J. Zonal differences in meniscus matrix turnover and cytokine response. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:49-59. [PMID: 22062355 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the mechanisms of meniscal degeneration and whether this varied zonally and from articular cartilage. DESIGN Normal ovine menisci were dissected into inner and outer zones and along with cartilage cultured ±IL-1α and TNFα. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen release, and gene expression were quantified. Aggrecan proteolysis was analysed by Western blotting with neoepitope-specific antibodies. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2, MMP9 and MMP13 activity was evaluated by gelatin zymography or fluorogenic assay. RESULTS Inner meniscus was more cartilaginous containing more GAG and expressing more ACAN and COL2A1 than outer zones. Higher expression of VCAN and ADAMTS4 in medial outer and both zones of the lateral meniscus reflected their embryologic origin from cells outside the cartilage anlagen. All meniscal regions released a greater % GAG in response to cytokines; only outer zones had cytokine-stimulated collagenolysis. Cytokine-induced aggrecanolysis was primarily due to increased ADAMTS cleavage in cartilage and inner menisci but MMPs in the outer menisci. Outer menisci always released more active MMP2 than other tissues and more active MMP13 in basal and TNF-stimulated cultures. Expression of ACAN, COL1A1 and COL2A1 was decreased by both cytokines in all tissues, while VCAN was increased by IL-1α in cartilage and inner menisci. Metalloproteinase expression was differentially regulated by IL-1α and TNFα: ADAMTS4, MMP1, MMP3 were upregulated more by IL-1α in inner zones whereas ADAMTS5, MMP13 and MMP9 were more upregulated by TNFα in outer zones. CONCLUSIONS Meniscal degeneration mechanisms are zonally-dependent, and may contribute to the enzymatic burden in the joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Fuller
- Raymond Purves Research Laboratory, Institute of Bone & Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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Walker EA, Davis D, Mosher TJ. Rapidly progressive osteoarthritis: biomechanical considerations. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2011; 19:283-94. [PMID: 21665091 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An underlying hypothesis for rapid cartilage loss in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) is that perturbation from normal joint mechanics produces locally high biomechanical strains that exceed the material properties of the tissue, leading to rapid destruction. Several imaging findings are associated with focally high biomechanical forces and thus are potential candidates for predictive biomarkers of rapid OA progression. This article focuses on 3 aspects of knee biomechanics that have potential magnetic resonance imaging correlates, and which may serve as prognostic biomarkers: knee malalignment, meniscal dysfunction, and injury of the osteochondral unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Walker
- Department of Radiology MC H066, Penn State University College of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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45
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Nguyen LH, Kudva AK, Saxena NS, Roy K. Engineering articular cartilage with spatially-varying matrix composition and mechanical properties from a single stem cell population using a multi-layered hydrogel. Biomaterials 2011; 32:6946-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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46
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Mandal BB, Park SH, Gil ES, Kaplan DL. Stem cell-based meniscus tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:2749-61. [PMID: 21682541 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Knee meniscus, a fibrocartilaginous tissue, is characterized by heterogeneity in extracellular matrix (ECM) and biomechanical properties, and critical for orthopedic stability, load transmission, shock absorption, and stress distribution within the knee joint. Most damage to the meniscus cannot be effectively healed by the body due to its partial avascular nature; thus, damage caused by injury or age impairs normal knee function, predisposing patients to osteoarthritis. Meniscus tissue engineering offers a possible solution to this problem by generating replacement tissue that may be implanted into the defect site to mimic the function of natural meniscal tissue. To address this need, a multiporous, multilamellar meniscus was formed using silk protein scaffolds and stem cells. The silk scaffolds were seeded with human bone marrow stem cells and differentiated over time in chondrogenic culture in the presence of transforming growth factor-beta 3 to generate meniscus-like tissue in vitro. High cellularity along with abundant ECM leading to enhanced biomechanics similar to native tissue was found. Higher levels of collagen type I and II, sulfated glycosaminoglycans along with enhanced collagen 1-α1, aggrecan, and SOX9 gene expression further confirmed differentiation and matured cell phenotype. The results of this study are a step forward toward biomechanically competent meniscus engineering, reconstituting both form and function of the native meniscus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biman B Mandal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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47
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Tan GK, Dinnes DLM, Myers PT, Cooper-White JJ. Effects of biomimetic surfaces and oxygen tension on redifferentiation of passaged human fibrochondrocytes in 2D and 3D cultures. Biomaterials 2011; 32:5600-14. [PMID: 21592565 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to its limited healing potential within the inner avascular region, functional repair of the meniscus remains a significant challenge in orthopaedic surgery. Tissue engineering of a meniscus implant using meniscal cells offers the promise of enhancing the reparative process and achieving functional meniscal repair. In this work, using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis, we show that human fibrochondrocytes rapidly dedifferentiate during monolayer expansion on standard tissue culture flasks, representing a significant limit to clinical use of this cell population for meniscal repair. Previously, we have characterized and described the feasibility of a tailored biomimetic surface (C6S surface) for reversing dedifferentiation of monolayer-expanded rat meniscal cells. The surface is comprised of major meniscal extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the inner region, namely collagen I/II (at a 2:3 ratio) and chondroitin-6-sulfate. We thus