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Rajbongshi J, Das DK, Mazumdar S. Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of the pH-Induced transition in the CuA centre from Thermus thermophilus. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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Müntener T, Joss D, Häussinger D, Hiller S. Pseudocontact Shifts in Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2022; 122:9422-9467. [PMID: 35005884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Paramagnetic centers in biomolecules, such as specific metal ions that are bound to a protein, affect the nuclei in their surrounding in various ways. One of these effects is the pseudocontact shift (PCS), which leads to strong chemical shift perturbations of nuclear spins, with a remarkably long range of 50 Å and beyond. The PCS in solution NMR is an effect originating from the anisotropic part of the dipole-dipole interaction between the magnetic momentum of unpaired electrons and nuclear spins. The PCS contains spatial information that can be exploited in multiple ways to characterize structure, function, and dynamics of biomacromolecules. It can be used to refine structures, magnify effects of dynamics, help resonance assignments, allows for an intermolecular positioning system, and gives structural information in sensitivity-limited situations where all other methods fail. Here, we review applications of the PCS in biomolecular solution NMR spectroscopy, starting from early works on natural metalloproteins, following the development of non-natural tags to chelate and attach lanthanoid ions to any biomolecular target to advanced applications on large biomolecular complexes and inside living cells. We thus hope to not only highlight past applications but also shed light on the tremendous potential the PCS has in structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müntener
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Joss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Häussinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Hiller
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Fukuda Y, Yoshinari N, Yamagami K, Konno T. Transformations of empty CuI4 core to CuI2CuII2O and CuI6S cores via oxide and sulfide insertions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5386-5389. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01572a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A tetrahedral {CuI4}4+ core is reversibly transformed to a mixed-valent {CuI2CuII2O}4+ core via the oxidative insertion and the reductive elimination of an oxide ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Fukuda
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Nobuto Yoshinari
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Kohei Yamagami
- Institute for Solid State Physics
- The University of Tokyo
- Kashiwa
- Japan
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST)
| | - Takumi Konno
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
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4
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Wilson TD, Savelieff MG, Nilges MJ, Marshall NM, Lu Y. Kinetics of Copper Incorporation into a Biosynthetic Purple CuA Azurin: Characterization of Red, Blue, and a New Intermediate Species. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:20778-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ja205281t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany D. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Masha G. Savelieff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mark J. Nilges
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nicholas M. Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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5
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Rajbongshi J, Das DK, Mazumdar S. Direct electrochemistry of dinuclear CuA fragment from cytochrome c oxidase of Thermus thermophilus at surfactant modified glassy carbon electrode. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Savelieff MG, Lu Y. CuA centers and their biosynthetic models in azurin. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 15:461-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0625-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Abriata LA, Ledesma GN, Pierattelli R, Vila AJ. Electronic structure of the ground and excited states of the Cu(A) site by NMR spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:1939-46. [PMID: 19146411 DOI: 10.1021/ja8079669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electronic properties of Thermus thermophilus Cu(A) in the oxidized form were studied by (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. All of the (1)H and (13)C resonances from cysteine and imidazole ligands were observed and assigned in a sequence-specific fashion. The detection of net electron spin density on a peptide moiety is attributed to the presence of a H-bond to a coordinating sulfur atom. This hydrogen bond is conserved in all natural Cu(A) variants and plays an important role for maintaining the electronic structure of the metal site, rendering the two Cys ligands nonequivalent. The anomalous temperature dependence of the chemical shifts is explained by the presence of a low-lying excited state located about 600 cm(-1) above the ground state. The room-temperature shifts can be described as the thermal average of a sigma(u)* ground state and a pi(u) excited state. These results provide a detailed description of the electronic structure of the Cu(A) site at atomic resolution in solution at physiologically relevant temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano A Abriata
