1
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Choi SH, Kwon SR, Lee EH, Kim KH. Molecular cloning, functional characterization and localization of an annexin from a fish gill fluke Microcotyle sebastis (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea). Mol Biochem Parasitol 2009; 163:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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2
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Szkodowska A, Müller MCM, Linke C, Scholze H. Annexin XXI (ANX21) of Giardia lamblia has sequence motifs uniquely sdhared by giardial annexins and is specifically localized in the flagella. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:25703-6. [PMID: 12006598 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203260200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified a novel annexin, ANX21, in trophozoites of Giardia lamblia. The nucleotide sequence encoding this protein deviated from a published sequence in predicting an additional endonexin fold in the fourth annexin domain. In addition, several motifs exclusively shared by other annexins of G. lamblia in their predicted fourth repeat and predicted to be localized on the opposite (concave) surface of the molecule became apparent. Western blots of trophozoite fractions probed with antiserum against the recombinant protein indicated that this annexin, like the other giardial annexins ANX19 and ANX20, associates with phospholipids in the presence of Ca(2+). Finally, confocal laser scanning of trophozoites showed that the protein, apart from the median body, was exclusively localized in the eight flagella. Together, these data suggest that ANX21 may function as a Ca(2+)-regulated structural element linking phospholipid bilayer and underlying axoneme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szkodowska
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Osnabrueck, Germany
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3
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Andersen MH, Berglund L, Petersen TE, Rasmussen JT. Annexin-V binds to the intracellular part of the beta(5) integrin receptor subunit. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 292:550-7. [PMID: 11906196 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bovine lactadherin binds to the alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(5) integrins in an RGD-dependent manner and also to anionic phospholipids. During the affinity purification of lactadherin binding receptors, a 35-kDa protein persistently coeluted with the alpha(v)beta(5) integrin receptor. Subsequently, peptide mapping, amino acid sequencing, and mass spectrometry analysis identified this protein as bovine annexin-V. Annexin-V accompanied the integrin receptor eluted with either RGD peptide or with EDTA suggesting that annexin-V bound specifically to the alpha(v)beta(5) integrin. To further investigate this putative interaction of annexin-V with the alpha(v)beta(5) integrin receptor, human annexin-V and intracellular domains of the human alpha(v)beta(5) integrin subunits were used in ligand blotting assays. Radiolabeled annexin-V showed weak binding to the intracellular part of beta(5) integrin subunit. However, by adding the aminophospholipid, phosphatidyl serine, the interaction with the beta(5) cytoplasmic peptide was enhanced many fold. Furthermore, the interaction was shown to be independent of phosphorylation, as annexin-V bound to unphosphorylated beta(5) peptide at a similar level to the phosphorylated peptide. Since binding of annexin-V to the alpha(v) integrin subunit tail was not detected, annexin-V was shown to associate specifically with the beta(5) cytoplasmic tail. Together these findings suggest a novel link between annexins and the integrin receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel H Andersen
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark
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4
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Boustead CM, Smallwood M, Small H, Bowles DJ, Walker JH. Identification of calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins in higher plant cells. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)80582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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5
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Megli FM, Mattiazzi M, Di Tullio T, Quagliariello E. Annexin V binding perturbs the cardiolipin fluidity gradient in isolated mitochondria. Can it affect mitochondrial function? Biochemistry 2000; 39:5534-42. [PMID: 10820027 DOI: 10.1021/bi992779z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The phosholipid bilayer fluidity of isolated mitochondria and phospholipid vesicles after calcium-dependent binding of annexin V was studied using EPR spectroscopy. The membranes were probed at different depths by alternatively using cardiolipin, phosphatidylcholine, or phosphatidylethanolamine spin labeled at position C-5 or C-12 or C-16 of the beta acyl chain. Computer-aided spectral titration facilitated observing and quantitating the EPR spectrum from phospholipid spin labels affected by annexin binding, and spectral mobility was calibrated by comparison with standard spectra scanned at various temperatures. In most cases it was found that binding of the protein to the membranes makes the inner bilayer more rigid up to acyl position C-12 than afterward, in agreement with the previously observed effect in SUVs [Megli, F. M., Selvaggi, M., Liemann, S., Quagliariello, E., and Huber, R. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 10540-10546]. Moreover, in isolated mitochondrial membranes, cardiolipin apparently is more readily affected than the other main phospholipids, while in vesicles made from mitochondrial phospholipids, the different species are affected in essentially the same way. This behavior is consistent with the existence of distinct cardiolipin pools in mitochondria, and with the already advanced hypothesis that these domains are the binding site for annexin V to the isolated organelles [Megli, F. M., Selvaggi, M., De Lisi, A., and Quagliariello, E. (1995) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1236, 273-278]. Keeping in mind the funcional importance of cardiolipin in the mitochondrial membrane, the question is raised as to whether the observed influence of annexin V binding to this phospholipid and its consequent local fluidity alteration might affect the mitochondrial functionality, at least in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Megli
