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Li Z, Liu AH, Liu F, Chen HL. Modification of pentasaccharide core of surface N-glycans during differentiation of HL-60 cells. Leuk Res 1998; 22:727-34. [PMID: 9680100 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(98)00068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) are two representative inducers which induce the differentiation of HL-60 cells to myelocytes and monocytes respectively. Structural modifications of the pentasaccharide core portion of N-glycans on cell surface glycoproteins during differentiation of HL-60 cells induced by these two agents and the enzymatic mechanism of the structural modifications were studied. Both ATRA and PMA enhanced the incorporation of [3H]-labeled mannose into N-glycans of glycoproteins from cell surface. By using E-PHA and WGA lectin affinity chromatography to analyze [3H]-N-glycans prepared from the surface of control, ATRA- and PMA-treated cells, it was found that the content of bisecting GlcNAc (bis-GlcNAc) attached to the core of N-glycans decreased in ATRA-treated cells, but increased in PMA-treated cells. Since GlcNAc T-III is the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of bis-GlcNAc, the change of bis-GlcNAc was consistent with the alteration of GlcNAc T-III activities in ATRA- and PMA-treated cells. Core alpha-1,6 fucose of surface N-glycans decreased during differentiation which was determined by AAL affinity chromatography. This was also compatible with the reduced activity of alpha-1,6 Fuc T. the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of core Fuc, in ATRA- and PMA-treated cells. The increase of GlcNAc T-III activity and bis-GlcNAc content in N-glycans may be related to cell adhesion observed in monocytic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Li
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Medical University, People's Republic of China
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2
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Hojo H, Morimura Y, Abe M, Wakasa H. Expression of classical protein kinase C subspecies in non-neoplastic lymphocytes and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: an immunohistochemical study. Pathol Int 1996; 46:148-54. [PMID: 10846563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1996.tb03591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that phosphorylation plays a pivotal role in the cellular response of cell differentiation and proliferation. Immunohistochemical expression of classical protein kinase C (cPKC) subspecies (alpha, beta and gamma) in eight reactive lymphoid tissues, three normal spleens and 149 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas was examined. cPKC beta was observed primarily in the mantle zone B cells, but appeared as very faint staining in Ki-67 positive proliferated B cells in the germinal centers of secondary lymph follicles. In contrast to the reactive state, high levels of cPKC subspecies were recognized in the majority of 149 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, including those thought to have arisen from germinal center cells such as follicular lymphoma. The expression of cPKC alpha was found in higher frequency in T cell lymphomas than B cell lymphomas (P < 0.01) by the Chi-squared test. High levels of cPKC alpha were present only in high grade or highly aggressive lymphomas, showing the highest incidence in the small non-cleaved cell type, according to the International Working Formulation and National Cancer Institute (P < 0.01). cPKC gamma was not detected in normal lymphoid cells and was expressed in only four cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. It is presumed that cPKC alpha and beta have a relationship to cell activation and proliferation of lymphoid cells of reactive and neoplastic states. It might be considered that the expression of cPKC alpha may have a relationship with aggressiveness in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hojo
- First Department of Pathology, Fukushima Medical College, Japan
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3
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Martínez-Gimeno C, Díaz-Meco MT, Domínguez I, Moscat J. Alterations in levels of different protein kinase C isotypes and their influence on behavior of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: epsilon PKC, a novel prognostic factor for relapse and survival. Head Neck 1995; 17:516-25. [PMID: 8847210 DOI: 10.1002/hed.2880170609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent results suggest that some PKC isotypes, when overexposed, confer to cultured fibroblasts certain proliferative advantages, and enhanced tumorigenicity in nude mice, suggesting their participation in carcinogenic process. These findings need to be validated through the investigation of potential alterations of these kinases in common forms of human cancers. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this prospective study we determined levels of different PKC isozymes by Western blot in tissue extracts from 29 human primary squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity, and their respective controls. These expressions were correlated with behavior of tumor and histologic characteristics. RESULTS Dramatic alterations in different PKC isotypes were found. Thus, increased levels of isotypes alpha, beta, or gamma, and zeta were found in most of the patients, as well as significant correlations between levels of the isotype epsilon and survival-relapse rate and classical PKC isotypes with irregular morphology of tumoral interphase. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest participation of some PKC isotypes (alpha, beta, gamma, and zeta) in the genesis and behavior (epsilon) of oral cancers. Levels of epsilon PKC could be used as prognostic marker.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Alcohol Drinking