- IBR (Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Rosario), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmaceuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Argentina
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8
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pH dependent copper binding properties of a CuA azurin variant with both bridging cysteines replaced with serines. Inorganica Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Hwang HJ, Nagraj N, Lu Y. Spectroscopic characterizations of bridging cysteine ligand variants of an engineered Cu2(Scys)2 CuA azurin. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:102-7. [PMID: 16390045 DOI: 10.1021/ic051375u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bridging cysteine ligands of the Cu(A) center in an engineered Cu(A) azurin were replaced with serine, and the variants (Cys116Ser and Cys112Ser Cu(A) azurin) were characterized by mass spectrometry, as well as UV-vis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic techniques. The replacements resulted in dramatically perturbed spectroscopic properties, indicating that the cysteines play a critical role in maintaining the structural integrity of the Cu center. The replacements at different cysteine residues resulted in different perturbations, even though the two cysteines are geometrically symmetrical in the primary coordination sphere with respect to the two copper ions. The Cys112Ser variant contains two distinct type 2 copper centers, while the Cys116Ser variant has one type 1 copper center with slight tetragonal distortion. Both the UV-vis and EPR spectra of the Cys116Ser variant change with pH, and the pK(a) of the transition is 6.0. A type 1 copper EPR spectrum with A(||) = 26 G was obtained at pH 7.0, while a type 2 copper EPR spectrum with A(||) = 140 G was found at pH 5.0. Interestingly, lowering the temperature from 290 to 85 K resulted in conversion of the Cys116Ser variant from a type 1 copper center to a type 2 copper center, suggesting rearrangement of the ligand around the copper or binding of an exogenous ligand at low temperature. This difference in mutation effects at different cysteines may be due to different constraints exerted on the two cysteines by hydrogen-bonding patterns in the ligand loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
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10
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Jones LH, Liu A, Davidson VL. An engineered CuA Amicyanin capable of intermolecular electron transfer reactions. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:47269-74. [PMID: 12970350 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m308863200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The type I copper center of amicyanin was replaced with a binuclear CuA center. To create this model CuA protein, a portion of the amino acid sequence that contains three of the ligands to the native type I copper center of Paracoccus denitrificans amicyanin was replaced with the corresponding portion of sequence that provides five ligands for the CuA center of cytochrome c oxidase from P. denitrificans. UV-visible and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy confirm that the engineered protein as isolated possesses the mixed-valence Cu1.5Cu1.5 (purple) CuA center. Comparison of the spectroscopic properties of this CuA amicyanin with those of the CuA centers of other natural and engineered CuA proteins suggests that the spectroscopic features may be dictated more by the protein host than the sequence of the CuA loop. Novel reactions for a simple CuA model protein are also described. In contrast to other natural and engineered CuA proteins, the fully reduced CuA amicyanin may be reoxidized by molecular oxygen to the mixed-valence state. It is also shown that CuA amicyanin can serve as an electron donor and an electron acceptor for other redox proteins. The mixed-valence form accepts electrons from cytochromes c-551i and c-550 from P. denitrificans. The fully reduced form donates electrons to native and P94F amicyanin. The function as either an electron donor or acceptor is consistent with the measured redox potential of CuA amicyanin of +273 mV. These data indicate that this CuA amicyanin will be a particularly useful model protein for structure-function studies of reactivity and the electron transfer properties of the CuA redox center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei H Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
