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Gao S, Zhula A, Liu W, Lu Z, Shen Z, Penner GB, Ma L, Bu D. Direct effect of lipopolysaccharide and histamine on permeability of the rumen epithelium of steers ex vivo. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6537709. [PMID: 35220439 PMCID: PMC8903145 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the ruminal epithelium barrier occurs during subacute ruminal acidosis due to low pH, hyper-osmolality, and increased concentrations of lipopolysaccharide and histamine in ruminal fluid. However, the individual roles of lipopolysaccharide and histamine in the process of ruminal epithelium barriers disruption are not clear. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the direct effect of lipopolysaccharide and histamine on the barrier function of the ruminal epithelium. Compared with control (CON), histamine (HIS, 20 μM) increased the short-circuit current (Isc; 88.2%, P < 0.01), transepithelial conductance (Gt; 29.7%, P = 0.056), and the permeability of fluorescein 5(6)-isothiocyanate (FITC) (1.04-fold, P < 0.01) of ruminal epithelium. The apparent permeability of LPS was 1.81-fold higher than HIS (P < 0.01). The mRNA abundance of OCLN in ruminal epithelium was decreased by HIS (1.1-fold, P = 0.047). The results of the present study suggested that mucosal histamine plays a direct role in the disruption of ruminal epithelium barrier function, whereas lipopolysaccharide (at a pH of 7.4) has no effect on the permeability of rumen tissues ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Alateng Zhula
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhongyan Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zanming Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Gregory B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Lu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dengpan Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China,Corresponding author:
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Singh P, Grabauskas G, Zhou SY, Gao J, Zhang Y, Owyang C. High FODMAP diet causes barrier loss via lipopolysaccharide-mediated mast cell activation. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e146529. [PMID: 34618688 PMCID: PMC8663790 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.146529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) are carbohydrates thought to contribute to the symptoms of IBS. A diet in high in FODMAPs (HFM) induces gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and a diet low in FODMAPs (LFM) improves symptoms in up to 60% of patients with IBS. However, the mechanism by which FODMAPs affect IBS symptoms is unclear. We showed that mice fed on a HFM diet have mast cell activation and colonic barrier loss. Using mast cell-deficient mice with and without mast cell reconstitution, we showed that HFM-mediated colonic barrier loss is dependent on TLR4-dependent mast cell activation. In in vitro studies, we demonstrated that IBS fecal supernatant stimulates mast cells significantly more compared with fecal supernatant from healthy controls. This effect of IBS fecal supernatant on mast cell stimulation is ameliorated in the absence of the TLR4 receptor and after a LFM diet. We found that a LFM diet improves colonic barrier function and reduces mast cell activation while decreasing fecal LPS levels. Our findings indicate that a HFM diet causes mast cell activation via LPS, which in turn leads to colonic barrier loss, and a LFM diet reverses these pathophysiologic mucosal changes.
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Abstract
Humans swallow a great variety and often large amounts of chemicals as nutrients, incidental food additives and contaminants, drugs, and inhaled particles and chemicals, thus exposing the gastrointestinal tract to many potentially toxic substances. It serves as a barrier in many cases to protect other components of the body from such substances and infections. Fortunately, the gastrointestinal tract is remarkably robust and generally is able to withstand multiple daily assaults by the chemicals to which it is exposed. Some chemicals, however, can affect one or more aspects of the gastrointestinal tract to produce abnormal events that reflect toxicity. It is the purpose of this chapter to evaluate the mechanisms by which toxic chemicals produce their deleterious effects and to determine the consequences of the toxicity on integrity of gastrointestinal structure and function. Probably because of the intrinsic ability of the gastrointestinal tract to resist toxic chemicals, there is a paucity of data regarding gastrointestinal toxicology. It is therefore necessary in many cases to extrapolate toxic mechanisms from infectious processes, inflammatory conditions, ischemia, and other insults in addition to more conventional chemical sources of toxicity.
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Abstract
Nitric oxide has enigmatic qualities in inflammation. In order to appreciate the precise contributions of nitric oxide to a pathophysiological process, one must account for enzyme source, coproduction of oxidants and antioxidant defences, time, rate of nitric oxide production, cellular source, peroxynitrite formation and effects on DNA (mutagenesis/apoptosis). We contend that there is ample evidence to consider nitric oxide as a molecular aggressor in inflammation, particularly chronic inflammation. Therapeutic benefit can be achieved by inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and not the donation of additional nitric oxide. Furthermore, there is growing appreciation that nitric oxide and products derived thereof, are critical components linking the increased incidence of cancer in states of chronic inflammation.