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Bari, V. Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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6
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Bauer B, Engelbrecht S, Bakker-Grunwald T, Scholze H. Functional identification of alpha 1-giardin as an annexin of Giardia lamblia. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 173:147-53. [PMID: 10220891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A protein with a relative molecular mass of 31 kDa was specifically extracted by EGTA from a detergent-insoluble fraction of Giardia lamblia. N-terminal sequencing showed this protein to be identical to alpha 1-giardin, a component of the ventral disc which, based on its predicted amino acid sequence, has been classified as annexin XIX. Purified alpha 1-giardin associated with multilamellar phosphatidyl serine-containing vesicles in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, confirming that it is a functional annexin. Molecular modelling of the amino acid sequence of the giardial annexin into the X-ray structure of annexin V suggests that the Ca(2+)-binding sites, which, as in other annexins, are all located on the convex surface of the molecule, are of the low-affinity type III.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bauer
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Microbiology, University of Osnabrueck, Germany
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7
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Megli FM, Selvaggi M, Liemann S, Quagliariello E, Huber R. The calcium-dependent binding of annexin V to phospholipid vesicles influences the bilayer inner fluidity gradient. Biochemistry 1998; 37:10540-6. [PMID: 9671526 DOI: 10.1021/bi9801255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The fluidity of the hydrophobic interior of phospholipid vesicles after calcium-dependent binding of human annexin V (AVH) was studied using EPR spectroscopy. Vesicles (SUVs) composed of PC or PE and an acidic phospholipid (alternatively PS, PA, or CL) were probed at different bilayer depths by either phosphatidylcholine, or the accompanying acidic phospholipid, bearing a spin label probe at position C-5, C-12, or C-16 of the sn-2 acyl chain. Alternatively, the vesicle surface was probed with a polar head spin labeled PE (PESL). The EPR spectra of annexin-bound bilayer domain(s) were obtained by computer spectral subtraction. The order parameter values (S) from the resulting difference spectra revealed that the bilayer hydrophobic interior has a greatly altered fluidity gradient, with an increased rigidity up to the C-12 position. Thereafter, the rigidification progressively vanished. The effect is not linked to the phospholipid class, since all the acidic phospholipid spectra, as well as phosphatidylcholine, shared the same sensitivity to the bound protein. The observed membrane rigidification appears to parallel the "crystallizing" tendency of vesicle-bound annexin V, but may not be involved in the calcium channeling activity of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Megli
- Centro di Studio sui Mitocondri e Metabolismo Energetico, Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Bari, Italy
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8
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Tsao FH, Meyer KC, Chen X, Rosenthal NS, Hu J. Degradation of annexin I in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 18:120-8. [PMID: 9448053 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.18.1.2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Annexin I is a 36 kilodalton (kD) calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein which may have anti-inflammatory properties. Previous investigations which sampled lower respiratory tract epithelial lining fluid (ELF) via bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) have demonstrated that annexin I can be degraded in inflammatory lung disease. We analyzed BAL fluid from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) to determine the effects of lung inflammation on the structure and activity of annexin I. Intact annexin I was absent in 17 out of 20 BAL fluid samples from patients with CF, due largely to degradation to a 33 kD protein. The three CF BAL fluids in which annexin I was detectable had very little or no unopposed neutrophil elastase activity in contrast to the 17 in which no annexin I was detectable. Annexin I was present in all BAL fluid samples from 10 normal volunteer (NV) subjects and 12 patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD). The 33 kD annexin I breakdown product was not detectable in samples from NV, but was detectable only in ILD patients with relatively high percentages of neutrophils on BAL differential cell counts. Annexin I appeared to be cleaved by neutrophil elastase at the N-terminal portion between Val-36 and Ser-37 to yield the 33 kD protein. Cleavage of the N-terminal portion of annexin I was accompanied by a marked change in the annexin I isoelectric point (pI) value (from 6.0 to 8.5-9.0) and greatly diminished annexin I functional activity. Our findings demonstrate that annexin I degradation in epithelial lining fluid is closely related to lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Tsao
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Science Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53715, USA.