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11
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Ubbink M, Worrall JAR, Canters GW, Groenen EJJ, Huber M. Paramagnetic resonance of biological metal centers. ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOPHYSICS AND BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 2002; 31:393-422. [PMID: 11988476 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.31.091701.171000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The review deals with recent advances in magnetic resonance spectroscopy (hf EPR and NMR) of paramagnetic metal centers in biological macromolecules. In the first half of our chapter, we present an overview of recent technical developments in the NMR of paramagnetic bio-macromolecules. These are illustrated by a variety of examples deriving mainly from the spectroscopy of metalloproteins and their complexes. The second half focuses on recent developments in high-frequency EPR spectroscopy and the application of the technique to copper, iron, and manganese proteins. Special attention is given to the work on single crystals of copper proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ubbink
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Fernández CO, Cricco JA, Slutter CE, Richards JH, Gray HB, Vila AJ. Axial ligand modulation of the electronic structures of binuclear copper sites: analysis of paramagnetic 1H NMR spectra of Met160Gln Cu(A). J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:11678-85. [PMID: 11716725 DOI: 10.1021/ja0162515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cu(A) is an electron-transfer copper center present in heme-copper oxidases and N2O reductases. The center is a binuclear unit, with two cysteine ligands bridging the metal ions and two terminal histidine residues. A Met residue and a peptide carbonyl group are located on opposite sides of the Cu2S2 plane; these weaker ligands are fully conserved in all known Cu(A) sites. The Met160Gln mutant of the soluble subunit II of Thermus thermophilus ba3 oxidase has been studied by NMR spectroscopy. In its oxidized form, the binuclear copper is a fully delocalized mixed-valence pair, as are all natural Cu(A) centers. The faster nuclear relaxation in this mutant suggests that a low-lying excited state has shifted to higher energies compared to that of the wild-type protein. The introduction of the Gln residue alters the coordination mode of His114 but does not affect His157, thereby confirming the proposal that the axial ligand-to-copper distances influence the copper-His interactions (Robinson, H.; Ang, M. C.; Gao, Y. G.; Hay, M. T.; Lu, Y.; Wang, A. H. Biochemistry 1999, 38, 5677). Changes in the hyperfine coupling constants of the Cys beta-CH2 groups are attributed to minor geometrical changes that affect the Cu-S-C(beta)-H(beta) dihedral angles. These changes, in addition, shift the thermally accessible excited states, thus influencing the spectral position of the Cys beta-CH2 resonances. The Cu-Cys bonds are not substantially altered by the Cu-Gln160 interaction, in contrast to the situation found in the evolutionarily related blue copper proteins. It is possible that regulatory subunits in the mitochondrial oxidases fix the relative positions of thermally accessible Cu(A) excited states by tuning axial ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Fernández
- LANAIS RMN-300 (University of Buenos Aires-CONICET), Junín 956, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Gupta S, Warne A, Saraste M, Mazumdar S. pH-induced conformational transition in the soluble CuA domain of Paracoccus denitrificans cytochrome oxidase. Biochemistry 2001; 40:6180-9. [PMID: 11352755 DOI: 10.1021/bi002212e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pH-induced conformational transition in the CuA domain of subunit II of cytochrome oxidase of Paracoccus denitrificans (PdII) has been investigated using various spectroscopic and stopped-flow kinetic methods. UV-visible absorption and circular dichroism studies showed that an increase in pH from 6 to 10 leads to a conformation change with pK(a) = 8.2 associated with the CuA site of the protein. The secondary structure of the protein was, however, shown to remain unchanged in these two conformational states. Thermal and urea-induced unfolding studies showed that the "low-pH" conformation is more stable compared to the "high-pH" conformation of the protein. Moreover, the overall stability of the protein was found to decrease on reduction of the metal centers in the low-pH form, while the oxidation state of the metal centers did not have any significant effect on the overall stability of the protein in the high-pH form. Stopped-flow pH-jump kinetic studies suggested that the conformational transition is associated with a slow deprotonation step followed by fast conformational equilibrium. The results are discussed in the light of understanding the pH-induced conformational change in the beta-barrel structure of the protein and its effect on the coordination geometry of the metal site.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
