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Lewis F, Shoieb D, Azmoun S, Colicino E, Jin Y, Chi J, Gu H, Placidi D, Padovani A, Pilotto A, Pepe F, Turla M, Crippa P, Wang X, Lucchini RG. Metabolomic and Lipidomic Analysis of Manganese-Associated Parkinsonism: a Case-Control Study in Brescia, Italy. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.09.04.24313002. [PMID: 39281765 PMCID: PMC11398432 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.04.24313002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Excessive Manganese (Mn) exposure is neurotoxic and can cause Mn-Induced Parkinsonism (MnIP), marked by cognitive and motor dysfunction. Although metabolomic and lipidomic research in Parkinsonism (PD) patients exists, it remains limited. This study hypothesizes distinct metabolomic and lipidomic profiles based on exposure status, disease diagnosis, and their interaction. Methods We used a case-control design with a 2×2 factorial framework to investigate the metabolomic and lipidomic alterations associated with Mn exposure and their link to PD. The study population of 97 individuals was divided into four groups: non-exposed controls (n=23), exposed controls (n=25), non-exposed with PD (n=26) and exposed with PD (n=23). Cases, defined by at least two cardinal PD features (excluding vascular, iatrogenic, and traumatic origins), were recruited from movement disorder clinics in four hospitals in Brescia, Northern Italy. Controls, free from neurological or psychiatric conditions, were selected from the same hospitals. Exposed subjects resided in metallurgic regions (Val Camonica and Bagnolo Mella) for at least 8 continuous years, while non-exposed subjects lived in low-exposure areas around Lake Garda and Brescia city. We conducted untargeted analyses of metabolites and lipids in whole blood samples using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS), followed by statistical analyses including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), and Two-Way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Results Metabolomic analysis revealed modulation of alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism (Impact=0.05, p=0.001) associated with disease effect; butanoate metabolism (Impact=0.03, p=0.004) with the exposure effect; and vitamin B6 metabolism (Impact=0.08, p=0.03) with the interaction effect. Differential relative abundances in 3-sulfoxy-L-Tyrosine (β=1.12, FDR p<0.001), glycocholic acid (β=0.48, FDR p=0.03), and palmitelaidic acid (β=0.30, FDR p<0.001) were linked to disease, exposure, and interaction effects, respectively. In the lipidome, ferroptosis (Pathway Lipids=11, FDR p=0.03) associated with the disease effect and sphingolipid signaling (Pathway Lipids=9, FDR p=0.04) associated with the interaction effect were significantly altered. Lipid classes triacylglycerols, ceramides, and phosphatidylethanolamines showed differential relative abundances associated with disease, exposure, and interaction effects, respectively. Discussion These findings suggest that PD and Mn exposure induce unique metabolomic and lipidomic changes, potentially serving as biomarkers for MnIP and warranting further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freeman Lewis
- Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, 33199, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel Shoieb
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Somaiyeh Azmoun
- Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, 33199, Florida, USA
| | - Elena Colicino
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Climate Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 17 E 102nd St, New York, 10029, New York, USA
| | - Yan Jin
- Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, 33199, Florida, USA
| | - Jinhua Chi
- Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, 33199, Florida, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, 33199, Florida, USA
| | - Donatella Placidi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, 25123, Italy and Department of continuity of care and frailty, Neurology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Pilotto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, 25123, Italy and Department of continuity of care and frailty, Neurology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fulvio Pepe
- Clinic of Neurology, Poliambulanza Foundation, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marinella Turla
- Clinic of Neurology, Esine Hospital of Valcamonica, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Xuexia Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, 33199, Florida, USA
| | - Roberto G Lucchini
- Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, 33199, Florida, USA
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Universitá, 4, Modena, 610101, Italy
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Bi Y, Lv C, Zhu J, Zhou Q, Xu X, Yang S, Shi D, Zhou Q, Dai Y. Effects of Hawthorn Flavonoids on Intestinal Microbial Community and Metabolic Phenotype in Obese Rats. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024:e2300514. [PMID: 38217312 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Obesity (OB) is a prevalent metabolic disorder. With the advancement of the economy, the prevention and treatment of obesity is a big problem for the global community. The methods to lose weight include exercise, diet, medicine, and surgery. Compared with other methods, diet regulation is safer and more effective. Hawthorn fruit has the effect of reducing weight, but the mechanism of effectiveness are not clear. In this study, obesity model rats are used to conduct scientific pharmacological research on hawthorn flavonoids. Hawthorn flavonoids can effectively improve the body weight, lipid accumulation, and lipid levels of obese rats. The contents of the colon of rats are analyzed using 16S rDNA sequencing technology. The intestinal microflora in obese rats changed significantly after flavonoids treatment, and they tended to be the control group. Based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, serum metabolomics showed that the metabolites in the serum changed significantly, after hawthorn flavonoids treatment. Hawthorn flavonoids are especially involved in the biological processes of grade bile acid biosynthesis, histidine metabolism, and lipid metabolism. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the disorder of intestinal microorganisms is connected to changes in serum metabolites. These findings give a new idea about how hawthorn flavonoids help with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bi
