1
|
Seeberg TM, Kocbach J, Wolf H, Talsnes RK, Sandbakk ØB. Race development and performance-determining factors in a mass-start cross-country skiing competition. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 4:1094254. [PMID: 36704262 PMCID: PMC9871829 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1094254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although five of six Olympic events in cross-country skiing involve mass-starts, those events are sparsely examined scientifically. Therefore, in this study, we investigated speed profiles, pacing strategies, group dynamics and their performance-determining impact in a cross-country skiing mass-start competition. Methods Continuous speed and position of 57 male skiers was measured in a six-lap, 21.8 km national mass-start competition in skating style and later followed up with an online questionnaire. Skiers ranked from 1 to 40 were split into four performance-groups: R1-10 for ranks 1 to 10, R11-20 for ranks 11 to 20, R21-30 for ranks 21 to 30, and R31-40 for ranks 31 to 40. Results All skiers moved together in one large pack for 2.3 km, after which lower-performing skiers gradually lost the leader pack and formed small, dynamic packs. A considerable accordion effect occurred during the first half of the competition that lead to additional decelerations and accelerations and a higher risk of incidents that disadvantaged skiers at the back of the pack. Overall, 31% of the skiers reported incidents, but none were in R1-10. The overall trend was that lap speed decreased after Lap 1 for all skiers and thereafter remained nearly unchanged for R1-10, while it gradually decreased for the lower-performing groups. Skiers in R31-40, R21-30, and R11-20 lost the leader pack during Lap 3, Lap 4, and Lap 5, respectively, and more than 60% of the time-loss relative to the leader pack occurred in the uphill terrain sections. Ultimately, skiers in R1-10 sprinted for the win during the last 1.2 km, in which 2.4 s separated the top five skiers, and a photo finish differentiated first from second place. Overall, a high correlation emerged between starting position and final rank. Conclusions Our results suggest that (a) an adequate starting position, (b) the ability to avoid incidents and disadvantages from the accordion effect, (c) tolerate fluctuations in intensity, and (d) maintain speed throughout the competition, particularly in uphill terrain, as well as (e) having well-developed final sprint abilities, are key factors determining performance during skating-style mass-start cross-country skiing competitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trine M. Seeberg
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway,Smart Sensor and Microsensor System, SINTEF Digital, SINTEF AS, Oslo, Norway,Correspondence: Trine M. Seeberg
| | - Jan Kocbach
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hanna Wolf
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rune Kjøsen Talsnes
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Øyvind B. Sandbakk
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ferreira BDA, Marques JDJ, Santos TRT. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Pain and History of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Skateboarders. Rev Bras Ortop 2021; 56:567-573. [PMID: 34733427 PMCID: PMC8558930 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective (a) To identify the prevalence of current musculoskeletal pain and injury in the last year and (b) to verify the association of the presence of current pain and the history of injury with demographic, sports, and health characteristics in skateboarders. Method A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 64 skateboarders who answered a questionnaire addressing demographic, sports practice, and health characteristics. The Fisher exact test verified the association of these characteristics with the presence of current pain and with the report of injury in the last year. The chi-squared test verified whether there was a difference between the observed and expected distribution for the body segment reported with pain and history of injury, and with the type of injury. Results The prevalence of pain was of 82.8%, and the observed frequency was higher than expected ( p < 0.01) in the knee, the ankle, the lumbosacral region, and the foot. The presence of pain was associated with age ( p = 0.05) and with whether the patient had already undergone physical therapy treatment ( p < 0.01). The prevalence of injury in the last year was of 68.8%, and the frequency observed was higher than expected ( p < 0.01) in the knee, the ankle, the wrist, the hand, the foot, and the shoulder. Sprain and fracture showed a higher frequency than expected ( p < 0.01). The history of injury was associated with the use of protective equipment ( p = 0.01), having already undergone surgery ( p = 0.02), and physical therapy treatment ( p = 0.03). Conclusion The practice of skateboarding presents a high prevalence of pain and injuries in the last year. The findings may contribute to the planning of preventive strategies.