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14
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Olsson MH, Ryde U. Geometry, reduction potential, and reorganization energy of the binuclear Cu(A) site, studied by density functional theory. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:7866-76. [PMID: 11493060 DOI: 10.1021/ja010315u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The dimeric Cu(A) site found in cytochrome c oxidase and nitrous oxide reductase has been studied with the density functional B3LYP method. We have optimized the structure of the realistic (Im)(S(CH(3))(2))Cu(SCH(3))(2)Cu(Im)(CH(3)CONHCH(3)) model in the fully reduced, mixed-valence, and fully oxidized states. The optimized structures are very similar to crystal structures of the protein, which shows that the protein does not strain the site significantly. Instead, inorganic model complexes of the protein site are strained by the macrocyclic connections between the ligand models. For the mixed-valence (Cu(I)+Cu(II)) state, two distinct equilibrium structures were found, one with a short Cu-Cu distance, 248 pm, similar to the protein structure, and one with a longer distance, 310 pm, similar to what is found in inorganic models. In the first state, the unpaired electron is delocalized over both copper ions, whereas in the latter, it is more localized to one of the ions. The two states are nearly degenerate. The potential energy surfaces for the Cu-Cu, Cu-S(Met), and Cu-O interactions are extremely flat. In fact, all three distances can be varied between 230 and 310 pm at an expense in energy of less than 8 kJ/mol, which explains the large variation observed in crystal structures for these interactions. Inclusion of solvation effects does not change this significantly. Therefore, we can conclude that a variation in these distances can change the reduction potential of the Cu(A) site by at most 100 mV. The model complex has a reorganization energy of 43 kJ/mol, 20 kJ/mol lower than for a monomeric blue-copper site. This lowering is caused by the delocalization of the unpaired electron in the mixed-valence state.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Olsson
- Contribution from the Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, Chemical Centre, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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15
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D'souza VM, Bennett B, Copik AJ, Holz RC. Divalent metal binding properties of the methionyl aminopeptidase from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 2000; 39:3817-26. [PMID: 10736182 DOI: 10.1021/bi9925827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The metal-binding properties of the methionyl aminopeptidase from Escherichia coli (MetAP) were investigated. Measurements of catalytic activity as a function of added Co(II) and Fe(II) revealed that maximal enzymatic activity is observed after the addition of only 1 equiv of divalent metal ion. Based on these studies, metal binding constants for the first metal binding event were found to be 0.3 +/- 0.2 microM and 0.2 +/- 0.2 microM for Co(II)- and Fe(II)-substituted MetAP, respectively. Binding of excess metal ions (>50 equiv) resulted in the loss of approximately 50% of the catalytic activity. Electronic absorption spectral titration of a 1 mM sample of MetAP with Co(II) provided a binding constant of 2.5 +/- 0.5 mM for the second metal binding site. Furthermore, the electronic absorption spectra of Co(II)-loaded MetAP indicated that both metal ions reside in a pentacoordinate geometry. Consistent with the absorption data, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of [CoCo(MetAP)] also indicated that the Co(II) geometries are not highly constrained, suggesting that each Co(II) ion in MetAP resides in a pentacoordinate geometry. EPR studies on [CoCo(MetAP)] also revealed that at pH 7.5 there is no significant spin-coupling between the two Co(II) ions, though a small proportion ( approximately 5%) of the sample exhibited detectable spin-spin interactions at pH values > 9.6. EPR studies on [Fe(III)_(MetAP)] and [Fe(III)Fe(III)(MetAP)] also suggested no spin-coupling between the two metal ions. (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of [Co(II)_(MetAP)] in both H(2)O and D(2)O buffer indicated that the first metal binding site contains the only active-site histidine residue, His171. Mechanistic implications of the observed binding properties of divalent metal ions to the MetAP from E. coli are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M D'souza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA
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16