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Harari Y, Weisbrodt NW, Moody FG. Ileal mucosal response to bacterial toxin challenge. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 2000; 49:306-13. [PMID: 10963544 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-200008000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cause of postinjury intestinal mucosal barrier disruption remains obscure. The present study examines the hypothesis that the bacterial toxin formyl-methionyl leucyl phenylalanine (FMLP) plays an initial role in this process. METHODS Mucosal permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (4,400 molecular weight) was measured in perfused distal rat ileum with and without FMLP. Dextran and myeloperoxidase appearance in the lumenal perfusate was assessed in response to surrogates of traumatic stress: ischemia/reperfusion, total abdominal irradiation, and total parenteral nutrition. Recovery of FMLP in the effluent of static closed and perfused ileal loops was determined by mass spectrometry. Release of mast cell mediators in the presence of FMLP was determined in ileal everted sacs. RESULTS Seventy-five percent of FMLP was recovered in perfusion effluent in contrast to 5% in closed loops. There was a transient increase in ileal permeability in FMLP/perfused, untreated rats, and in ischemia/reperfusion and total parenteral nutrition treated rats that was recorded with a concomitant increment in myeloperoxidase (inflammatory marker) in all experimental models except irradiated rats, which were unresponsive to FMLP. FMLP responsiveness was associ. ated with a significant rise in release of serotonin (mast cell mediator). CONCLUSION These results suggest that mast cells and other resident inflammatory cells within the gut wall are involved in FMLP-induced changes in mucosal barrier permeability and raise the possibility that under conditions of traumatic stress, proinflammatory mediators within the gut wall might be activated by toxic factors in the gut lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Harari
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, 77225, USA
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Abstract
Piglet cryptosporidiosis is characterized by intestinal villous damage and malabsorption, and by reduced NaCl absorption in response to prostaglandins (PGs), which act directly on the epithelium and indirectly through enteric nerves. We hypothesized that phagocyte-derived reactive oxygen metabolite (ROM) production contributed to PG synthesis and altered transport in inflamed ileum. Ileal mucosa from control and infected piglets was analyzed for villous height, PGE2, catalase (an endogenous antioxidant), and malondialdehyde (MDA, a by-product of lipid peroxidation) from d 2-8 after infection. The response of control ileal mucosa to exogenous ROM and infected mucosa to antioxidant treatment was also studied in tissues mounted in Ussing chambers. Increased levels of MDA on d 2 preceded increased PGE2 on d 3-4, which correlated with the acute diarrheal phase; however the most severe villous atrophy (d 8) correlated with the highest levels of catalase and MDA but low levels of PGE2. Control mucosa responded to H2O2 with indomethacin- and tetrodotoxin-sensitive transient increases in short circuit current (Isc), which were accompanied by increased tissue production of 6-keto-PGF1a, the stable metabolite of PGI2; however, no increased PGE2 production was detectable. A stable analog of PGI2, carbacyclin, mimicked the transient Isc response to H2O2; however, several antioxidants failed to alter the abnormal Isc of infected tissue. These results suggest that there is evidence of increased ROM production in cryptosporidial infection and that intestinal PG synthesis and inhibited NaCl absorption may be mediated partially by ROM in this model. Additional, cooperative factors, such as PGE2 production, however, are likely needed to induce the alterations in ion transport seen in this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Argenzio
- Department of Anatomy, Physiologic Sciences and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA
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Gaginella TS, Kachur JF, Tamai H, Keshavarzian A. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen metabolites as mediators of secretory diarrhea. Gastroenterology 1995; 109:2019-28. [PMID: 7498670 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90772-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T S Gaginella
- Searle Research & Development, Skokie, Illinois, USA
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Decreased zinc absorption in guinea pig models of acute and chronic ileitis. J Nutr Biochem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0955-2863(95)00102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Asagoe K, Murakami M, Kita T. Histamine chloramines have a persistent stimulating effect on histamine H2 receptors and gastric acid secretion. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 275:179-84. [PMID: 7796853 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(94)00773-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Histamine plays an important role in the control of gastric acid secretion. Recently, chlorinated derivatives of histamine have been identified as having multiple effects on the intestinal tract. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of histamine chloramines on gastric acid secretion. We compared the effects of histamine and histamine chloramines on the histamine H2 receptors in vitro using guinea pigs and on gastric acid secretion in rats. With respect to the effects on histamine H2 receptors, histamine monochloramine showed agonist effects similar to those seen with histamine, but the agonist effects of histamine dichloramine were about half those of histamine. Unlike histamine effects, the histamine H2 receptor agonist effects of histamine monochloramine and histamine dichloramine did not disappear after repeated washout. With respect to the stimulation of gastric acid secretion in vivo, histamine monochloramine was similar to histamine, while the effect of histamine dichloramine was 42.2-52.7% of that of histamine. The recovery time to the basal secretory level after completion of stimulation by histamine chloramines was significantly prolonged compared with histamine. These results suggest that histamine chloramines, which bind strongly with histamine H2 receptors, may delay the termination of gastric acid secretion and increase the burden on the gastric and duodenal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Asagoe
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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Mckay DM, Ramage JR, Rangachari PK, Perdue MH. Effect of region, temperature and neuronal blockade on sodium and 51Cr-EDTA transport across canine gastrointestinal mucosae in vitro. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1994; 107:711-7. [PMID: 7911414 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(94)90373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Muscle-stripped segments of canine stomach, ileum and colon have been used to identify regional differences in the movement of sodium and 51Cr-EDTA, and the effect that temperature has on the flux of these probes. Flux measurements revealed that the rate of movement of both probes followed the pattern ileum > colon > stomach. Analysis of flux ratios at 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C revealed that sodium moves actively and 51Cr-EDTA moves passively across gastrointestinal epithelia. Blockade of tonic neuronal activity did not affect the in vitro movement of either probe across the ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Mckay
- Department of Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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