Collapse
|
3
|
Marconi A, Hancock-Ronemus A, Gillis JA. Adult chondrogenesis and spontaneous cartilage repair in the skate, Leucoraja erinacea. eLife 2020; 9:e53414. [PMID: 32393435 PMCID: PMC7217701 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian articular cartilage is an avascular tissue with poor capacity for spontaneous repair. Here, we show that embryonic development of cartilage in the skate (Leucoraja erinacea) mirrors that of mammals, with developing chondrocytes co-expressing genes encoding the transcription factors Sox5, Sox6 and Sox9. However, in skate, transcriptional features of developing cartilage persist into adulthood, both in peripheral chondrocytes and in cells of the fibrous perichondrium that ensheaths the skeleton. Using pulse-chase label retention experiments and multiplexed in situ hybridization, we identify a population of cycling Sox5/6/9+ perichondral progenitor cells that generate new cartilage during adult growth, and we show that persistence of chondrogenesis in adult skates correlates with ability to spontaneously repair cartilage injuries. Skates therefore offer a unique model for adult chondrogenesis and cartilage repair and may serve as inspiration for novel cell-based therapies for skeletal pathologies, such as osteoarthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Hancock-Ronemus
- Charles River LaboratoriesWilmington, MassachusettsUnited States
- Marine Biological LaboratoryWoods Hole, MassachusettsUnited States
| | - J Andrew Gillis
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Marine Biological LaboratoryWoods Hole, MassachusettsUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Turner N, Mikalauskaite D, Barone K, Flaherty K, Senevirathne G, Adachi N, Shubin NH, Nakamura T. The evolutionary origins and diversity of the neuromuscular system of paired appendages in batoids. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191571. [PMID: 31662089 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Appendage patterning and evolution have been active areas of inquiry for the past two centuries. While most work has centred on the skeleton, particularly that of amniotes, the evolutionary origins and molecular underpinnings of the neuromuscular diversity of fish appendages have remained enigmatic. The fundamental pattern of segmentation in amniotes, for example, is that all muscle precursors and spinal nerves enter either the paired appendages or body wall at the same spinal level. The condition in finned vertebrates is not understood. To address this gap in knowledge, we investigated the development of muscles and nerves in unpaired and paired fins of skates and compared them to those of chain catsharks. During skate and shark embryogenesis, cell populations of muscle precursors and associated spinal nerves at the same axial level contribute to both appendages and body wall, perhaps representing an ancestral condition of gnathostome appendicular neuromuscular systems. Remarkably in skates, this neuromuscular bifurcation as well as colinear Hox expression extend posteriorly to pattern a broad paired fin domain. In addition, we identified migratory muscle precursors (MMPs), which are known to develop into paired appendage muscles with Pax3 and Lbx1 gene expression, in the dorsal fins of skates. Our results suggest that muscles of paired fins have evolved via redeployment of the genetic programme of MMPs that were already involved in dorsal fin development. Appendicular neuromuscular systems most likely have emerged as side branches of body wall neuromusculature and have been modified to adapt to distinct aquatic and terrestrial habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Turner
- Department of Genetics, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | | | - Krista Barone
- Department of Genetics, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kathleen Flaherty
- Comparative Medicine Resources, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Gayani Senevirathne
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Noritaka Adachi
- Aix-Marseille Université, IBDM, CNRS UMR 7288, Marseille, France
| | - Neil H Shubin
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Genetics, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The vertebral column is a key component of the jawed vertebrate (gnathostome) body plan, but the primitive embryonic origin of this skeleton remains unclear. In tetrapods, all vertebral components (neural arches, haemal arches and centra) derive from paraxial mesoderm (somites). However, in teleost fishes, vertebrae have a dual embryonic origin, with arches derived from somites, but centra formed, in part, by secretion of bone matrix from the notochord. Here, we test the embryonic origin of the vertebral skeleton in a cartilaginous fish (the skate, Leucoraja erinacea) which serves as an outgroup to tetrapods and teleosts. We demonstrate, by cell lineage tracing, that both arches and centra are somite-derived. We find no evidence of cellular or matrix contribution from the notochord to the skate vertebral skeleton. These findings indicate that the earliest gnathostome vertebral skeleton was exclusively of somitic origin, with a notochord contribution arising secondarily in teleosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine E Criswell
