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Wang Y, Zhao J, Gu Y, Wang H, Jiang M, Zhao S, Qing H, Ni J. Cathepsin H: molecular characteristics and clues to function and mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115585. [PMID: 37148981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin H (CatH) is a lysosomal cysteine protease with a unique aminopeptidase activity that is extensively expressed in the lung, pancreas, thymus, kidney, liver, skin, and brain. Owing to its specific enzymatic activity, CatH has critical effects on the regulation of biological behaviours of cancer cells and pathological processes in brain diseases. Moreover, a neutral pH level is optimal for CatH activity, so it is expected to be active in the extra-lysosomal and extracellular space. In the present review, we describe the expression, maturation, and enzymatic properties of CatH, and summarize the available experimental evidence that mechanistically links CatH to various physiological and pathological processes. Finally, we discuss the challenges and potentials of CatH inhibitors in CatH-induced disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Aerospace Medical Center, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yebo Gu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Haiping Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muzhou Jiang
- Department of Periodontics, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110002, China
| | - Shuxuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Martínez JF, Aparicio JR, Peiró G, Cabezas A, Roger M, Ruiz F, Compañy L, Casellas JA. Study of the expression of cathepsins in histological material from pancreatic lesions. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2016; 108:780-784. [PMID: 27855482 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2016.3749/2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To assess the expression levels of cathepsins in malignant and premalignant lesions. METHODS We retrospectively included patients who underwent pancreatic surgery on pancreatic solid or cystic masses. The expression of cathepsin H, L, B and S was determined in both types of samples. Lesions were divided into three categories: malignant (pancreatic adenocarcinoma and malignant mucinous neoplasms), premalignant (mucinous neoplasms) and benign (other lesions). RESULTS Thirty-one surgical resection samples were studied. The expression of cathepsins was significantly higher in malignant lesions than in premalignant and benign lesions (H 75%, 27%, 37% p = 0.05; L 92%, 36%, 37% p = 0.011; B 83%, 36%, 62% p = 0.069; S 92%, 36%, 25% p = 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Cathepsins are overexpressed in histological samples of malignant lesions compared to premalignant and benign lesions. However, the expression of cathepsins is similar in both premalignant and benign lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Martínez
- Unidad de Endoscopia Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, España
| | - José Ramón Aparicio
- Unidad de Endoscopia Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, España
| | - Gloria Peiró
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, España
| | - Antonio Cabezas
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, España
| | - Manuela Roger
- Unidad de Endoscopia Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, España
| | - Francisco Ruiz
- Unidad de Endoscopia Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, España
| | - Luís Compañy
- Unidad de Endoscopia Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, España
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3
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Cathepsins and pancreatic cancer: the 2012 update. Pancreatology 2012; 12:395-401. [PMID: 23127526 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the result of distinctive genetic and epigenetic disturbances. This multistep process is in part well-defined and includes alterations in oncogenes and suppressor genes that control proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion and cell migration. Cathepsins are proteolytic enzymes and represent potential therapeutic targets in human tumors. Cathepsins predominantly function as endopeptidases within endolysosomal vesicles of normal cells and they are involved in physiological processes such as protein turnover, differentiation and apoptosis. In various types of malignancies, cathepsins have been associated with tumor progression and metastasis. Growing evidence and direct proofs suggest that cathepsins are highly up-regulated in pancreatic cancer and contribute to the development and progression of the cancer phenotype. In this review, the role of cathepsins in pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis is reported and discussed. Some critical aspects will be underlined such as specificity of cathepsin activity in pancreatic cancer and in its precursor lesions; the genetic perturbation and the intracellular signaling pathway activated by cathepsins as reported in preclinical models and in human tissues; the preliminary results and the oncological effects of cathepsin inhibitors currently tested on pancreatic cancer cells; the role of combined therapy based on chemotherapeutic agents and cathepsin inhibition. Although mounting evidences indicate that cysteine cathepsins are potential therapeutic targets in pancreatic cancer, as suggested by their functional role in controlling invasiveness and metastasis, it remains to be seen whether the promising benefits of pharmacological inhibitors observed in preclinical study might be translated to the current clinical practice.