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9
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Luckcuck T, Trotter PJ, Walker JH. Localization of annexin V in the adult and neonatal heart. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 238:622-8. [PMID: 9299563 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Annexins are a major family of intracellular Ca2+-binding proteins which have been implicated in a variety of cellular functions. Several conflicting reports have been published on the location of annexin V in the heart. In this paper we have used confocal microscopy to demonstrate that annexin V is associated with the sarcolemma and intercalated discs of cardiac myocytes in sections of adult porcine and rat heart. In addition, we have used confocal microscopy of isolated rat myocytes to show that this association is stable even after cells were treated with the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM, to reduce cytosolic calcium levels to very low levels. This demonstrates that annexin V associates tightly with the sarcolemma and suggests that components in addition to phospholipid are involved in binding annexin V to the membrane. Furthermore, we show that, in sections of the neonatal rat left ventricle, annexin V has a different subcellular location than that observed in the terminally differentiated adult myocyte. In these differentiating neonatal cells, annexin V is also located in the nucleoplasm and at the periphery of the nucleus. These results demonstrate that the subcellular location of annexin V is differentially regulated and suggest that annexin V regulates calcium-dependent processes at both the sarcolemma and the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Luckcuck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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10
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Davis AJ, Butt JT, Walker JH, Moss SE, Gawler DJ. The Ca2+-dependent lipid binding domain of P120GAP mediates protein-protein interactions with Ca2+-dependent membrane-binding proteins. Evidence for a direct interaction between annexin VI and P120GAP. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:24333-6. [PMID: 8798684 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.40.24333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The CaLB domain is a 43-amino acid sequence motif found in a number of functionally diverse signaling proteins including three Ras-specific GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). In the Ras GTPase activating protein, P120(GAP), this domain has the ability to confer membrane association in response to intracellular Ca2+ elevation. Here we have isolated three proteins, p55, p70, and p120, which interact with the P120(GAP) CaLB domain in vitro. We identify p70 as the Ca2+-dependent phospholipid-binding protein annexin VI. Using co-immunoprecipitation studies, we have shown that the interaction between P120(GAP) and annexin VI is also detectable in rat fibroblasts, suggesting that this interaction may have a physiological role in vivo. Thus, the CaLB domain in P120(GAP) appears to have the ability to direct specific protein-protein interactions with Ca2+-dependent membrane-associated proteins. In addition, annexin VI is known to have tumor suppressor activity. Therefore, it is possible that the interaction of annexin VI with P120(GAP) may be important in the subsequent modulation of p21(ras) activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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11
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Kaneko N, Matsuda R, Hosoda S, Kajita T, Ohta Y. Measurement of plasma annexin V by ELISA in the early detection of acute myocardial infarction. Clin Chim Acta 1996; 251:65-80. [PMID: 8814351 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(96)06294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Annexin V is a calcium binding protein which is widely present in various cells and tissues. Using annexin V which we isolated and purified from human cardiac muscle, we prepared an anti-human cardiac annexin V monoclonal antibody. Identification of annexin V was made by means of partial amino acid sequences. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed using this monoclonal antibody and anti-canine cardiac annexin V polyclonal antibody. With this ELISA, plasma annexin V concentration was measured in 196 normal healthy individuals, 23 acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients who were hospitalized within 6 h after the onset of chest pain, and 130 patients with other diseases, including lung, liver and kidney disease. The plasma annexin V concentration in normal healthy individuals was 1.7 +/- 0.6 ng/ml (mean +/- S.D.), while that in AMI patients was elevated to 13.2 +/- 6.8 ng/ml (P < 0.0001) at the time of initial blood drawing, 3.2 +/- 1.5 h after onset of pain, and these values were higher than normal in 21 out of 23 cases (91.3%) of AMI. In all cases excepting 3, annexin V concentration immediately decreased after the onset of pain. The annexin V concentration in patients with old myocardial infarction, chest pain syndrome, valvular heart disease, lung disease and kidney disease was 1.8 +/- 0.8, 2.0 +/- 0.7, 1.7 +/- 1.1, 2.3 +/- 1.4 and 2.1 +/- 1.2 ng/ml, respectively, being within normal limits. The values in liver disease patients and trauma patients were 3.7 +/- 2.7 (P < 0.05) and 3.3 +/- 2.4 (P < 0.05) ng/ml, respectively, being slightly higher than that in normal healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kaneko
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Japan
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12