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA .,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Michael I Coates
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Andrew Gillis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gillis JA, Alsema EC, Criswell KE. Trunk neural crest origin of dermal denticles in a cartilaginous fish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:13200-5. [PMID: 29158384 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713827114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilaginous fishes (e.g., sharks and skates) possess a postcranial dermal skeleton consisting of tooth-like "denticles" embedded within their skin. As with teeth, the principal skeletal tissue of dermal denticles is dentine. In the head, cranial neural crest cells give rise to the dentine-producing cells (odontoblasts) of teeth. However, trunk neural crest cells are generally regarded as nonskeletogenic, and so the embryonic origin of trunk denticle odontoblasts remains unresolved. Here, we use expression of FoxD3 to pinpoint the specification and emigration of trunk neural crest cells in embryos of a cartilaginous fish, the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea). Using cell lineage tracing, we further demonstrate that trunk neural crest cells do, in fact, give rise to odontoblasts of trunk dermal denticles. These findings expand the repertoire of vertebrate trunk neural crest cell fates during normal development, highlight the likely primitive skeletogenic potential of this cell population, and point to a neural crest origin of dentine throughout the ancestral vertebrate dermal skeleton.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ritchie KB, Schwarz M, Mueller J, Lapacek VA, Merselis D, Walsh CJ, Luer CA. Survey of Antibiotic-producing Bacteria Associated with the Epidermal Mucus Layers of Rays and Skates. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1050. [PMID: 28725216 PMCID: PMC5496964 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Elasmobranchs represent a distinct group of cartilaginous fishes that harbor a remarkable ability to heal wounds rapidly and without infection. To date very little work has addressed this phenomenon although it is suggested that antibiotic capabilities associated with epidermal surfaces may be a factor. The study of benefits derived from mutualistic interactions between unicellular and multicellular organisms is a rapidly growing area of research. Here we survey and identify bacterial associates of three ray and one skate species in order to assess the potential for antibiotic production from elasmobranch associated bacteria as a novel source for new antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim B. Ritchie
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, BeaufortSC, United States
- Mote Marine Laboratory, SarasotaFL, United States
| | - Melbert Schwarz
- Mote Marine Laboratory, SarasotaFL, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, MontrealQC, Canada
| | | | | | - Daniel Merselis
- Mote Marine Laboratory, SarasotaFL, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, MiamiFL, United States
| | | | - Carl A. Luer
- Mote Marine Laboratory, SarasotaFL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Pharyngeal gills are a fundamental feature of the vertebrate body plan [1]. However, the evolutionary history of vertebrate gills has been the subject of a long-standing controversy [2-8]. It is thought that gills evolved independently in cyclostomes (jawless vertebrates-lampreys and hagfish) and gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates-cartilaginous and bony fishes), based on their distinct embryonic origins: the gills of cyclostomes derive from endoderm [9-12], while gnathostome gills were classically thought to derive from ectoderm [10, 13]. Here, we demonstrate by cell lineage tracing that the gills of a cartilaginous fish, the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea), are in fact endodermally derived. This finding supports the homology of gills in cyclostomes and gnathostomes, and a single origin of pharyngeal gills prior to the divergence of these two ancient vertebrate lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew Gillis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK; Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - Olivia R A Tidswell