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4
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Grüner BM, Hahne H, Mazur PK, Trajkovic-Arsic M, Maier S, Esposito I, Kalideris E, Michalski CW, Kleeff J, Rauser S, Schmid RM, Küster B, Walch A, Siveke JT. MALDI imaging mass spectrometry for in situ proteomic analysis of preneoplastic lesions in pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39424. [PMID: 22761793 PMCID: PMC3383687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of new biomarkers for preneoplastic pancreatic lesions (PanINs, IPMNs) and early pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is crucial due to the diseases high mortality rate upon late detection. To address this task we used the novel technique of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) on genetically engineered mouse models (GEM) of pancreatic cancer. Various GEM were analyzed with MALDI IMS to investigate the peptide/protein-expression pattern of precursor lesions in comparison to normal pancreas and PDAC with cellular resolution. Statistical analysis revealed several discriminative m/z-species between normal and diseased tissue. Intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) could be distinguished from normal pancreatic tissue and PDAC by 26 significant m/z-species. Among these m/z-species, we identified Albumin and Thymosin-beta 4 by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which were further validated by immunohistochemistry, western blot, quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA in both murine and human tissue. Thymosin-beta 4 was found significantly increased in sera of mice with PanIN lesions. Upregulated PanIN expression of Albumin was accompanied by increased expression of liver-restricted genes suggesting a hepatic transdifferentiation program of preneoplastic cells. In conclusion we show that GEM of endogenous PDAC are a suitable model system for MALDI-IMS and subsequent LC-MS/MS analysis, allowing in situ analysis of small precursor lesions and identification of differentially expressed peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M. Grüner
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannes Hahne
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Center of Life and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Pawel K. Mazur
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Maier
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Center of Life and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Evdokia Kalideris
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Kleeff
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Rauser
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Roland M. Schmid
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Küster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Center of Life and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jens T. Siveke
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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5
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Ortiz-Zapater E, Pineda D, Martínez-Bosch N, Fernández-Miranda G, Iglesias M, Alameda F, Moreno M, Eliscovich C, Eyras E, Real FX, Méndez R, Navarro P. Key contribution of CPEB4-mediated translational control to cancer progression. Nat Med 2011; 18:83-90. [PMID: 22138752 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malignant transformation, invasion and angiogenesis rely on the coordinated reprogramming of gene expression in the cells from which the tumor originated. Although deregulated gene expression has been extensively studied at genomic and epigenetic scales, the contribution of the regulation of mRNA-specific translation to this reprogramming is not well understood. Here we show that cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 4 (CPEB4), an RNA binding protein that mediates meiotic mRNA cytoplasmic polyadenylation and translation, is overexpressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and glioblastomas, where it supports tumor growth, vascularization and invasion. We also show that, in pancreatic tumors, the pro-oncogenic functions of CPEB4 originate in the translational activation of mRNAs that are silenced in normal tissue, including the mRNA of tissue plasminogen activator, a key contributor to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma malignancy. Taken together, our results document a key role for post-transcriptional gene regulation in tumor development and describe a detailed mechanism for gene expression reprogramming underlying malignant tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ortiz-Zapater
- Cancer Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Roda O, Chiva C, Espuña G, Gabius HJ, Real FX, Navarro P, Andreu D. A proteomic approach to the identification of new tPA receptors in pancreatic cancer cells. Proteomics 2008; 6 Suppl 1:S36-41. [PMID: 16544279 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a strategy to identify putative tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)receptors present in pancreatic cancer cells by affinity capture with tPA-Sepharose followed by 2-DE and MALDI-MS PMF. Proteins pulled down from either total lysates or raft membrane fractions were characterized and compared with those from a total lysate of an endothelial cell line (HUVEC) to identify pancreas-restricted tPA receptors. A total of 31 proteins were found by this approach, including annexin A2, already described as a tPA receptor in pancreas and endothelial cells, other proteins acting as tPA receptors (i.e., enolase, cytokeratins 8 and 18) in other tissues, and additional proteins not previously identified as candidate tPA receptors. Confirmation of the results was performed for some of these proteins using immunoblotting. These studies are the basis for further functional analyses on the role of these proteins in the biological effects of tPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Roda