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/classification
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Division/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Isoenzymes/analysis
- Isoenzymes/classification
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mouth Mucosa/enzymology
- Mouth Neoplasms/enzymology
- Mouth Neoplasms/genetics
- Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- Prospective Studies
- Protein Kinase C/analysis
- Protein Kinase C/classification
- Protein Kinase C/genetics
- Risk Factors
- Smoking
- Survival Rate
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Affiliation(s)
- C Martínez-Gimeno
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Nuestra Sra. de la Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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4
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Interleukin-1-induced signaling in T-cells. Evidence for the involvement of phosphatases PP1 and PP2A in regulating protein kinase C-mediated protein phosphorylation and interleukin-2 synthesis. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)36894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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5
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Hojo H, Morimura Y, Abe M, Tominaga K, Nozawa Y, Nakamura N, Ono N, Tasaki K, Yamaguchi Y, Suzuki S. Protein kinase C isozyme expression in human leukemia-lymphoma cell lines--an immunocytochemical study. Hematol Oncol 1992; 10:295-300. [PMID: 1296930 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2900100602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There have been an increasing number of reports describing a pivotal role for phosphorylation in cellular responses for cell differentiation and proliferation. We examined an immunocytochemical expression of protein kinase C(PKC) isozymes (type I, II, and III) in 22 leukemia-lymphoma cell lines. Of these cell lines, 21 expressed type II PKC and 17 showed the co-expression of both types II and III PKC in varying degree. The cell line without PKC activity showed far less [3H]-TdR uptake and no heterotransplantation in nude mice. Types II and III PKC appear to relate to cell proliferation in certain leukemia-lymphoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hojo
- Department of Pathology, Fukushima Medical College, Japan
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6
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Hardy SJ, Haylock DN, Lopez AF, Murray AW. Examination of the role of the proteolytically-activated form of protein kinase C in the differentiation of human haemopoietic cells. Differentiation 1992; 50:189-202. [PMID: 1426703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1992.tb00673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In neutrophils, the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced the translocation of the Ca(++)- and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C (PK-C) from the soluble to the particulate fraction. At the same time there was a corresponding increase in the amount of Ca(++)- and phospholipid-independent protein kinase activity recovered in the soluble fraction. This soluble Ca(++)- and phospholipid-independent protein kinase presumably reflects proteolytic activation of the particulate associated PK-C. Bone marrow and undifferentiated HL-60 cells also translocated PK-C to the particulate fraction in response to TPA but did not accumulate the soluble Ca(++)- and phospholipid-independent form of the enzyme. Similar results were obtained using HL-60 cells induced to differentiate with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rh GM-CSF) or 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. There was also no significant change in either the number or time of expression of differentiation-specific cell surface antigens observed on HL-60 cells induced to differentiate with either DMSO, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or TPA in the presence of cyclosporin A, an agent reported to inhibit the proteolytic breakdown of PK-C to the Ca(++)- and phospholipid-independent form. Likewise, cyclosporin A did not affect the rate of extent of differentiation of primary bone marrow cell cultures. These results suggest that the proteolytically activated and phospholipid-independent form of PK-C is probably not involved in haemopoietic cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Hardy
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide
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7