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Kolczak U, Salgado J, Siegal G, Saraste M, Canters GW. Paramagnetic NMR studies of blue and purple copper proteins. BIOSPECTROSCOPY 1999; 5:S19-32. [PMID: 10512535 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6343(1999)5:5+3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy is applied to investigate the CU(A) and type 1 active sites of copper proteins in solution. The analysis of hyperfine shifted 1H resonances allows the comparison of the electron spin density delocalization in the CU(A) site of the wild-type soluble domains of various cytochrome c oxidases (Thermus thermophilus, Paracoccus denitrificans, and Paracoccus versutus) and genetically engineered constructs (soluble domain of quinol oxidase from Escherichia coli and Thiobacillus versutus amicyanin). Comparable spin densities are found on the two terminal His ligands for the wild-type constructs as opposed to the engineered proteins where the spin is more unevenly distributed on the two His residues. A reevaluation of the Cys H(beta) chemical shifts that is in agreement with the data published for both the P. denitrificans and the P. versutus Cu(A) soluble domains confirms the thermal accessibility of the 2B(3u) electronic excited state and indicates the existence of slightly different spin densities on the two bridging Cys ligands. The 13C-NMR spectrum of isotopically enriched oxidized azurin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa reveals six fast relaxing signals, which can be partially identified by 1- and 2-dimensional (1-D, 2-D) direct detection techniques combined with 3-D triple resonance experiments. The observed contact shifts suggest the presence of direct spin density transfer and spin polarization mechanisms for the delocalization of the unpaired electron.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kolczak
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, The Netherlands
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17
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Holz RC, Alvarez ML, Zumft WG, Dooley DM. 1H NMR studies on the CuA center of nitrous oxide reductase from Pseudomonas stutzeri. Biochemistry 1999; 38:11164-71. [PMID: 10460173 DOI: 10.1021/bi990595e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1H NMR spectra of the CuA center of N2OR from Pseudomonas stutzeri, and a mutant enzyme that contains only CuA, were recorded in both H2O- and D2O-buffered solution at pH 7.5. Several sharp, well-resolved hyperfine-shifted 1H NMR signals were observed in the 60 to -10 ppm chemical shift range. Comparison of the native and mutant N2OR spectra recorded in H2O-buffered solutions indicated that several additional signals are present in the native protein spectrum. These signals are attributed to a dinuclear copperII center. At least two of the observed hyperfine-shifted signals associated with the dinuclear center, those at 23.0 and 13.2 ppm, are lost upon replacement of H2O buffer with D2O buffer. These data indicate that at least two histidine residues are ligands of a dinuclear CuII center. Comparison of the mutant N2OR 1H NMR spectra recorded in H2O and D2O indicates that three signals, c (27.5 ppm), e (23.6 ppm), and i (12.4 ppm), are solvent exchangeable. The two most strongly downfield-shifted signals (c and e) are assigned to the two N epsilon 2H (N-H) protons of the coordinated histidine residues, while the remaining exchangeable signal is assigned to a backbone N-H proton in close proximity to the CuA cluster. Signal e was found to decrease in intensity as the temperature was increased, indicating that proton e resides on a more solvent-exposed histidine residue. One-dimensional nOe studies at pH 7.5 allowed the histidine ring protons to be definitively assigned, while the remaining signals were assigned by comparison to previously reported spectra from CuA centers. The temperature dependence of the observed hyperfine-shifted 1H NMR signals of mutant N2OR were recorded over the temperature range of 276-315 K. Both Curie and anti-Curie temperature dependencies are observed for sets of hyperfine-shifted protons. Signals a and h (cysteine protons) follow anti-Curie behavior (contact shift increases with increasing temperatures), while signals b-g, i, and j (histidine protons) follow Curie behavior (contact shift decreases with increasing temperatures). Fits of the temperature dependence of the observed hyperfine-shifted signals provided the energy separation (Delta EL) between the ground (2B3u) and excited (2B2u) states. The temperature data obtained for all of the observed hyperfine-shifted histidine ligand protons provided a Delta EL value of 62 +/- 35 cm-1. The temperature dependence of the observed cysteine C beta H and C alpha H protons (a and h) were fit in a separate experiment providing a Delta EL value of 585 +/- 125 cm-1. The differences between the Delta EL values determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy and those determined by EPR or MCD likely arise from coupling between relatively low-frequency vibrational states and the ground and excited electronic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Holz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan 84322-0330, USA.