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Imai Y, Kohsaka S. Structure of Rat Annexin V Gene and Molecular Diversity of its Transcripts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Megli FM, Selvaggi M, De Lisi A, Quagliariello E. EPR study of annexin V-cardiolipin Ca-mediated interaction in phospholipid vesicles and isolated mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1236:273-8. [PMID: 7794966 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(95)00057-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The properties of the binding of annexin V to variously composed phospholipid vesicles have been studied by applying a recently developed EPR method, using an annexin V spin label. By this approach, this protein is seen to bind to acidic phospholipid-containing vesicles, as reported, thus confirming the reliability of the method. In addition, binding of this annexin to cardiolipin-containing vesicles has been studied in more depth, and the protein has been shown to have a distinct affinity for this phospholipid. As a cardiolipin-rich natural membrane system, mitochondrial membranes and mitoplasts from rat liver were considered, and a strong binding of AV to these membranes was observed. Having compared this binding with that to phospholipid vesicles, cardiolipin-rich microdomains in the mitochondrial membranes are proposed as the putative mitochondrial binding sites for annexin V.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Megli
- Centro di Studio sui Mitocondri e Metabolismo Energetico, CNR, Università di Bari, Italy
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14
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Tagoe CE, Boustead CM, Higgins SJ, Walker JH. Characterization and immunolocalization of rat liver annexin VI. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1192:272-80. [PMID: 8018708 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(94)90128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Annexin VI has been purified to homogeneity from rat liver and monospecific antibodies have been produced. The antibodies have been used for immunoblot analysis of rat tissues. Annexin VI is present in most tissues, with particularly high concentrations in liver, spleen, muscle, and intestine. In liver, annexin VI constitutes approximately 0.25% of total cellular protein. Immunohistochemical studies have located annexin VI on plasma membranes of hepatocytes with enhanced concentration on bile canaliculi. Annexin VI binds in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner to a sub-cellular fraction containing membranes. In the presence of physiological concentrations of ATP, the free Ca2+ concentration required for half-maximal binding of annexin VI to membranes is significantly reduced. While annexin VI binds in vitro to membranes in the presence of Ca2+, in rat liver about 31% of the annexin VI is associated with membranes in a Ca(2+)-independent manner and its solubilization requires the presence of Triton X-100. However, studies using Triton X-114 showed no increase in the hydrophobicity of this fraction of the protein compared to the purified EGTA-soluble annexin VI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Tagoe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, UK
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15
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Robinson K, Jones D, Patel Y, Martin H, Madrazo J, Martin S, Howell S, Elmore M, Finnen MJ, Aitken A. Mechanism of inhibition of protein kinase C by 14-3-3 isoforms. 14-3-3 isoforms do not have phospholipase A2 activity. Biochem J 1994; 299 ( Pt 3):853-61. [PMID: 8192676 PMCID: PMC1138099 DOI: 10.1042/bj2990853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The ability of individual members of the 14-3-3 protein family to inhibit protein kinase C (PKC) has been studied by using a synthetic peptide based on the specific 80 kDa substrate for PKC (MARCKS protein) in two different assay systems. Recombinant 14-3-3 and isoforms renatured by a novel method after separation by reverse-phase h.p.l.c. were studied. The detailed effects of diacylglycerol and the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate on the inhibition were also investigated. This suggests that one of the sites of interaction of 14-3-3 may be the cysteine-rich (C1) domain in PKC. Since a region in secreted phospholipase A2 (PLA2) shares similarity with this domain, the ability of 14-3-3 to interact with mammalian PLA2 was studied. Cytosolic PLA2 has some similarity to the C2 region of PKC, and the effect of 14-3-3 on this class of PLA2 was also analysed. In contrast with a previous report, no PLA2 activity was found in brain 14-3-3, nor in any of the recombinant proteins tested. These include zeta 14-3-3 isoform, on which the original observation was made.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Robinson
- Laboratory of Protein Structure, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, U.K
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16
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Bewley MC, Boustead CM, Walker JH, Waller DA, Huber R. Structure of chicken annexin V at 2.25-A resolution. Biochemistry 1993; 32:3923-9. [PMID: 8471604 DOI: 10.1021/bi00066a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure of chicken annexin V has been solved by molecular replacement and refined at 2.25 A. The final R factor is 19.7% with good geometry. The chicken annexin V structure is very similar to the human annexin V structure, with four similar domains each containing five helices. The structure includes three calcium ions in domains I, II, and IV, each bound by the characteristic K-G-X-G-T-(38 residues)-D/E motif. In view of the structural similarity between human and chicken annexin V, we suggest that they have a common vital function which developed early in evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Bewley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, England
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17