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Ng SB, Guy GR. Two protein kinase C activators, bryostatin-1 and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, have different effects on haemopoietic cell proliferation and differentiation. Cell Signal 1992; 4:405-16. [PMID: 1419483 DOI: 10.1016/0898-6568(92)90035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary B lymphocytes can be induced to proliferate and certain haemopoietic cell lines such as HL60 and U937 can be induced to differentiate by the addition of phorbol esters, which have been shown to activate protein kinase C. Several non-phorbol esters, such as the bryostatins, have also been shown to bind to and activate protein kinase C. Although bryostatin-1 and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) compete for and activate protein kinase C to the same degree and with similar kinetics and also induce similar levels of expression of the CD23 cell-surface antigen, bryostatin-1 is a weak mitogen for B lymphocytes and fails to induce the differentiation of both HL60 and U937 cells. Such an outcome suggests that these two activators have different binding properties for the enzyme that have a physiological consequence which may be useful for analysing the role that protein kinase C plays in both differentiation and proliferation. Analysis of competition assays between bryostatin-1 and TPA leads us to put forward a model where protein kinase C is required to be constantly reactivated and recycled during proliferation and differentiation which can be accomplished by TPA but not by bryostatin, although we cannot exclude the differential activation of some of the sub-species of the kinase by the two agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, National University of Singapore
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8
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Terajima J, Tsutsumi A, Freire-Moar J, Cherwinski HM, Ransom JT. Evidence for clonal heterogeneity of the expression of six protein kinase C isoforms in murine B and T lymphocytes. Cell Immunol 1992; 142:197-206. [PMID: 1586956 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(92)90280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC), which plays a pivotal role in lymphocyte activation, represents a homologous family of at least nine proteins. Seven genes that encode PKC proteins have been identified. Since the regulatory properties and substrate specificities of the isoforms are not identical in vitro, it is possible that each isoform plays a unique role in cell activation. Toward an understanding of the role of PKC isoforms in lymphocyte activation we have studied the expression of mRNA encoding six of the isoforms (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, and zeta) in T cell clones and B cell lines. PKC isoform phenotyping was done by MAPPing using isoform-specific primers and slot-blot analyses of mRNA were performed using specific probes. T cell clones and B cell lines were determined to express levels of the delta, epsilon, and zeta isoforms of PKC that were detectable by MAPPing. Plasmacytomas did not express PKC-beta message detectable by MAPPing. Slot blot analyses and Western blot analyses with peptide-specific antibody confirmed that B cell plasmacytomas did not express PKC-beta mRNA or protein. T cell clones and B cell lines were similar in that none expressed PKC-gamma. In cells that expressed PKC isoforms that were detectable by the MAPPing protocol, there was heterogeneity in the relative abundance of isoform mRNA (PKC-delta and -beta) and protein (PKC-beta and -epsilon). Such diversity of isoform expression could be responsible for the differential responsiveness of lymphocyte clones to activating stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Terajima
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Syntex Research, Palo Alto, California 94304
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9
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Balazovich KJ, McEwen EL, Lutzke ML, Boxer LA, White T. Purification of PKC-I, an endogenous protein kinase C inhibitor, and types II and III protein kinase C isoenzymes from human neutrophils. Biochem J 1992; 284 ( Pt 2):399-405. [PMID: 1599424 PMCID: PMC1132652 DOI: 10.1042/bj2840399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human neutrophil protein kinase C (PKC) activity is inhibited by an endogenous protein found primarily in the pellet fraction from homogenized specific granules, which was both heat- and proteinase-sensitive [Balazovich, Smolen & Boxer (1986) J. Immunol. 137, 1665-1673]. We now report that two PKC isoenzymes and the endogenous PKC inhibitor, which we named PKC-I, were purified from human neutrophils. A neutrophil soluble fraction that was subjected to DEAE-Sephacel chromatography yielded highly enriched PKC because, by definition, enzymic activity was strictly dependent on Ca2+ and phosphatidylserine. Hydroxyapatite chromatography resolved two peaks of PKC activity. Type II and Type III PKC isoenzymes were each identified on Western blots by using isoenzyme-specific monoclonal antibodies. Unlike rat brain, from which PKC isoenzymes were also purified, Type I PKC was not detected in human neutrophils. Western blots indicated that both Type II and Type III PKC isoenzymes had molecular masses near 80 kDa. In agreement with other reports, PKC was autophosphorylated in vitro. PKC-I, an endogenous neutrophil inhibitor of PKC, was purified to apparent homogeneity by DEAE-Sephacel and S-400 Sephacel chromatography. PKC-I had a molecular mass of 41 kDa. PKC-I inhibited purified PKC activity stimulated by 1,2-diacylglycerols in a concentration-dependent manner, and inhibited PKC-dependent phosphorylation of proteins present in neutrophil cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Balazovich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109