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Ortiz-Zapater E, Peiró S, Roda O, Corominas JM, Aguilar S, Ampurdanés C, Real FX, Navarro P. Tissue plasminogen activator induces pancreatic cancer cell proliferation by a non-catalytic mechanism that requires extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation through epidermal growth factor receptor and annexin A2. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:1573-84. [PMID: 17456763 PMCID: PMC1854952 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is overexpressed in pancreatic ductal carcinoma and is involved in tumor progression. This effect is probably mediated through the activation of angiogenesis, cell invasion, and cell proliferation. Previous studies support the notion that the effects of tPA on cell invasion require its proteolytic activity. Here, we report the molecular mechanism responsible for the proliferative effects of tPA on pancreatic tumor cells. tPA activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway in a manner that is independent of its catalytic activity. We also show that at least two membrane receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor and annexin A2, which are overexpressed in pancreatic cancer, are involved in the transduction of tPA signaling in pancreatic tumors. This observation suggests the establishment of an amplification loop in tumor cell proliferation. Double immunofluorescence experiments showed co-localization of tPA/epidermal growth factor receptor and tPA/annexin A2 in pancreas cancer cells. These results add novel insights into the non-catalytic functions of tPA in cancer and the molecular mechanisms behind the effects of this protease on cell proliferation, including a role for epidermal growth factor receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ortiz-Zapater
- Unitat de Biologia Cel.lular i Molecular, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Lu J, Tomfohr JK, Kepler TB. Identifying differential expression in multiple SAGE libraries: an overdispersed log-linear model approach. BMC Bioinformatics 2005; 6:165. [PMID: 15987513 PMCID: PMC1189357 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-6-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In testing for differential gene expression involving multiple serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) libraries, it is critical to account for both between and within library variation. Several methods have been proposed, including the t test, tw test, and an overdispersed logistic regression approach. The merits of these tests, however, have not been fully evaluated. Questions still remain on whether further improvements can be made. RESULTS In this article, we introduce an overdispersed log-linear model approach to analyzing SAGE; we evaluate and compare its performance with three other tests: the two-sample t test, tw test and another based on overdispersed logistic linear regression. Analysis of simulated and real datasets show that both the log-linear and logistic overdispersion methods generally perform better than the t and tw tests; the log-linear method is further found to have better performance than the logistic method, showing equal or higher statistical power over a range of parameter values and with different data distributions. CONCLUSION Overdispersed log-linear models provide an attractive and reliable framework for analyzing SAGE experiments involving multiple libraries. For convenience, the implementation of this method is available through a user-friendly web-interface available at http://www.cbcb.duke.edu/sage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - John K Tomfohr
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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Aguilar S, Corominas JM, Malats N, Pereira JA, Dufresne M, Real FX, Navarro P. Tissue plasminogen activator in murine exocrine pancreas cancer: selective expression in ductal tumors and contribution to cancer progression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:1129-39. [PMID: 15466380 PMCID: PMC1618622 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is absent from normal human pancreas and is expressed in 95% of human pancreatic adenocarcinomas. We have analyzed the expression of components of the tPA system in murine pancreatic tumors and the role of tPA in neoplastic progression. Transgenic mice expressing T antigen and c-myc under the control of the elastase promoter (Ela1-TAg and Ela1-myc, respectively) were used. tPA was undetectable in normal pancreas, acinar dysplasia, ductal complexes, and in all acinar tumors. By contrast, it was consistently detected in Ela1-myc tumors showing ductal differentiation. Crossing transgenic Ela1-myc with tPA-/- mice had no effect on the proportion of ductal tumors, indicating that tPA is not involved in the acinar-to-ductal transition. Ela1-myc:tPA-/- mice showed an increased survival in comparison to control mice. All ductal tumors, and none of the acinar tumors, overexpressed the tPA receptor annexin A2, suggesting its participation in the effects mediated by tPA. Our findings indicate that murine and human pancreatic ductal tumors share molecular alterations in the tPA system that may play a role in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Aguilar