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Koster JJ, Boustead CM, Middleton CA, Walker JH. The sub-cellular localization of annexin V in cultured chick-embryo fibroblasts. Biochem J 1993; 291 ( Pt 2):595-600. [PMID: 8484739 PMCID: PMC1132565 DOI: 10.1042/bj2910595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The Ca(2+)- and phospholipid-binding protein, annexin V, has been shown by an immune assay to represent 0.4% of total cell protein in cultured chick-embryo fibroblasts. Immunofluorescent localization studies indicate that in primary cultures the protein is abundant in the cytoplasm of the cells and also extends into the nucleus. Nuclear staining is no longer detectable, however, in approx. 25% of the cells following sub-culture. Sub-populations of annexin V are associated with cytoskeletal structures and with the inner face of the plasma membrane in a Ca(2+)-independent manner. In addition, we report results indicating the secretion of annexin V from this cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Koster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, U.K
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18
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Boustead CM, Brown R, Walker JH. Isolation, characterization and localization of annexin V from chicken liver. Biochem J 1993; 291 ( Pt 2):601-8. [PMID: 8484740 PMCID: PMC1132566 DOI: 10.1042/bj2910601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Annexin V has been purified from chicken liver; 40 mg of annexin V was obtained per kg of tissue. In contrast with mammalian liver, very little annexin VI was obtained. Surprisingly, chicken liver annexin V resembles mammalian annexin IV in its M(r) (32,500) and its isoelectric point (5.6), but amino-acid-sequence analysis demonstrates identity with chicken annexin V (anchorin CII). It binds to phospholipids in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner with free-Ca2+ concentrations for half-maximal binding to phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid of 10 microM; phosphatidylethanolamine of 32 microM and phosphatidylinositol of 90 microM. No binding to phosphatidylcholine was observed at Ca2+ concentrations up to 300 microM. In isolated liver membranes a significant proportion of annexin V was not extractable with EGTA but could only be extracted with Triton X-100, suggesting the existence of a tightly membrane-associated form of annexin V. A specific antiserum to chicken annexin V was used to localize the protein in adult and embryonic chicken liver. In the adult, annexin V was highly concentrated in epithelial cells lining the bile ducts, and along the bile canaliculi. In embryonic liver, strong staining of the bile-duct epithelial cells was again evident, and in addition, endothelial cells were strongly immunoreactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Boustead
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, U.K
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19
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Concha NO, Head JF, Kaetzel MA, Dedman JR, Seaton BA. Annexin V forms calcium-dependent trimeric units on phospholipid vesicles. FEBS Lett 1992; 314:159-62. [PMID: 1459245 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80964-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The quaternary structure of annexin V, a calcium-dependent phospholipid binding protein, was investigated by chemical cross-linking. Calcium was found to induce the formation of trimers, hexamers, and higher aggregates only when anionic phospholipids were present. Oligomerization occurred under the same conditions annexin-vesicle binding. A model is proposed in which cell stimulation leads to calcium-induced organization of arrays of annexin V lining the inner membrane surface, thus altering properties such as permeability and fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O Concha
- Department of Physiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118-2394
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20
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Learmonth MP, Howell SA, Harris AC, Amess B, Patel Y, Giambanco I, Bianchi R, Pula G, Ceccarelli P, Donato R. Novel isoforms of CaBP 33/37 (annexin V) from mammalian brain: structural and phosphorylation differences that suggest distinct biological roles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1160:76-83. [PMID: 1420335 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(92)90040-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Two calcium-dependent phospholipid- and membrane-binding proteins have been purified from bovine brain. These are termed CaBP33 and CaBP37. Complete sequence analysis has revealed that these two proteins are isoforms of annexin V. Despite an apparent difference of 4 kDa between the two proteins on SDS-PAGE, only two amino-acid substitutions were found. These are, in CaBP33, Ser-36 and Lys-125 and in CaBP37, Thr-36 and Glu-125. This corresponds to a mass difference of 15 Da. This was confirmed by electrospray mass spectrometric analysis. Both isoforms can be phosphorylated substoichiometrically in vitro by protein kinase C at residue Thr-22.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Learmonth
- Laboratory of Protein Structure, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK
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21
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Bovine annexin V isoforms: A molecular weight difference of 4 kD by SDS-PAGE, 9 D by mass spectrometry. Protein J 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01673730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Bianchi R, Giambanco I, Ceccarelli P, Pula G, Donato R. Membrane-bound annexin V isoforms (CaBP33 and CaBP37) and annexin VI in bovine tissues behave like integral membrane proteins. FEBS Lett 1992; 296:158-62. [PMID: 1531131 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80369-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of annexin V isoforms (CaBP33 and CaBP37) and of annexin VI in bovine lung, heart, and brain subfractions was investigated with special reference to the fractions of these proteins which are membrane-bound. In addition to EGTA-extractable pools of the above proteins, membranes from lung, heart, and brain contain EGTA-resistant annexins V and VI which can be solubilized with detergents (Triton X-100 or Triton X-114). A strong base like Na2CO3, which is usually effective in extracting membrane proteins, only partially solubilizes the membrane-bound, EGTA-resistant annexins analyzed here. Also, only 50-60% of the Triton X-114-soluble annexins partition in the aqueous phase, the remaining fractions being recovered in the detergent-rich phase. Altogether, these findings suggest that, by an as yet unknown mechanism, following Ca(2+)-dependent association of annexin V isoforms and annexin VI with membranes, substantial fractions of these proteins remain bound to membranes in a Ca(2+)-independent way and behave like integral membrane proteins. These results further support the possibility that the above annexins might play a role in membrane trafficking and/or in the regulation of the structural organization of membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bianchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