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4655 University Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China
| | - Chang Lv
- Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, No.7 Yanzi Shanxi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhu
- Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, No.7 Yanzi Shanxi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, No.7 Yanzi Shanxi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Xu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4655 University Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4655 University Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China
| | - Dianhua Shi
- Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, No.7 Yanzi Shanxi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, No.7 Yanzi Shanxi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Yanpeng Dai
- Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, No.7 Yanzi Shanxi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
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Gut microbiota alters host bile acid metabolism to contribute to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1305. [PMID: 36894566 PMCID: PMC9998625 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a female pregnancy-specific disorder that is characterized by increased serum bile acid and adverse fetal outcomes. The aetiology and mechanism of ICP are poorly understood; thus, existing therapies have been largely empiric. Here we show that the gut microbiome differed significantly between individuals with ICP and healthy pregnant women, and that colonization with gut microbiome from ICP patients was sufficient to induce cholestasis in mice. The gut microbiomes of ICP patients were primarily characterized by Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis), and B. fragilis was able to promote ICP by inhibiting FXR signaling via its BSH activity to modulate bile acid metabolism. B. fragilis-mediated FXR signaling inhibition was responsible for excessive bile acid synthesis and interrupted hepatic bile excretion to ultimately promote the initiation of ICP. We propose that modulation of the gut microbiota-bile acid-FXR axis may be of value for ICP treatment.
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Cui D, Liu L, Zhao T, Zhan Y, Song J, Zhang W, Yin D, Chang Y. Responses of sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus intermedius) with different sexes to CO 2-induced seawater acidification: Histology, physiology, and metabolomics. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 178:113606. [PMID: 35378459 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Responses of different sexes of farmed Strongylocentrotus intermedius to chronic CO2-induced seawater acidification were investigated in 120-day lab-based experiments. Four experimental groups were set up as one control group and three seawater acidification groups. The results showed that 1) Specific growth rate and the numbers of mature gamete cells declined in a pH-dependent way in both sexes of adult S. intermedius. 2) There were differences in SDMs identified in females and males reared in acidified seawater reflecting sex-specific response variation in adult S. intermedius. 3) The number of altered metabolic pathways exhibited a linear increasing trend as seawater pH declined in both sexes of adult S. intermedius. Meanwhile seawater acidification might affect metabolic processes via changing the relative expression and activity of key enzymes controlling the corresponding metabolic pathways of adult S. intermedius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China; College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, PR China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Tanjun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Yaoyao Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
| | - Jian Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Donghong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Yaqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
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Combined LC-MS/MS and 16S rDNA analysis on mice under high temperature and humidity and Herb Yinchen protection mechanism. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5099. [PMID: 33658635 PMCID: PMC7930127 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84694-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With increased global warming, the impact of high temperature and humidity (HTH) on human health is increasing. Traditional Chinese medicine describes the Herb Yinchen as a remedy for reducing heat and eliminating dampness. This study focused on the impact of HTH conditions on mice and the potential protective effect of Herb Yinchen. Five male Balb/c mouse groups included two normal control groups, two HTH-exposed groups, and one Yinchen-treated group. For either three or ten days, normal and HTH-exposed mice were housed under normal or HTH (33 ± 2 °C,85% relative humidity) conditions, respectively. Yinchen-treated mice, housed under HTH conditions, received the Herb Yinchen decoction for three days. Metabolite profiles of plasma and liver samples from each group were analyzed using LC–MS/MS. Fecal DNA was extracted for 16S rDNA analysis to evaluate the intestinal microbiome. Spearman correlation analysis was performed on metabolites, bacteria, and bile acids that differed between the groups. We found that HTH altered the host metabolite profiles and reduced microbial diversity, causing intestinal microbiome imbalance. Interestingly, Herb Yinchen treatment improved HTH-mediated changes of the metabolite profiles and the intestinal microbiome, restoring them to values observed in normal controls. In conclusion, our study reveals that HTH causes intestinal bacterial disturbances and metabolic disorders in normal mice, while Herb Yinchen could afford protection against such changes.