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10
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Wetsel WC, Khan WA, Merchenthaler I, Rivera H, Halpern AE, Phung HM, Negro-Vilar A, Hannun YA. Tissue and cellular distribution of the extended family of protein kinase C isoenzymes. J Cell Biol 1992; 117:121-33. [PMID: 1556149 PMCID: PMC2289401 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.117.1.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyclonal isoenzyme-specific antisera were developed against four calcium-independent protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes (delta, epsilon, epsilon', and zeta) as well as the calcium-dependent isoforms (alpha, beta I, beta II, and gamma). These antisera showed high specificities, high titers, and high binding affinities (3-370 nM) for the peptide antigens to which they were raised. Each antiserum detected a species of the predicted molecular weight by Western blot that could be blocked with the immunizing peptide. PKC was sequentially purified from rat brain, and the calcium-dependent forms were finally resolved by hydroxyapatite chromatography. Peak I reacted exclusively with antisera to PKC gamma, peak II with PKC beta I and -beta II, and peak III with PKC alpha. These same fractions, however, were devoid of immunoreactivity for the calcium-independent isoenzymes. The PKC isoenzymes demonstrated a distinctive tissue distribution when evaluated by Western blot and immunocytochemistry. PCK delta was present in brain, heart, spleen, lung, liver, ovary, pancreas, and adrenal tissues. PKC epsilon was present in brain, kidney, and pancreas, whereas PKC epsilon' was present predominantly in brain. PKC zeta was present in most tissues, particularly the lung, brain, and liver. Both PKC delta and PKC zeta showed some heterogeneity of size among the different tissues. PKC alpha was present in all organs and tissues examined. PKC beta I and -beta II were present in greatest amount in brain and spleen. Although the brain contained the most PKC gamma immunoreactivity, some immunostaining was also seen in adrenal tissue. These studies provide the first evidence of selective organ and tissue distributions of the calcium-independent PKC isoenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Wetsel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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11
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Chen SG, Murakami K. Synergistic activation of type III protein kinase C by cis-fatty acid and diacylglycerol. Biochem J 1992; 282 ( Pt 1):33-9. [PMID: 1311559 PMCID: PMC1130886 DOI: 10.1042/bj2820033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Micromolar concentrations of cis-fatty acid synergistically activate type III protein kinase C with diacylglycerol. This synergistic effect occurs at low concentrations of cis-fatty acid and diacylglycerol, and it is capable of inducing almost full activation of this protein kinase C subtype at a physiologically relevant Ca2+ concentration (2 microM). The synergistic activation mode can be observed even in the absence of Ca2+, but micromolar Ca2+ significantly enhances the type III protein kinase C activation. cis-Fatty acid also augments the diacylglycerol-induced activation of other subtypes (type I and II), although the effect is smaller than that observed in type III. Neither the diacylglycerol- nor the cis-fatty acid-dependent mode of activation can fully activate any of these subtypes at a physiological concentration of Ca2+ (2 microM). Our results suggest that the generation of three second messengers, i.e. the increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and the generation of both cis-fatty acid and diacylglycerol in the cell, may be necessary signals for protein kinase C activation, particularly for type III protein kinase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Chen
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, State University of New York, Buffalo 14260
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12
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Aihara H, Asaoka Y, Yoshida K, Nishizuka Y. Sustained activation of protein kinase C is essential to HL-60 cell differentiation to macrophage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:11062-6. [PMID: 1763021 PMCID: PMC53073 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.24.11062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a single dose of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) allowed HL-60 cells to differentiate to macrophages, a single dose of membrane-permeant diacylglycerol (DAG), 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol (1,2-DiC8), was normally insufficient to differentiate these cells. These cells metabolized 1,2-DiC8 very rapidly, and 1,2-DiC8 available to protein kinase C (PKC) activation was removed from