- Unitat de Biologia Cellular i Molecular, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Dr. Aiguader, 80, 08003-Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Berdowska I. Cysteine proteases as disease markers. Clin Chim Acta 2004; 342:41-69. [PMID: 15026265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2003.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Revised: 12/17/2003] [Accepted: 12/17/2003] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review comprises issues concerning cysteine cathepsins (CCs): human peptidases belonging to papain family (C1) of clan CA of cysteine proteases: cathepsins B, L, H, S, K, F, V, X, W, O and C. The involvement of these enzymes in physiological and pathological processes is described, especially with respect to their application as diagnostic and prognostic markers. They participate in precursor protein activation (including proenzymes and prohormones), MHC-II-mediated antigen presentation, bone remodeling, keratinocytes differentiation, hair follicle cycle, reproduction and apoptosis. Cysteine cathepsins upregulation has been demonstrated in many human tumors, including breast, lung, brain, gastrointestinal, head and neck cancer, and melanoma. Besides cancer diseases, they have been implied to participate in inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory myopathies, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontitis. Also, certain hereditary disorders are connected with mutations in CCs genes, what is observed in pycnodysostosis resulted from catK gene mutation and Papillon-Lefevre and Haim-Munk syndrome caused by catC gene defect. The potential application of cysteine cathepsins in diagnosis and/or prognosis is discussed in cancer diseases (breast, lung, head and neck, ovarian, gastrointestinal cancers, melanoma), as well as other disorders (periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Berdowska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 10 Chalubinskiego, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
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11
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Yanagisawa K, Shyr Y, Xu BJ, Massion PP, Larsen PH, White BC, Roberts JR, Edgerton M, Gonzalez A, Nadaf S, Moore JH, Caprioli RM, Carbone DP. Proteomic patterns of tumour subsets in non-small-cell lung cancer. Lancet 2003; 362:433-9. [PMID: 12927430 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteomics-based approaches complement the genome initiatives and may be the next step in attempts to understand the biology of cancer. We used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry directly from 1-mm regions of single frozen tissue sections for profiling of protein expression from surgically resected tissues to classify lung tumours. METHODS Proteomic spectra were obtained and aligned from 79 lung tumours and 14 normal lung tissues. We built a class-prediction model with the proteomic patterns in a training cohort of 42 lung tumours and eight normal lung samples, and assessed their statistical significance. We then applied this model to a blinded test cohort, including 37 lung tumours and six normal lung samples, to estimate the misclassification rate. FINDINGS We obtained more than 1600 protein peaks from histologically selected 1 mm diameter regions of single frozen sections from each tissue. Class-prediction models based on differentially expressed peaks enabled us to perfectly classify lung cancer histologies, distinguish primary tumours from metastases to the lung from other sites, and classify nodal involvement with 85% accuracy in the training cohort. This model nearly perfectly classified samples in the independent blinded test cohort. We also obtained a proteomic pattern comprised of 15 distinct mass spectrometry peaks that distinguished between patients with resected non-small-cell lung cancer who had poor prognosis (median survival 6 months, n=25) and those who had good prognosis (median survival 33 months, n=41, p<0.0001). INTERPRETATION Proteomic patterns obtained directly from small amounts of fresh frozen lung-tumour tissue could be used to accurately classify and predict histological groups as well as nodal involvement and survival in resected non-small-cell lung cancer.
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12
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Roda O, Valero ML, Peiró S, Andreu D, Real FX, Navarro P. New insights into the tPA-annexin A2 interaction. Is annexin A2 CYS8 the sole requirement for this association? J Biol Chem 2003; 278:5702-9. [PMID: 12468550 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m207605200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Annexin A2 has been described as an important receptor for tissue-type plasminogen activator in endothelium and other cell types. Interaction between tissue-type plasminogen activator and its cellular receptor is critical for many of the functions of this protease. The annexin A2 motif that mediates tissue plasminogen activator interaction has been assigned to the hexapeptide LCKLSL in the amino-terminal domain of the protein, and it has been proposed that Cys(8) of this sequence is essential for tPA binding. In an attempt to identify other amino acids critical for tPA-annexin A2 interaction, we have analyzed a set of peptides containing several modifications of the original hexapeptide, including glycine scans, alanine scans, d-amino acid scans, conservative mutations, cysteine blocking, and enantiomer and retroenantiomer sequences. Using a non-radioactive competitive binding assay, we have found that all cysteine-containing peptides, independently of their sequence, compete the interaction between tPA and annexin A2. Cysteine-containing peptides also inhibit tPA binding to the surface of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Mass spectrometry demonstrates that the peptides bind through a disulfide bond to a cysteine residue of annexin A2, the same mechanism that has been suggested for the inhibition mediated by homocysteine. These data call for a revision of the role of the LCKLSL sequence as the sole annexin A2 structural region required to bind tPA and indicate that further studies are necessary to better define the annexin A2-tPA interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Roda