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Gilardi F, Mitro N, Godio C, Scotti E, Caruso D, Crestani M, De Fabiani E. The pharmacological exploitation of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase, the key enzyme in bile acid synthesis: from binding resins to chromatin remodelling to reduce plasma cholesterol. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 116:449-72. [PMID: 17959250 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mammals dispose of cholesterol mainly through 7alpha-hydroxylated bile acids, and the enzyme catalyzing the 7alpha-hydroxylation, cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), has a deep impact on cholesterol homeostasis. In this review, we present the study of regulation of CYP7A1 as a good exemplification of the extraordinary contribution of molecular biology to the advancement of our understanding of metabolic pathways that has taken place in the last 2 decades. Since the cloning of the gene from different species, experimental evidence has accumulated, indicating that the enzyme is mainly regulated at the transcriptional level and that bile acids are the most important physiological inhibitors of CYP7A1 transcription. Multiple mechanisms are involved in the control of CYP7A1 transcription and a variety of transcription factors and nuclear receptors participate in sophisticated regulatory networks. A higher order of transcriptional regulation, stemming from the so-called histone code, also applies to CYP7A1, and recent findings clearly indicate that chromatin remodelling events have profound effects on its expression. CYP7A1 also acts as a sensor of signals coming from the gut, thus representing another line of defence against the toxic effects of bile acids and a downstream target of agents acting at the intestinal level. From the pharmacological point of view, bile acid binding resins were the first primitive approach targeting the negative feed-back regulation of CYP7A1 to reduce plasma cholesterol. In recent years, new drugs have been designed based on recent discoveries of the regulatory network, thus confirming the position of CYP7A1 as a focus for innovative pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Gilardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Zhang XM, Dong L, Liu LN, Chang BX, He Q, Li Q. Changes of gastrointestinal myoelectric activity and bile acid pool size after cholecystectomy in guinea pigs. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:3665-70. [PMID: 15968717 PMCID: PMC4316013 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i24.3665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the bile acid pool size after cholecystectomy whether or not correlated to the gastrointestinal migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) in guinea pigs.
METHODS: Gallbladder motilities were assessed before cholecystectomy. Furthermore, we continuously monitored interdigestive gastrointestinal motilities using bipolar electrodes in conscious guinea pigs before and after surgery at 4 wk in standard diet group and high cholesterol diet (cholesterol gallstone) group. Total bile acid pool sizes were measured by isotope dilution method at meantime.
RESULTS: After cholecystectomy, there were parallel falls in duration of phase I, II, III and MMC cycle duration but increase in amplitude in the guinea pigs with normal gallbladder function, and in the guinea pigs with cholesterol stones. However, There were not significantly differences. On the other hand, the bile acid pool was definitely small in the GS guinea pigs compared to normal guinea pigs and became slightly smaller after cholecystectomy. Similarly, bile acid in gallbladder bile, fecal bile acid was slightly increased in GS guinea pigs after cholecystectomy, to the same degree as normal. These differences, however, were not significant.