the incubation medium at a rate proportional to cell density. However, increasing the duration of exposure of HL-60 cells to this DAG either by its repeated addition or by decreasing the cell density greatly enhanced their differentiation to macrophages as measured by CD11b expression. During this differentiation induced by DAG, neither measurable translocation nor depletion (down-regulation) of PKC was observed. When the cells were exposed to PMA, on the other hand, some PKC subspecies were instantaneously translocated to membranes and subsequently disappeared very quickly, whereas the alpha-subspecies was decreased to the level of approximately 60% of the resting cell, but thereafter its activity was maintained at a nearly constant level in membranes. After approximately 4 hr, the PKC subspecies, once depleted, reappeared gradually in the membrane fraction. The results suggest that sustained activation of PKC is essential to differentiation of HL-60 cells to macrophages, and depletion of the enzyme is not needed. Perhaps translocation of PKC represents an extreme state of the active form of the enzyme, which may result from PMA action, and the alpha-subspecies presumably plays a key role in HL-60 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Aihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan
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13
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Abstract
Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) has been linked to the regulation of class II expression on endothelial cells by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). PKC subtypes in endothelial cells were analyzed using three different approaches, the immunoperoxidase staining of native and IFN-gamma stimulated cells cultured on chamber slides as well as immuno- and Northern blotting. All approaches revealed that of the conventional subtypes, alpha is the predominant form of PKC in endothelial cells. Even though IFN-gamma is able to induce PKC translocation to particulate fractions, no translocation was detected in histological stainings. Western blot studies as well as mRNA studies revealed that IFN-gamma is unable to increase the total amount of PKC in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mattila
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Koda Y, Uezono Y, Kobayashi H, Izumi F, Inatomi H, Yamada Y, Okamura T. Protein kinase C in human pheochromocytoma. Neurosci Lett 1991; 127:31-3. [PMID: 1881614 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90887-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Subtypes of protein kinase C were analyzed in adrenal and extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma of humans. Almost all protein kinase C of the adrenal tumor was type III, while the enzyme of the extra-adrenal tumor was separated into two major fractions corresponding to type II and type III by hydroxyapatite column chromatography. The extra-adrenal tumor but not the adrenal tumor spontaneously produced neurite-like processes when the cells were cultured in vitro. These results suggest that the high proportion of type II enzyme may reflect neuron-directed differentiation in human pheochromocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Koda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Kitakyushu, Japan
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15
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Kvanta A, Jondal M, Fredholm BB. Translocation of the alpha- and beta-isoforms of protein kinase C following activation of human T-lymphocytes. FEBS Lett 1991; 283:321-4. [PMID: 2044773 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80618-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed how activation of human Jurkat T-cells by the mitogenic lectin, concanavalin A (Con A), may affect the cellular distribution of the alpha- and beta-isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC) in T-cells. In non-stimulated cells almost all of the alpha- and beta-PKC was localized to the cytoplasmic compartment. Stimulation with Con A caused a transient translocation of both alpha- and beta-PKC from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane. The alpha-isoform appeared to be translocated to a somewhat greater extent and for a longer period of time than the beta-form. Translocation was maximal between 1 and 5 min for both of the isoforms. 30 min after stimulation, beta-PKC had returned to basal levels, whereas a substantial amount of alpha-PKC remained associated with the particulate fraction. We conclude that activation of human T-cells causes the translocation of at least two different isoforms of PKC, alpha-PKC and beta-PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kvanta
- Department of Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Protein kinase C isozyme expression in phorbol ester-sensitive and -resistant EL4 thymoma cells. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)67648-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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17