- Departament de Ciències Experimentales i de la Salut, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra and Unitat de Biologia Cel.lular i Molecular, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, 08003-Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Gardner-Thorpe J, Ito H, Ashley SW, Whang EE. Differential display of expressed genes in pancreatic cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 293:391-5. [PMID: 12054612 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activating K-ras mutations occur in 80-95% of pancreatic cancers. The purpose of this study was to conduct an open, panoramic survey of gene expression, using K-ras status as the axis over which to sub-classify pancreatic cancers. Differential display was used to contrast mRNA purified from exponentially growing PANC-1 and Capan-2 cells (mutated K-ras) with Hs766T and BxPC-3 cells (wild-type). Differences were confirmed by Northern analysis. Twenty-five transcripts were differentially expressed by a factor of two or more. Four transcripts were over-expressed and twelve were under-expressed in the mutants relative to the wild-types. The transcripts most strikingly over-expressed by the mutant cell lines were MARCKS, DKFZp547C244, and RPLP2. The transcripts over-expressed by the wild-types were CEACAM6, cDNA AK026924, and myosin light chain-6. Profiling of gene expression with respect to K-ras mutation status may lead to new insights into pancreatic cancer pathogenesis, as well as to the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gardner-Thorpe
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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14
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Waghray A, Keppler D, Sloane BF, Schuger L, Chen YQ. Analysis of a truncated form of cathepsin H in human prostate tumor cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:11533-8. [PMID: 11796715 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109557200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of proteases has been correlated with the malignant progression of a variety of tumors. We found a significant increase in cathepsin H expression in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma of the prostate. Two forms of cathepsin H, the full-length form (CTSH) and a truncated form with a 12-amino acid deletion in its signal peptide region (CTSHDelta10-21), were identified by cDNA sequence analysis. This deletion occurred not at the genomic level but likely at the RNA processing level. Both forms are expressed in prostate tissues as well as LNCaP, PC-3, and DU-145 prostate cancer cell lines. The deletion within the signal peptide region affected the trafficking of cathepsin H. Fluorescence microscopy, subcellular fractionation, and activity data indicated that the truncated form was perinuclear and secreted and had a reduced lysosomal association as compared with the full-length cathepsin H. Furthermore, the truncated cathepsin H was enzymatically active. Therefore, an increase in overall cathepsin H expression, particularly in the truncated form with a high secretion propensity, may affect cell biological behaviors such as those associated with tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Waghray
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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15
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Díaz VM, Planaguma J, Thomson TM, Reventós J, Paciucci R. Tissue plasminogen activator is required for the growth, invasion, and angiogenesis of pancreatic tumor cells. Gastroenterology 2002; 122:806-19. [PMID: 11875015 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.31885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Overexpression of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) in exocrine pancreatic tumors might be a determinant of the aggressive biological behavior of these tumors. METHODS Endogenous t-PA production was suppressed by antisense oligonucleotides or transcripts in CAPAN-1 and RWP-1 cell lines. Reciprocally, the t-PA non-expressing BxPC-3 and PANC-1 cells were stably transfected to overexpress t-PA. Recombinant t-PA and chemical inhibitors were also used on these cells. Clones were assayed for invasion and growth in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS In vitro, specific inhibition of t-PA expression or activity significantly inhibited the proliferation of t-PA-producing RWP-1, CAPAN-1, and SK-PC-1 cells. Antisense constructs were used to generate RWP-1 clones stably suppressed for t-PA expression (AS clones). These clones had a significantly reduced invasion and proliferation on plastic and in soft agar. The addition of recombinant t-PA rescued the growth of the AS clones to parental levels and was mitogenic for other independent pancreas cell lines. This effect did not require plasmin activity. In athymic mice, RWP-1 AS clones produced tumors fivefold smaller than control clones. AS tumors contained a significantly reduced number of Ki67-positive nuclei, fewer mitotic cells, and a remarkably reduced angiogenic network. Finally, the generation of tetracycline-repressed t-PA transfectants in PANC-1 cells confirmed the activity of t-PA in invasion and proliferation in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS t-PA, in addition to its known role in invasion, plays other critical roles in pancreas tumor progression, stimulating cancer cell proliferation and tumor-associated angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M Díaz