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18
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Robinson H, Ang MC, Gao YG, Hay MT, Lu Y, Wang AH. Structural basis of electron transfer modulation in the purple CuA center. Biochemistry 1999; 38:5677-83. [PMID: 10231517 DOI: 10.1021/bi9901634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The X-ray structure of an engineered purple CuA center in azurin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been determined and refined at 1.65 A resolution. Two independent purple CuA azurin molecules are in the asymmetric unit of a new P21 crystal, and they have nearly identical conformations (rmsd of 0.27 A for backbone atoms). The purple CuA azurin was produced by the loop-engineering strategy, and the resulting overall structure is unperturbed. The insertion of a slightly larger Cu-binding loop into azurin causes the two structural domains of azurin to move away from each other. The high-resolution structure reveals the detailed environment of the delocalized mixed-valence [Cu(1.5).Cu(1.5)] binuclear purple CuA center, which serves as a useful reference model for other native proteins, and provides a firm basis for understanding results from spectroscopic and functional studies of this class of copper center in biology. The two independent Cu-Cu distances of 2.42 and 2.35 A (with respective concomitant adjustments of ligand-Cu distances) are consistent with that (2.39 A) obtained from X-ray absorption spectroscopy with the same molecule, and are among the shortest Cu-Cu bonds observed to date in proteins or inorganic complexes. A comparison of the purple CuA azurin structure with those of other CuA centers reveals an important relationship between the angular position of the two His imidazole rings with respect to the Cu2S2(Cys) core plane and the distance between the Cu and the axial ligand. This relationship strongly suggests that the fine structural variation of different CuA centers can be correlated with the angular positions of the two histidine rings because, from these positions, one can predict the relative axial ligand interactions, which are responsible for modulating the Cu-Cu distance and the electron transfer properties of the CuA centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Robinson
- Department of Cell and Structural Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 61801, USA
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Abstract
The methodological accessibility to solution structure and dynamic investigation of paramagnetic metallobiomolecules has afforded the ability to tackle the redox pairs of electron transfer proteins of which at least one is paramagnetic, to study the orientation effects of high magnetic fields on paramagnetic biomolecules, and finally to study the role of metal-based cofactors in protein folding and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bertini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Gino Capponi 7, 50121 Florence, Italy.
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Bertini I, Ciurli S, Dikiy A, Gasanov R, Luchinat C, Martini G, Safarov N. High-Field NMR Studies of Oxidized Blue Copper Proteins: The Case of Spinach Plastocyanin. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja983833m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivano Bertini
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Gino Capponi 7/9, 50121 Florence, Italy, Institute of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Bologna, viale Berti Pichat 10, 40120 Bologna, Italy, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Matbuat pr., 2, 370073, Baku, Azerbaijan, and Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, University of Florence, P.le delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Ciurli
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Gino Capponi 7/9, 50121 Florence, Italy, Institute of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Bologna, viale Berti Pichat 10, 40120 Bologna, Italy, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Matbuat pr., 2, 370073, Baku, Azerbaijan, and Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, University of Florence, P.le delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Alexander Dikiy
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Gino Capponi 7/9, 50121 Florence, Italy, Institute of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Bologna, viale Berti Pichat 10, 40120 Bologna, Italy, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Matbuat pr., 2, 370073, Baku, Azerbaijan, and Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, University of Florence, P.le delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Ralphreed Gasanov
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Gino Capponi 7/9, 50121 Florence, Italy, Institute of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Bologna, viale Berti Pichat 10, 40120 Bologna, Italy, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Matbuat pr., 2, 370073, Baku, Azerbaijan, and Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, University of Florence, P.le delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Gino Capponi 7/9, 50121 Florence, Italy, Institute of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Bologna, viale Berti Pichat 10, 40120 Bologna, Italy, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Matbuat pr., 2, 370073, Baku, Azerbaijan, and Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, University of Florence, P.le delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Giacomo Martini
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Gino Capponi 7/9, 50121 Florence, Italy, Institute of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Bologna, viale Berti Pichat 10, 40120 Bologna, Italy, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Matbuat pr., 2, 370073, Baku, Azerbaijan, and Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, University of Florence, P.le delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Niaz Safarov