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23
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Boustead CM, Walker JH, Kennedy D, Waller DA. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray studies of annexin IV (endonexin), a calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein. FEBS Lett 1991; 279:187-9. [PMID: 1825812 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80145-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Annexin IV (endonexin) has been purified from chicken liver and crystallized by the vapour diffusion method. Crystals which diffract to at least 2.2 A have been obtained. They belong to space group R3 and have unit cell dimensions of a = b = 99.4 A, c = 96.2 A, alpha = 90 degrees, beta = 90 degrees, gamma = 120 degrees. There is one molecule of 32,500 Da per asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Boustead
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, UK
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24
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25
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Tsao FH, Hull WM, Strickland MS, Whitsett JA, Foo TK, Zografi G, DeLuca PM. Lung calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins: structure and function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1081:141-50. [PMID: 1998731 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(91)90019-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Distinct peptide maps of two rabbit lung Ca2(+)-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins (PLBPs), 36,000 and 33,000, were generated by cyanogen bromide (CNBr) cleavage, trypsin or Staphylococcus aureus V8 proteinase digestion. The amino acid sequence of a CNBr-cleaved peptide of the 36,000 PLBP was aligned to the amino terminus of human lipocortin I with more than 77% identity, but had no identity with the known amino terminal sequence of other known annexins. Partial amino acid sequence of a 33,000 PLBP peptide demonstrated a close (56%) relationship to endonexin II, human placental anticoagulant protein, and porcine intestine protein II, but shared only 32% identity with lipocortin I, 30% with lipocortin II. Antiserum generated against purified 36,000 PLBP reacted strongly with the 33,000 PLBP, but did not react with any other rabbit lung cytosolic proteins. Both PLBPs inhibited the phospholipase A2 reaction when dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol vesicles or monolayers were used as substrates. In the vesicle assay, the phospholipase A2 reaction was inhibited at lower substrate phospholipid concentrations but not at nearly saturating substrate concentrations. In the monolayer assay, the phospholipid-binding proteins did not inhibit phospholipase A2 at a low phospholipid surface concentration of 3.8.10(-3) molecules/A2, but they did at higher surface concentrations between 1.1 x 10(-2) and 3.8 x 10(-2) molecules/A2. The inhibition of phospholipase A2 by rabbit lung phospholipid-binding proteins is most likely due to the prevention of penetration by phospholipase A2 into the interface, a requirement for the enzyme to act on the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Tsao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53715
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26
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Cserháti T, Szögyi M. Interaction of phospholipids with proteins, peptides and amino acids. New advances 1987-1989. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 23:131-45. [PMID: 1999259 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(91)90181-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
1. The review deals with the recent achievements in the study of the various interactions of phospholipids with proteins, peptides and amino acids. The interactions are classified according to the hydrophobic, hydrophilic or mixed character of the interactive forces. The effect of the interaction on the structure and biological activity of the interacting biomolecules is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cserháti
- Central Research Institute for Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
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27
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Pula G, Bianchi R, Ceccarelli P, Giambanco I, Donato R. Characterization of mammalian heart annexins with special reference to CaBP33 (annexin V). FEBS Lett 1990; 277:53-8. [PMID: 2148529 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)80808-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine heart was observed to express annexins V (CaBP33) and VI in large amounts, and annexins III and IV in much smaller amounts. Annexin V (CaBP33) in porcine heart was examined in detail by immunochemistry. Homogenization and further processing of heart in the presence of EGTA resulted in the recovery of annexin V (CaBP33) in the cytosolic fraction and in an EGTA-resistant, Triton X-100-soluble fraction from cardiac membranes. Including Ca2+ in the homogenization medium resulted in a significant decrease in the annexin V (CaBP33) content of the cytosolic fraction with concomitant increase in the content of this protein in myofibrils, mitochrondria, the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the sarcolemma. The amount of annexin V (CaBP33) in each of these subfractions depended on the free Ca2+ concentration in the homogenizing medium. At the lowest free Ca2+ concentration tested, 0.8 microM, only the sarcolemma appeared to contain bound annexin V (CaBP33). Membrane-bound annexins V (CaBP33) and VI partitioned in two fractions, one EGTA-resistant and Triton X-100-extractable, and one Triton X-100-resistant and EGTA-extractable. Altogether, these data suggest that annexins V and VI are involved in the regulation of membrane-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pula