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bellodi A, Porcu C, Cannas R, Cau A, Marongiu MF, Mulas A, Vittori S, Follesa MC. Life-history traits of the long-nosed skate Dipturus oxyrinchus. J Fish Biol 2017; 90:867-888. [PMID: 27873321 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates life-history traits of the long-nosed skate Dipturus oxyrinchus, which is a common by-catch in Sardinian waters. The reproductive variables were analysed from 979 specimens sampled during scientific and commercial hauls. Females (10·4-117·5 cm total length, LT ) attained larger sizes than males (14·5-99·5 cm LT ). To evaluate age and growth, a sub-sample of 130 individuals (76 females and 54 males) were used. The age was estimated by annuli counts of sectioned vertebral centra. Four models were used for the length-at-age data: the von Bertalanffy, the exponential, the Gompertz and the logistic functions. According to the Akaike's information criterion, the Gompertz model seemed to provide the best fitting curve (L∞ mean ± s.e.: 127·55 ± 4·90 cm, k: 0·14 ± 0·09, IP: 3·97 ± 0·90 years). The oldest female and male were aged 17 (115·5 cm LT ) and 15 years (96·0 cm LT ), respectively. Lengths at maturity were 103·5 cm for females and 91·0 cm for males, corresponding to 90% of the maximum observed length in both sexes. The monthly distribution of maturity stages highlighted an extended reproductive cycle, with spawning females and active males being present almost throughout the year, as confirmed by the gonado-somatic index. Ovarian fecundity reached a maximum of 26 yolked follicles with a mean ± s.e. size of 19·7 ± 6·5 mm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bellodi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via T. Fiorelli 1, 09126, Cagliari, Italy
| | - C Porcu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via T. Fiorelli 1, 09126, Cagliari, Italy
| | - R Cannas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via T. Fiorelli 1, 09126, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Al Cau
- Department of Architecture, Design and Urban Development, University of Sassari, Palazzo Pou Salit, P.zza Duomo 6, 07041, Alghero, Italy
| | - M F Marongiu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via T. Fiorelli 1, 09126, Cagliari, Italy
| | - A Mulas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via T. Fiorelli 1, 09126, Cagliari, Italy
| | - S Vittori
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via T. Fiorelli 1, 09126, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M C Follesa
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via T. Fiorelli 1, 09126, Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Choi YJ, Jang MS, Lee MA. Physicochemical changes in kimchi containing skate ( Raja kenojei) pretreated with organic acids during fermentation. Food Sci Biotechnol 2016; 25:1369-1377. [PMID: 30263418 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of supplementing kimchi with acetic acid (TSA)- and citric acid (TSC)-treated skate were investigated during the fermentation process. The chemical and microbiological properties of the product were also investigated. The quality parameters of kimchi were determined by measuring the pH, titratable acidity, reducing sugar content, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), biogenic amines (BAs), and microbial analysis. During fermentation, the kimchi containing skate was observed to have a lower acidity than the control. Treatment of skate with an organic acid increased the acidity and gradually decreased the reducing sugar content during fermentation. Higher concentrations of organic acid resulted in a decrease in VBN and BAs in the TSA and TSC groups compared to those in the kimchi containing skate. The results suggest that supplementing kimchi with skate treated with organic acids affects the histamine content of the products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mi-Soon Jang
- 2Food and Safety Research Center, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Busan, 46083 Korea
| | - Mi-Ai Lee
- World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lighten J, Incarnato D, Ward BJ, van Oosterhout C, Bradbury I, Hanson M, Bentzen P. Adaptive phenotypic response to climate enabled by epigenetics in a K-strategy species, the fish Leucoraja ocellata (Rajidae). R Soc Open Sci 2016; 3:160299. [PMID: 27853546 PMCID: PMC5098971 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The relative importance of genetic versus epigenetic changes in adaptive evolution is a hotly debated topic, with studies showing that some species appear to be able to adapt rapidly without significant genetic change. Epigenetic mechanisms may be particularly important for the evolutionary potential of species with long maturation times and low reproductive potential ('K-strategists'), particularly when faced with rapidly changing environmental conditions. Here we study the transcriptome of two populations of the winter skate (Leucoraja ocellata), a typical 'K-strategist', in Atlantic Canada; an endemic population in the southern Gulf of St Lawrence and a large population on the Scotian Shelf. The endemic population has been able to adapt to a 10°C higher water temperature over short evolutionary time (7000 years), dramatically reducing its body size (by 45%) significantly below the minimum maturation size of Scotian Shelf and other populations of winter skate, as well as exhibiting other adaptations in life history and physiology. We demonstrate that the adaptive response to selection has an epigenetic basis, cataloguing 3653 changes in gene expression that may have enabled this species to rapidly respond to the novel environment. We argue that the epigenetic augmentation of species evolutionary potential (its regulation though gene expression) can enable K-strategists to survive and adapt to different environments, and this mechanism may be particularly important for the persistence of sharks, skates and rays in the light of future climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Lighten