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Gino Capponi 7/9, 50121 Florence, Italy, Institute of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Bologna, viale Berti Pichat 10, 40120 Bologna, Italy, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Matbuat pr., 2, 370073, Baku, Azerbaijan, and Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, University of Florence, P.le delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
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ANTHOLINE WILLIAME, KRONECK PETERMH, ZUMFT WALTERG. Electron paramagnetic resonance power studies on the mixed-valence electron transfer centre of nitrous oxide reductase: presence of a modified CuAsite in the enzyme fromPseudomonas stutzeri. Mol Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/00268979809483255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Donaire A, Salgado J, Moratal JM. Determination of the magnetic axes of cobalt(II) and nickel(II) azurins from 1H NMR data: influence of the metal and axial ligands on the origin of magnetic anisotropy in blue copper proteins. Biochemistry 1998; 37:8659-73. [PMID: 9628728 DOI: 10.1021/bi971974f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The orientation and the axial, Deltachiax, and rhombic, Deltachirh, components of the magnetic susceptibility tensor anisotropy for the cobalt(II) and nickel(II) derivatives of azurin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been determined from 1H NMR data. For both derivatives, the axial geometry of the system determines the orientation of the chi-tensor, whose z-axis forms an angle of 18.6 and 20.1 degrees with the Cu-OGly45 axial bond in the cobalt(II) and nickel(II) derivatives, respectively. For protons close to this axis, large negative pseudocontact shifts are observed, while those close to the NNS plane of the equatorial ligands experience lower and positive pseudocontact shifts for the same distance. Dipolar shifts are larger in the cobalt derivative, not only because of the larger spin number but also due to its intrinsically higher anisotropy. The contact contribution to the hyperfine shifts for the coordinated residues has been evaluated and analyzed in terms of unpaired spin delocalization mechanisms and geometry considerations. The results are extended to other blue copper proteins whose cobalt derivatives have been studied by 1H NMR. The electronic structure and its implications in the redox properties of the native copper proteins are also commented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Donaire
- Centro de Estudios Universitarios "San Pablo", Universitat de Valencia, Montcada, Valencia, Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Clementi
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, P.le delle Cascine 28, and Department of Chemistry, Via Gino Capponi 7, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, P.le delle Cascine 28, and Department of Chemistry, Via Gino Capponi 7, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Gamelin DR, Randall DW, Hay MT, Houser RP, Mulder TC, Canters GW, de Vries S, Tolman WB, Lu Y, Solomon EI. Spectroscopy of Mixed-Valence CuA-Type Centers: Ligand-Field Control of Ground-State Properties Related to Electron Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja973161k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Salgado J, Warmerdam G, Bubacco L, Canters GW. Understanding the electronic properties of the CuA site from the soluble domain of cytochrome c oxidase through paramagnetic 1H NMR. Biochemistry 1998; 37:7378-89. [PMID: 9585552 DOI: 10.1021/bi9728598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The soluble domain of the subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase from Paracoccus versutus was cloned, expressed, and studied by 1H NMR at 600 MHz. The properties of the redox-active dinuclear CuA site in the paramagnetic mixed-valence Cu(I)-Cu(II) state were investigated in detail. A group of relatively sharp signals found between 30 and 15 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum correspond to the imidazole protons of the coordinated histidines (H181 and H224). A second group of broader and farther shifted signals between 50 and 300 ppm are assigned to Hbeta protons of the bridging cysteines (C216 and C220); the protons from the weak M227 and E218 ligands do not shift outside of the diamagnetic envelope. About 40% of the total spin density appears delocalized over the cysteine-bridging ligands while a much smaller amount is delocalized on the two ligand histidines. The latter have similar spin density distributions. Analysis of the pattern of the hyperfine shifts of the Cys H beta protons shows that the ground state bears 2B3u character, in which the sulfur lobes in the singly occupied molecular orbital are aligned with the Cu-Cu axis. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the shifts of the Cys H beta signals leads to the conclusion that the 2B2u excited state is thermally accessible at room temperature (Delta E approximately kT).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Salgado
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Major progress was made in 1997 in the understanding of the biological transport of copper. Blue copper and CuA sites have very low electron transfer reorganization energies. The mechanisms of copper-containing oxygenases and oxidases have been clarified by recent crystal structure determinations. Protein folding has been shown to tune the reduction potentials of blue copper proteins by hydrophobic encapsulation of the active sites and strict control of the axial ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Malmström