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Strahler JR, Kuick R, Hanash SM. Diminished phosphorylation of a heat shock protein (HSP 27) in infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 175:134-42. [PMID: 1998499 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported lack of expression of a polypeptide designated L3 in infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Expression of L3 occurred predominantly in older children with pre-B ALL. We have recently reported the expression during B cell ontogeny of two other polypeptides, designated L2 and L4 with a similar Mr as L3, which were identified as phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms respectively of the low Mr heat shock protein. hsp27. In this study we have characterized L3 and identified it as another phosphorylated form of hsp27. The two phosphorylated forms appear to be differentially expressed in acute leukemia. L3 levels in infants who expressed hsp27 isoforms L2 and L4 were significantly diminished compared to levels in older children with an equivalent amount of hsp27. We conclude that leukemic cells in infant ALL exhibit a unique pattern of phosphorylation of hsp27 expressed at a pre-B cell stage of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Strahler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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18
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Hocevar BA, Fields AP. Selective translocation of beta II-protein kinase C to the nucleus of human promyelocytic (HL60) leukemia cells. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)52396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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19
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Beckman BS, Mason-Garcia M, Martinez MI, Fermin C. Enhanced expression of the beta II subspecies of protein kinase C in differentiating erythroleukemia cells. Exp Cell Res 1990; 191:319-22. [PMID: 2257884 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(90)90021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polyclonal antipeptide antibodies which recognize selected isozymes (alpha, beta I, beta II, and gamma) of the protein kinase C family were used to identify specific subspecies in undifferentiated Friend erythroleukemia cells and in cells triggered to differentiate with hexamethylene bisacetamide. The beta II isozyme of protein kinase C was the primary isozyme expressed and its abundance was significantly increased (P less than 0.05) in differentiated cells. Differences in immunostaining between control and experimental groups were objectively quantitated by determining percentage transmission of light through cells based on color threshold rather than gray intensity levels. Staining was localized to the cytoplasm predominantly in differentiated cells, whereas nuclei stained more intensely in undifferentiated cells. These results provide immunocytochemical evidence to support the hypothesis that changes in the expression of the beta II subspecies of protein kinase C are essential to the programmed maturation of differentiating Friend erythroleukemia cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Gene Expression/physiology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/enzymology
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/physiopathology
- Leukemia, Experimental/metabolism
- Leukemia, Experimental/pathology
- Leukemia, Experimental/physiopathology
- Mice
- Protein Kinase C/genetics
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Beckman
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
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20
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Abstract
Protein kinase C functions as the transducer of a second messenger, diacylglycerol, and is the major receptor for tumour-promoting phorbol esters. The enzyme is a family of proteins with closely but distinct structures and individual enzymological properties. Members of the family are differently distributed in particular cell types and limited intracellular locations from lower organisms to mammalian tissues. The enzyme appears to interact with many signalling pathways, and display functions in the processing and modulation of cellular responses to external stimuli. Presumably, each member of the family plays discrete roles in the control of a variety of membrane functions and activation of gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Farago
- 1st Institute of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary
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21
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Alexander DR, Graves JD, Lucas SC, Cantrell DA, Crumpton MJ. A method for measuring protein kinase C activity in permeabilized T lymphocytes by using peptide substrates. Evidence for multiple pathways of kinase activation. Biochem J 1990; 268:303-8. [PMID: 2363676 PMCID: PMC1131432 DOI: 10.1042/bj2680303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) in human T lymphocytes is an immediate consequence of mitogenic signalling via the antigen-receptor complex and CD2 antigen. In order to investigate further the signal-transduction pathways which result in PKC activation, we have established a novel PKC assay system using streptolysin-O-permeabilized T cells. Known peptide substrates of PKC were introduced into permeabilized cells in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP, 3 mM-Mg2+ and 150 nM free Ca2+. The peptide found to have the lowest