have further evaluated the effects of the C6S surface, alongside a number of other tailored surfaces, on cell adhesion, proliferation, matrix synthesis and relevant marker gene expression (collagen I, -II, aggrecan and Sox-9 etc) of passaged human fibrochondrocytes in 2D (coated glass coverslips) and 3D (surface-modified polymeric scaffolds) environments. We show that the C6S surface is permissive for cell adhesion, proliferation and ECM synthesis, as demonstrated using DNA quantification, 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assay, histology and immunohistochemistry. More importantly, RT-qPCR analyses corroborate the feasibility of the C6S surface for reversing phenotypic changes, especially the downregulation of collagen II, of dedifferentiated human fibrochondrocytes. Furthermore, human fibrochondrocyte redifferentiation was enhanced by hypoxia in the 3D cultures, independent of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) transcriptional activity and was shown to potentially involve the transcriptional activation of Sox-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guak-Kim Tan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Bld 75, Cnr Cooper and College Rds, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Tan GK, Cooper-White JJ. Interactions of meniscal cells with extracellular matrix molecules: towards the generation of tissue engineered menisci. Cell Adh Migr 2011; 5:220-6. [PMID: 21187716 DOI: 10.4161/cam.5.3.14463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Menisci are one of the most commonly injured parts of the knee. Conventional surgical interventions are often associated with a long-term increased risk of osteoarthritis. Meniscal tissue engineering utilizes natural or synthetic matrices as a scaffold to guide tissue repair or regeneration in three dimensions. Studies have shown that a diverse cellular response can be triggered depending on the composition of the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) components. As such, attempts have been made to replace or repair meniscus defects using tissue grafts or reconstituted ECM components prepared from a multitude of tissues. This commentary summarizes the most recent data on the response of meniscal cells to ECM components, both in vivo and in vitro, and focuses on their potential roles in meniscal repair and regeneration. We also discuss our recent investigations into the interactions of meniscal cells and a self assembled biomimetic surface composed of meniscal ECM molecules. The biological effects conferred by the biomimetic surface, in terms of cell adhesion, proliferation, gene expression profiles and matrix synthesis, were evaluated. Finally, some suggested directions for future research in this field are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guak-Kim Tan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Kalpakci KN, Kim EJ, Athanasiou KA. Assessment of growth factor treatment on fibrochondrocyte and chondrocyte co-cultures for TMJ fibrocartilage engineering. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:1710-8. [PMID: 21185408 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Treatments for patients suffering from severe temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction are limited, motivating the development of strategies for tissue regeneration. In this study, co-cultures of fibrochondrocytes (FCs) and articular chondrocytes (ACs) were seeded in agarose wells, and supplemented with growth factors, to engineer tissue with biomechanical properties and extracellular matrix composition similar to native TMJ fibrocartilage. In the first phase, growth factors were applied alone and in combination, in the presence or absence of serum, while in the second phase, the best overall treatment was applied at intermittent dosing. Continuous treatment of AC/FC co-cultures with TGF-β1 in serum-free medium resulted in constructs with glycosaminoglycan/wet weight ratios (12.2%), instantaneous compressive moduli (790 kPa), relaxed compressive moduli (120 kPa) and Young's moduli (1.87 MPa) that overlap with native TMJ disc values. Among co-culture groups, TGF-β1 treatment increased collagen deposition ∼20%, compressive stiffness ∼130% and Young's modulus ∼170% relative to controls without growth factor. Serum supplementation, though generally detrimental to functional properties, was identified as a powerful mediator of FC construct morphology. Finally, both intermittent and continuous TGF-β1 treatment showed positive effects, though continuous treatment resulted in greater enhancement of construct functional properties. This work proposes a strategy for regeneration of TMJ fibrocartilage and its future application will be realized through translation of these findings to clinically viable cell sources.
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Killian ML, Lepinski NM, Haut RC, Haut Donahue TL. Regional and zonal histo-morphological characteristics of the lapine menisci. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 293:1991-2000. [PMID: 21077170 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The menisci have crucial weight-bearing roles in the knee. Regional variations in structure and cellularity of the meniscus have only been minimally investigated. Therefore, the goal of this study was to illustrate the regional cell density, tissue area, and structure of healthy lapine menisci. Skeletally mature Flemish Giant rabbits were used for this study. Upon sacrifice, menisci were removed, fixed in formalin, and cryosectioned. Histological analysis was performed for the detection of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG), collagen Types I and II, cellular density, and tissue area. ANOVA and paired t tests were used for testing of statistical significance. Glycosaminoglycan coverage of the medial meniscus significantly varied between regions, with the anterior region demonstrating significantly more GAG coverage than the posterior region. Inter- and intra-meniscal comparisons revealed variations between zones, with trends that outer zones of the medial menisci had less GAG coverage. Collagen Types I and II had marked characteristics and varying degrees of coverage across regions. Tissue area varied between regions for both medial and lateral menisci. Cellular density was dependent on region in the lateral meniscus. This is the first study to illustrate regional and zonal variation in glycosaminoglycan coverage, size, and cellular density for healthy lapine meniscal tissue. This data provides baseline information for future investigations in meniscal injury models in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Killian
- Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics Department, Soft Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
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