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
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28
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Jacquot J, Dupuit F, Elbtaouri H, Hinnrasky J, Antonicelli F, Haye B, Puchelle E. Production of lipocortin-like proteins by cultured human tracheal submucosal gland cells. FEBS Lett 1990; 274:131-5. [PMID: 2147659 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)81347-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is obtained for the presence of lipocortin-like proteins in human tracheal gland cells in culture. Using polyclonal antibodies to lipocortin I, indirect immunofluorescence studies demonstrate that lipocortin I is mainly confined to the tracheal gland cell surface. From cell membranes, four Ca2(+)-dependent proteins (35, 40, 45 and 67 kDa) were identified as lipocortin related proteins by using immunoblotting and fluorography following [35S]methionine metabolic labeling experiments. A strong immunoreactivity for the 35 kDa protein was observed. In addition, lipocortin-like proteins with apparent Mr33, 35, 37 and 67 kDa, respectively, were released in the apical culture medium by tracheal gland cells cultured on microporous membrane of a double chamber culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jacquot
- INSERM U314, Université de Reims, CHU Maison Blanche, France
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29
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Megli FM, De Lisi A, Quagliariello E. Spin labeling of calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins. Anal Biochem 1990; 188:390-3. [PMID: 2171382 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(90)90625-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine lung annexins p32 and p34 were spin labeled with an iodoacetamidoproxyl spin label, a reagent that reportedly couples with protein methionine residues. Labeling conditions and stoichiometry were studied with the radiolabeled analogue [1-14C]iodoacetamide. As judged by this method, carboxamidomethylation of both p32 and p34 occurred up to a 0.7 mol ratio after 60 h of reaction at 37 degrees C and at pH 4. The two proteins retained Ca2(+)-dependent phospholipid-binding ability both in radiolabeled and in spin-labeled forms. Electron resonance spectra of spin-labeled p32 and p34 showed the features of a partially immobilized spin probe, with rotational correlation time values of 1.15 and 1.25 ns, respectively, which definitely indicate successful spin labeling. Quantitation of ESR spectra by computer double integration indicated 70% spin labeling of both proteins, as anticipated by radiolabeling. The use of spin-labeled p32 and p34 in the study of Ca2(+)-dependent interaction of annexins with biomembranes is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Megli
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Bari, Italy
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30
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Tsao FH. Purification and characterization of two rabbit lung Ca2(+)-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1045:29-39. [PMID: 2369584 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(90)90200-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two Ca2(+)-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins (PLBPs) in rabbit lung cytosolic fraction have been purified to homogeneity. The apparent molecular weights of these two proteins are 36,000 and 33,000. Both the 36,000 and 33,000 PLBPs aggregated certain negatively charged unilamellar liposomes, but not the neutral phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes, in the presence of Ca2+. However, both PLBPs fused PC unilamellar liposomes to membrane acceptors. The 36,000 and 33,000 PLBPs had different specificities for phospholipid head groups, effects of Ca2+ and membrane charges and amino acid compositions. Both the PLBPs aggregated the surfactant membranes (lamellar bodies or from lung lavage) and nonsurfactant membranes (microsomes or mitochondria) to a level similar to that of the synthetic acidic phospholipid vesicles, but the proteins fused [14C]PC liposomes to the surfactant membranes 13- to 16-times more than to the synthetic phospholipid vesicles. The 36,000 PLBP fused [14C]PC liposomes to microsomes or mitochondria only half that of the fusion to the surfactant; the 33,000 PLBP fused [14C]PC liposomes to the surfactant and nonsurfactant alike. The PLBP's aggregate activity was not affected by the depletion of biological membrane proteins and the disruption of the native membrane integrity, but its fusion activity was greatly reduced. These results suggest that: (1) the 36,000 and 33,000 PLBPs are two different proteins; (2) the PLBPs may possess two catalytic reactions, one for the aggregation of small vesicles due to the binding of the protein to phospholipid vesicles and one for the fusion of small vesicles to acceptors; (3) the fusion activity was probably regulated by biological membrane proteins or structures; and (4) lung PLBP(s) might play a role in lung surfactant biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Tsao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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31