- Göteborg University, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics, PO Box 462, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Hay MT, Ang MC, Gamelin DR, Solomon EI, Antholine WE, Ralle M, Blackburn NJ, Massey PD, Wang X, Kwon AH, Lu Y. Spectroscopic Characterization of an Engineered Purple CuA Center in Azurin. Inorg Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ic971232a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Hay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, National Biomedical ESR Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 91000, Portland, Oregon 97291
| | - Marjorie C. Ang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, National Biomedical ESR Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 91000, Portland, Oregon 97291
| | - Daniel R. Gamelin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, National Biomedical ESR Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 91000, Portland, Oregon 97291
| | - Edward I. Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, National Biomedical ESR Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 91000, Portland, Oregon 97291
| | - William E. Antholine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, National Biomedical ESR Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 91000, Portland, Oregon 97291
| | - Martina Ralle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, National Biomedical ESR Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 91000, Portland, Oregon 97291
| | - Ninian J. Blackburn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, National Biomedical ESR Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 91000, Portland, Oregon 97291
| | - Priscilla D. Massey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, National Biomedical ESR Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 91000, Portland, Oregon 97291
| | - Xiaotang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, National Biomedical ESR Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 91000, Portland, Oregon 97291
| | - Angela H. Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, National Biomedical ESR Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 91000, Portland, Oregon 97291
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, National Biomedical ESR Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 91000, Portland, Oregon 97291
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Dennison C, Canters G, Vries S, Vijgenboom E, Spanning R. The Methylamine Dehydrogenase Electron Transfer Chain. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(08)60029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Luchinat C, Soriano A, Djinovic-Carugo K, Saraste M, Malmström BG, Bertini I. Electronic and Geometric Structure of the CuA Site Studied by 1H NMR in a Soluble Domain of Cytochrome c Oxidase from Paracoccus denitrificans. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9715399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Luchinat
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Gino Capponi 7, 50121 Florence, Italy, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, University of Florence, P.le delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany, and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Aileen Soriano
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Gino Capponi 7, 50121 Florence, Italy, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, University of Florence, P.le delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany, and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Djinovic-Carugo
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Gino Capponi 7, 50121 Florence, Italy, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, University of Florence, P.le delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany, and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Matti Saraste
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Gino Capponi 7, 50121 Florence, Italy, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, University of Florence, P.le delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany, and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Bo G. Malmström
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Gino Capponi 7, 50121 Florence, Italy, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, University of Florence, P.le delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany, and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ivano Bertini
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Gino Capponi 7, 50121 Florence, Italy, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, University of Florence, P.le delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany, and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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Murthy NN, Karlin KD, Bertini I, Luchinat C. NMR and Electronic Relaxation in Paramagnetic Dicopper(II) Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja961555q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha N. Murthy
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy, and Department of Soil Science & Plant Nutrition, University of Florence, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Kenneth D. Karlin
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy, and Department of Soil Science & Plant Nutrition, University of Florence, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Ivano Bertini
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy, and Department of Soil Science & Plant Nutrition, University of Florence, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy, and Department of Soil Science & Plant Nutrition, University of Florence, 50144 Florence, Italy
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Bertini I, Luchinat C, Rosato A. The solution structure of paramagnetic metalloproteins. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 66:43-80. [PMID: 9107132 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6107(96)00016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Bertini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Italy
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