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Danny Incarnato
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
- Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Ben J. Ward
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UG, UK
| | - Cock van Oosterhout
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Ian Bradbury
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 80 White Hills Road, St John's, Newfoundland, CanadaA1C 5X1
| | - Mark Hanson
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Gulf Region, 343 Université Avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick, CanadaE1C 9B6
| | - Paul Bentzen
- Marine Gene Probe Laboratory, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, CanadaB3H 4R2
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Martinez CM, Rohlf FJ, Frisk MG. Re-evaluation of batoid pectoral morphology reveals novel patterns of diversity among major lineages. J Morphol 2016; 277:482-93. [PMID: 26869186 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Batoids (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea) are a diverse group of cartilaginous fishes which comprise a monophyletic sister lineage to all neoselachians or modern sharks. All species in this group possess anteroposteriorly expanded-pectoral fins, giving them a unique disc-like body form. Reliance on pectoral fins for propulsion ranges from minimal (sawfish) to almost complete dependence (skates and rays). A recent study on the diversity of planform pectoral fin shape in batoids compared overall patterns of morphological variation within the group. However, inconsistent pectoral homology prevented the study from accurately representing relationships within and among major batoid taxa. With previous work in mind, we undertook an independent investigation of pectoral form in batoids and evaluated the implications of shape diversity on locomotion and lifestyle, particularly in the skates (Rajoidei) and rays (Myliobatoidei). We used geometric morphometrics with sliding semilandmarks to analyze pectoral fin outlines and also calculate fin aspect ratios (AR), a functional trait linked to locomotion. In agreement with previous work, our results indicated that much of the evolution of batoid pectoral shape has occurred along a morphological axis that is closely related to AR. For species where kinematic data were available, both shape and AR were associated with swimming mode. This work further revealed novel patterns of shape variation among batoids, including strong bimodality of shape in rays, an intermediate location of skate species in the morphospace between benthic/demersal and pelagic rays, and approximately parallel shape trajectories in the benthic/demersal rays and skates. Finally, manipulation of landmarks verified the need for a consistent and accurate definition of homology for the outcome and efficacy of analyses of pectoral form and function in batoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Martinez
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, 10024
| | - F James Rohlf
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-5245
| | - Michael G Frisk
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-5000
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nakamura T, Klomp J, Pieretti J, Schneider I, Gehrke AR, Shubin NH. Molecular mechanisms underlying the exceptional adaptations of batoid fins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15940-5. [PMID: 26644578 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521818112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme novelties in the shape and size of paired fins are exemplified by extinct and extant cartilaginous and bony fishes. Pectoral fins of skates and rays, such as the little skate (Batoid, Leucoraja erinacea), show a strikingly unique morphology where the pectoral fin extends anteriorly to ultimately fuse with the head. This results in a morphology that essentially surrounds the body and is associated with the evolution of novel swimming mechanisms in the group. In an approach that extends from RNA sequencing to in situ hybridization to functional assays, we show that anterior and posterior portions of the pectoral fin have different genetic underpinnings: canonical genes of appendage development control posterior fin development via an apical ectodermal ridge (AER), whereas an alternative Homeobox (Hox)-Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf)-Wingless type MMTV integration site family (Wnt) genetic module in the anterior region creates an AER-like structure that drives anterior fin expansion. Finally, we show that GLI family zinc finger 3 (Gli3), which is an anterior repressor of tetrapod digits, is expressed in the posterior half of the pectoral fin of skate, shark, and zebrafish but in the anterior side of the pelvic fin. Taken together, these data point to both highly derived and deeply ancestral patterns of gene expression in skate pectoral fins, shedding light on the molecular mechanisms behind the evolution of novel fin morphologies.