- Unitat de Recerca Biomedica, Hospital Materno-Infantil, Hospitals Vall d'Hebron, Instituto de Biologia Molecular, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Stoeckli M, Chaurand P, Hallahan DE, Caprioli RM. Imaging mass spectrometry: a new technology for the analysis of protein expression in mammalian tissues. Nat Med 2001; 7:493-6. [PMID: 11283679 DOI: 10.1038/86573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 828] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Stoeckli
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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17
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Barberá VM, Martín M, Mariñoso L, Munné A, Carrato A, Real FX, Fabre M. The 18q21 region in colorectal and pancreatic cancer: independent loss of DCC and DPC4 expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1502:283-96. [PMID: 11040453 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(00)00054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The 18q21 region is frequently altered in gastrointestinal tumors. Three candidate tumor suppressor genes have been identified in it: DCC, Smad4/DPC4 and Smad2; the mechanisms involving their inactivation have not been completely elucidated. In this study, genetic losses at 18q21 and expression of DCC and DPC4 in colorectal (n=12) and pancreatic (n=16) cell lines and in colorectal tissues (n=10) were analyzed. The status of the 18q21 region was assessed using microsatellite analysis and duplex PCR of exonic sequences; expression was analyzed by RT-PCR; mutational analysis of DPC4 cDNA was performed in selected cases. Homozygous losses of microsatellite markers at 18q21 were not observed in colon or pancreas lines; however, a higher proportion of apparent homozygosity than expected was found. DCC and DPC4 transcripts were detected in 11/12 and 12/12 colorectal cancer lines, respectively. In tumors, homozygous losses at 18q21 were detected in three cases, without affecting DCC. All tumors retained DCC and DPC4 mRNA expression. In pancreatic lines, DPC4 was inactivated through homozygous deletion (n=5), intragenic mutation (n=3), and lack of protein (n=2). IN CONCLUSION (1) microsatellite analysis does not provide adequate information regarding homozygous losses at 18q21; (2) approximately 65% of pancreas cancer lines show inactivation of DPC4; and (3) loss of DCC and DPC4 occur independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Barberá
- Laboratorio de Oncologia Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Elche, Alicante, Spain
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del Re EC, Shuja S, Cai J, Murnane MJ. Alterations in cathepsin H activity and protein patterns in human colorectal carcinomas. Br J Cancer 2000; 82:1317-26. [PMID: 10755408 PMCID: PMC2374483 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.1999.1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our analyses of cathepsin H activity levels and protein forms in human colorectal cancers compared to matched control mucosa support the concept that altered proteinase expression patterns may reflect both cancer stage and site. Cathepsin H-specific activity was significantly increased in colorectal cancers compared to control mucosa (P = 0.003; n = 77). Highest specific activities and cancer/normal ratios (C/N) for activity were measured in Dukes' B and C stage carcinomas, cancers involved in local spread and invasion to lymph nodes. In contrast, cathepsin B and L activities analysed in the same paired extracts had been shown to be most frequently elevated in earlier stage carcinomas (Dukes' A and B), confirming that cathepsin H demonstrates a distinct pattern of expression during colorectal cancer progression. Although cathepsin H activities were most commonly elevated in Dukes' C cancers at all colon sites, both specific activity and C/N ratios were significantly higher for cancers of the left colon compared to other colon locations. A subset of 43 paired extracts analysed on Western blots also revealed consistent changes in cathepsin H protein forms in cancers. Normal mucosa typically showed a strong protein doublet at 31 and 29 kDa while cancers demonstrated decreased expression or total loss of the 31 kDa protein (90% of cases), equal or increased expression of the 29-kDa protein (67% of cases) and the new appearance or up-regulation of a cathepsin H band at 22 kDa (78% of cases). C/N ratios for cathepsin H enzyme activity correlated significantly with C/N ratios for the 29 kDa mature single-chain protein form (P < 0.001), with increased activity most commonly associated with elevated expression of 29-kDa cathepsin H but also with up-regulation of the 22-kDa band, suggesting a shift to more fully processed, mature active cathepsin H protein forms in cancers. Changes in cathepsin H expression were also detected by immunohistochemistry as elevated cathepsin H staining in tumour epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C del Re
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118, USA
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Beyer-Sehlmeyer G, Hiddemann W, Wörmann B, Bertram J. Suppressive subtractive hybridisation reveals differential expression of serglycin, sorcin, bone marrow proteoglycan and prostate-tumour-inducing gene I (PTI-1) in drug-resistant and sensitive tumour cell lines of haematopoetic origin. Eur J Cancer 1999; 35:1735-42. [PMID: 10674022 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(99)00202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of therapy-induced drug resistance is still one of the most important therapeutic limitations. Nevertheless, an integrating view of the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance development in general is missing. In order to shed some light on the network of this resistance development, we established drug-resistant (doxorubicin (DX), methotrexate (MTX), cisplatin (cisPt), vincristine (Vin)) derivatives of six tumour cell lines (Jurkat, U937, HL60, DoHH-2, K562 and ARH77) of haematopoetic origin. Differential gene expression of drug-sensitive parental cell lines and the drug-resistant derivatives thereof was analysed by suppressive subtractive hybridisation. After dot blot screening for differential expression and sequencing of the cloned PCR fragments, differential expression was confirmed by Northern blot analysis. In an attempt to discriminate for differentially expressed genes only related to one or the other of the investigated drugs, the cDNAs of various resistant sublines (doxorubicin-, methotrexate-, cisplatin-resistant Jurkat cells) were pooled and compared with the sensitive parental cell line. In addition, cDNAs of the resistant derivatives of the different haematopoetic tumour cell lines were pooled and compared with the pooled cDNAs of the corresponding sensitive haematopoetic cell lines to eliminate cell line to cell line variations that were not related to drug resistance. As a result of this screening, the following genes showed a higher (at least 2-fold) or exclusive expression in the drug-resistant variants: serglycin, sorcin, BMPG (bone marrow proteoglycan gene) and PTI-1 (prostate-tumour-inducing gene 1). In addition, elevated expression of hsp90, previously found by our group to be upregulated in the drug-resistant colon carcinoma cell line LoVo H67P was found to be overexpressed in drug-resistant HL60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Beyer-Sehlmeyer
- Department of Haematology/Oncology, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany
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Paciucci R, Vilá MR, Adell T, Díaz VM, Torà M, Nakamura T, Real FX. Activation of the urokinase plasminogen activator/urokinase plasminogen activator receptor system and redistribution of E-cadherin are associated with hepatocyte growth factor-induced motility of pancreas tumor cells overexpressing Met. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1998; 153:201-12. [PMID: 9665481 PMCID: PMC1852940 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Because hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a potent mitogen for normal human exocrine pancreas cells (NPCs) in vitro, we have analyzed the expression of HGF and its receptor, Met, in NPC and pancreas cancer cells and studied its effects in vitro. Using immunohistochemistry, Northern blotting, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we examined the expression of HGF and Met in normal pancreas and pancreas cancer. Scatter assays, wound-healing assays, and migration through transwell filters were used to study HGF-stimulated motility of IMIM-PC-2 cancer cells. In tumors, HGF is mainly detected in stromal cells, whereas Met is overexpressed in cancer cells with an unpolarized distribution. In vitro, HGF stimulates motogenesis but not proliferation in cancer cells. Cell motility is accompanied by a rapid decrease in the cytoskeleton-bound E-cadherin, an acceleration of cellular adhesion to the substrate, an up-regulation of urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA) RNA and protein, and a change in the solubility and proteolysis of the u-PA receptor. Cell motility is significantly reduced by inhibitors of u-PA proteolytic activity such as antibodies neutralizing u-PA activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, and amiloride. These results show that a paracrine loop of HGF activation may participate in the development or progression of pancreas cancer. In vitro, the HGF-stimulated motogenesis of pancreas cancer cells involves the activation of the u-PA/u-PA receptor proteolytic system, suggesting its role in the invasive stages of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Paciucci
- Unitat de Biologia Cel.lular i Molecular, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain
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Müller-Pillasch F, Wallrapp C, Bartels K, Varga G, Friess H, Büchler M, Adler G, Gress TM. Cloning of a new Kunitz-type protease inhibitor with a putative transmembrane domain overexpressed in pancreatic cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1395:88-95. [PMID: 9434156 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(97)00129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In a previous large scale screen for differentially expressed genes in pancreatic cancer, we identified a gene highly overexpressed in cancer encoding a novel putative transmembrane protein with two Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor domains. The identified gene named kop (Kunitz domain containing protein overexpressed in pancreatic cancer) was assigned to chromosome 19 in the region 19q13.1. Kop was detected at high levels in pancreatic cancer cell lines and was overexpressed in pancreatic cancer tissues as compared to both, normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis tissues. Being a member of the Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor family, this new gene may participate in tumour cell invasion and metastasis and in the development of the marked desmoplastic reaction typical for human pancreatic cancer tissues. In this context, the fact that kop has a putative transmembrane domain may have functional implications of particular interest.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Genes, Neoplasm/genetics
- Humans
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organ Specificity
- Pancreas/chemistry
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/chemistry
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Serine Proteinase Inhibitors/genetics
- Trypsin Inhibitor, Kunitz Soybean/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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