background phosphorylation had the sequence Pro-Leu-Ser-Arg-Thr-Leu-Ser-Val-Ala-Ala-Lys-Lys (peptide GS), and the phosphorylation of the peptide was increased up to 6-fold by direct activation of PKC with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate. Induction of PKC activation with the UCHT1 antibody against the CD3 antigen, or with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate (GTP[S]), increased peptide-GS phosphorylation by 2-3 fold. The specificity of PKC action on peptide GS was demonstrated by blocking increases in phosphorylation with a pseudosubstrate peptide PKC inhibitor. PKC activation by this technique could be detected within 1 min of adding external ligand. Dose-response curves revealed that PHA-induced production of inositol phosphates correlated closely with PKC activities, whereas only a partial correlation between these parameters was observed with GTP[S]. Our data are consistent with the presence of more than one G-protein-mediated pathway of PKC regulation in T cells. The quantitative PKC assay system described is both simple and reproducible, and its potential application to a wide range of cell types should prove useful in further investigations of PKC activation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Alexander
- Cell Surface Biochemistry Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, U.K
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22
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Tanaka Y, Tsuyuki M, Itaya-Hironaka A, Inada Y, Yoshihara K, Kamiya T. Retinoic acid-induced differentiation-specific, C-kinase-dependent phosphorylation of cytosolic 44 and 32 kDa proteins in HL-60 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 168:1253-60. [PMID: 2161220 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)91163-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of various differentiation-inducers on the activity of Ca2+, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (C-kinase) activity and endogenous protein phosphorylation by the kinase were examined in the extracts of HL-60 cells. Although all of the inducers, retinoic acid, dibutyryl cAMP, nicotinamide, dimethylsulfoxide, and 3-aminobenzamide increased the cytosolic C-kinase activity accompanied with the differentiation into mature myelocytes, only retinoic acid markedly enhanced Ca2+, phospholipid-dependent phosphorylation of 44 and 32 kDa proteins in the cytosol. These results suggest that the differentiation pathway induced by retinoic acid is different from the pathways induced by other inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, Japan
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23
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Abstract
Understanding the intracellular mechanisms by which binding of ligands, such as hormones and growth factors, to their specific receptors elicits the appropriate cellular response has long been a topic of great interest. Considerable excitement was generated when it was recognised that several receptor-ligand interactions operate via the hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids. This yields, at least, two 'second messengers', namely, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3], which causes the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, and 1,2-diacylglycerol (ac2Gro), which activates the serine/threonine-specific enzyme, protein kinase C(PKC), reviewed in [1] and [2]. The pertinent question that follows is, how do PKC activation and elevation of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration evoke cell responses? In this review, attention has been focused on PKC, and the consequences of its activation in resting human T cells. Evidence that PKC activity is, at least partially, responsible for activation of resting human T cells will be examined, and some of the more recent research investigating how PKC activation elicits this cell response will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Berry
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan
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24
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Lucas S, Marais R, Graves JD, Alexander D, Parker P, Cantrell DA. Heterogeneity of protein kinase C expression and regulation in T lymphocytes. FEBS Lett 1990; 260:53-6. [PMID: 2137095 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)80064-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine protein kinase C (PKC) isotype expression in T lymphoblasts derived from peripheral blood and the T leukaemic cell Jurkat. Using antisera reactive with PKC alpha, beta 1, and beta 2 and gamma, it was observed that T cells expressed two PKC isotypes, PKC alpha and beta 1. No PKC gamma was detected in T lymphocytes. In lymphoblasts, high levels of PKC beta compared to PKC alpha were found whereas Jurkat cells expressed high levels of alpha compared to PKC beta. Differences in the calcium sensitivity of phorbol ester-induced phosphorylation were observed in Jurkat and T lymphoblasts which correlated with the relative levels of PKC alpha and beta isotypes expressed by the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lucas
- Lymphocyte Activation Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, England
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