Collapse
|
14
|
Serra-Pereira B, Erzini K, Figueiredo I. Using biological variables and reproductive strategy of the undulate ray Raja undulata to evaluate productivity and susceptibility to exploitation. J Fish Biol 2015; 86:1471-1490. [PMID: 25809468 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present work provides a detailed analysis of the reproductive strategy of the undulate ray Raja undulata in Portuguese mainland waters. The species was found mostly between 30 and 40 m deep on sandy bottoms. Egg-laying sites were observed in the north, centre and south-west regions, mainly at depths below 30 m. The peak of the reproductive season occurred from December to May. Asynchrony between reproductively active females and males appeared to occur, although most adult males were capable of reproducing throughout the year. The estimated length at 50% maturity was 86·2 cm (8·7 years) and 76·8 cm (7·6 years) total length for females and males, respectively. The maximum potential fecundity was estimated to be 69·8 follicles per female per reproductive season, which are released in 4·7 batches of 15 follicles. The life-history and demographic parameters of R. undulata are similar to those of other skate species, while the potential rate of population increase (0·49) is above the published values for other elasmobranch species. With these new findings, this study makes an important contribution to the understanding of the life history of R. undulata, and provides a first evaluation of the productivity and susceptibility of the species to exploitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Serra-Pereira
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Departamento do Mar e Recursos Marinhos, Divisão de Modelação e Gestão de Recursos da Pesca, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bustamante C, Vargas-Caro C, Bennett MB. Not all fish are equal: functional biodiversity of cartilaginous fishes (Elasmobranchii and Holocephali) in Chile. J Fish Biol 2014; 85:1617-1633. [PMID: 25263288 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A review of the primary literature on the cartilaginous fishes (sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras), together with new information suggests that 106 species occur in Chilean waters, comprising 58 sharks, 30 skates, 13 rays and five chimaeras. The presence of 93 species was confirmed, although 30 species were encountered rarely, through validated catch records and sightings made in artisanal and commercial fisheries and on specific research cruises. Overall, only 63 species appear to have a range distribution that normally includes Chilean waters. Actual reliable records of occurrence are lacking for 13 species. Chile has a cartilaginous fish fauna that is relatively impoverished compared with the global species inventory, but conservative compared with countries in South America with warm-temperate waters. The region of highest species richness occurs in the mid-Chilean latitudes of c. 30-40° S. This region represents a transition zone with a mix of species related to both the warm-temperate Peruvian province to the north and cold-temperate Magellan province to the south. This study provides clarification of species occurrence and the functional biodiversity of Chile's cartilaginous fish fauna.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Bustamante
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia; Programa de Conservación de Tiburones (Chile), Valdivia, Chile
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Sodium lactate injection into rat brain produces coagulation necrosis consistent with infarction when pH0 is held at less than or equal to 5.30 for 20 min. Such injury may result from excessive astroglial acidification. If true, then brain damage from acidosis in elasmobranchs might evolve differently since glial reaction there to another necrotizing injury, exposure to extreme cold, is dissimilar from that seen in mammals. Accordingly, pH0 was monitored and sodium lactate (pH 4.00-7.00) injected into skate (Raja erinacea) cerebella. Necrosis was seen only when pH0 was less than or equal to 4.86 for 20 min; and pH0 rise after injections was unaffected by those which destroyed brain, and not slowed as in rat. Thus elasmobranchs are less susceptible to irreversible brain injury from acidosis, a capacity which may result from their lower body temperature compared to mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R P Kraig
- Department of Neurology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021
| |
Collapse
|