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Donato R, Giambanco I, Pula G, Bianchi R. Two novel brain proteins, CaBP33 and CaBP37, are calcium-dependent phospholipid- and membrane-binding proteins. FEBS Lett 1990; 262:72-6. [PMID: 2108055 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)80157-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Two acidic Ca2(+)-binding proteins (CaBP33 and CaBP37) purified from bovine brain have been characterized in terms of immunological properties, heat-sensitivity, electrophoretic mobility, and Ca2(+)-dependent binding to negatively charged phospholipids and to brain membranes. They were induced to bind to membranes by homogenization of brain tissue in the presence of CaCl2. The membrane-bound CaBP33/CaBP37 mixture resisted extraction with detergents and was solubilized with high concentrations of EGTA/KCl. However, apparent Ca2(+)-independent binding of the two proteins to membranes seemed to occur as well. This latter fraction of membrane-bound CaBP33 and CaBP37 could be solubilized with Triton X-100, indicating that brain membranes normally contain the two proteins as intrinsic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
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32
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Gassama-Diagne A, Fauvel J, Chap H. Calcium-independent phospholipases from guinea pig digestive tract as probes to study the mechanism of lipocortin. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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33
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Melgunov VI, Mamedova NA, Akimova EI, Adzhimolaev TA. Calcium-dependent phospholipid binding proteins associated with the membranes of rabbit skeletal muscle. FEBS Lett 1990; 260:79-82. [PMID: 2105237 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)80070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
By using extraction in the presence of Ca2+ and Triton X-100 and then in the presence of EGTA without detergent, a set of Ca2+-dependent phospholipid binding proteins has been identified in the membranes of transverse tubules (T-tubules) and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), isolated from rabbit skeletal muscles. Longitudinal SR, junctional SR and T-tubule membranes yielded about 9, 14 and 3.3 micrograms of EGTA-soluble proteins per 1 mg of membrane protein, respectively. In the presence of 1 mM CaCl2, 68 and 33 kDa proteins of T-tubules and junctional SR as well as 30 kDa protein of T-tubules were shown to bind to liposomes made of 1:1 w/w mixtures of (i) phosphatidylcholine and (ii) phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid, or phosphatidyl ethanolamine. In the presence of EGTA, the above-mentioned proteins were mostly found in the supernatants. Binding of the proteins with liposomes consisting of pure phosphatidylcholine was negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Melgunov
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov State University, Moscow, USSR
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34
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Abstract
Three annexins--p68, endonexin, and p32--have been isolated from porcine brain using their calcium-dependent affinity for membranes. Large amounts (20-50 mg/kg of tissue) of p68 and p32 can be isolated from cerebrum and cerebellum. The p68 is present as up to 0.3% of total porcine brain protein. The p68 and p32 from porcine brain bind to phosphatidic acid (half-maximal binding at 6 and 34 microM free calcium, respectively) and to phosphatidylserine (8 and 34 microM, respectively). They do not bind to phosphatidylcholine at calcium concentrations up to 1 mM. Two other major proteins (Mr 180,000 and Mr 76,000) were isolated with the annexins in a calcium-dependent manner but do not bind to phospholipids. The 180-kilodalton protein is the heavy chain of clathrin. From immunohistochemical studies, p68 is strongly associated with the plasma membranes of Purkinje cell bodies and dendrites in porcine cerebellum. It is also an intracellular component of Purkinje cells localized to perinuclear structures. Staining of axons in the white matter and granule cell layer was also seen. In contrast, p32 is completely absent from Purkinje cells and their dendrites; it is predominantly located in the molecular layer and in white matter of the cerebellar folds. The distribution of p32 may be consistent with a predominantly glial localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Woolgar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leeds, England
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35
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Hullin F, Raynal P, Ragab-Thomas JMF, Fauvel J, Chap H. Effect of Dexamethasone on Prostaglandin Synthesis and on Lipocortin Status in Human Endothelial Cells. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)94095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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36
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Abstract
The annexins are a family of calcium-binding proteins. Data from protein and cDNA sequencing have shown that at least five distinct but closely related mammalian annexins exist each of which possesses four or eight homologous internal repeats which may be calcium-and phospholipid-binding domains. The proteins are present within a wide range of tissues and cell types, with each cell type having all or a subset of the proteins. The proteins are localised on the inner surface of the plasma membrane associated with the cytoskeleton and in some cases also with intracellular structures. Some members of the family are major substrates for tyrosine and serine kinases. The precise functions of the proteins are unknown but they are likely to play important roles in cellular regulation. Previously suggested functions are inhibition of phospholipase A2, membrane-cytoskeletal linkage and control of membrane fusion events in exocytosis. It is also suggested that they may be involved in the regulation of cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Burgoyne
- MRC Secretory Control Research Group, University of Liverpool, UK
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