CONCLUSION: It is concluded that in the guinea pigs with normal gallbladder function, and in the guinea pigs with cholesterol stones: (1) Cholecystectomy produce a similar but less marked trend in bile acid pool; and (2) MMC are linked to enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, rather than surgery, which is consistent with changes of the bile acid pool size. As a result, gastrointestinal dyskinesia is not involved in occurrence of postchole-cystectomy syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
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Honda A, Yoshida T, Xu G, Matsuzaki Y, Fukushima S, Tanaka N, Doy M, Shefer S, Salen G. Significance of plasma 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and 27-hydroxycholesterol concentrations as markers for hepatic bile acid synthesis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Metabolism 2004; 53:42-8. [PMID: 14681840 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2003.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasma 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one has been used as an index of hepatic bile acid synthesis. The aim of the current study was to ascertain whether the level of this oxysterol reflects hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity when plasma cholesterol concentrations are markedly changed. In addition, the relationship of hepatic sterol 27-hydroxylase activity with plasma concentrations of 27-hydroxycholesterol and 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid was studied. We used New Zealand white rabbits fed 2% cholesterol for 5 or 10 days and/or constructed bile fistula. Feeding cholesterol markedly increased and bile drainage reduced plasma cholesterol concentrations. Initially, in these models there was no correlation between plasma 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one concentrations and hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activities (r = -0.24, n = 10). Cholesterol feeding was associated with downregulated 7alpha-hydroxylase activities, while plasma 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one concentrations were elevated in the presence of increased plasma cholesterol levels. However, this discrepancy was overcome and significant correlation was observed (r = 0.73, P <.05, n = 10) by expressing 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one levels relative to cholesterol. In contrast, hepatic sterol 27-hydroxylase activities were not significantly correlated with plasma absolute (r = 0.23, difference not significant [NS], n = 10) nor cholesterol-related levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol (r = -0.13, NS, n = 10), or 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid concentrations (r = 0.30, NS, n = 10). In conclusion, plasma 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one concentrations reflected hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activities when the sterol levels were adjusted to plasma cholesterol concentrations in rabbits with hypercholesterolemia. The results suggest that plasma 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one relative to cholesterol is a better marker for hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity than the absolute concentration when hypercholesterolemia is present. In contrast, 27-hydroxycholesterol and 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid levels in plasma did not reflect hepatic sterol 27-hydroxylase activities even if the levels were adjusted to plasma cholesterol concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Honda
- Ibaraki Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Mito, Japan
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Removal of the bile acid pool upregulates cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase by deactivating FXR in rabbits. J Lipid Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)30185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Xu G, Salen G, Shneider BL, Ananthanarayanan M, Shefer S, Ma L, Batta A, Nguyen LB, Lingutla JJ, Tint GS, Pcolinsky M, Suchy FJ. Cholecystectomy prevents expansion of the bile acid pool and inhibition of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase in rabbits fed cholesterol. J Lipid Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)30276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Rodríguez Santiago J, Targarona EM, Ros E, Martínez J, Poca E, Vela M, Massó J, Nadal A, Marco C, Trias M. [Increased bile lithogenicity after simultaneous total parenteral nutrition and octrotide. A model of calcium palmitate Gallstones]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2001; 24:321-6. [PMID: 11481065 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-5705(01)70186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gallbladder stasis and gallstone formation are well-known complications of both fasting-associated total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and long-term treatment with octreotide. Additive noxious effects to hepatobiliary function may develop when both therapies are given together as treatment of enteric fistulae. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of gallstone formation during treatment with TPN and octreotide separately and in combination. We studied four groups of New Zealand rabbits (n = 32) during a 2-week intervention period: 14 chow-fed controls; 6 fasted and TPN-fed; 6 chow-fed and administered octreotide, and 6 fasted and treated with both TPN and octreotide. After treatment, the bile duct was cannulated and the gallbladder and liver tissue were obtained for histological analysis. Hepatic and gallbladder bile were retrieved for microscopic examination and measurement of biliary lipids, bilirubin, calcium, total protein, and cholesterol nucleation time. The chemical composition of gallstones was also analyzed. The results of the study suggest that simultaneous administration of these two therapies in rabbits has additive effects on gallbladder stasis and bile lithogenicity. The administration of both treatments can play an important role in the formation of calcium palmitate gallstones in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rodríguez Santiago
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain
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Regulation of 25- and 27-hydroxylation side chain cleavage pathways for cholic acid biosynthesis in humans, rabbits, and mice: assay of enzyme activities by high-resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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13
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Ileal bile acid transport regulates bile acid pool, synthesis, and plasma cholesterol levels differently in cholesterol-fed rats and rabbits. J Lipid Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Scheibner J, Fuchs M, Hörmann E, Stange EF. Complex feedback regulation of bile acid synthesis in the hamster: the role of newly synthesized cholesterol. Hepatology 1999; 30:230-7. [PMID: 10385661 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510300135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic bile acid synthesis is regulated by recirculating bile acids, possibly by modulating the availability of newly synthesized and preformed cholesterol. Because data in the hamster on this mechanism are lacking, we fitted these animals with an extracorporeal bile duct and administered tritiated water intraperitoneally to label newly formed cholesterol. After interruption of the enterohepatic circulation, physiological and double-physiological doses of conjugated cholate (25 or 50 micromol/100 g. h) or of unconjugated deoxycholate (6 or 12 micromol) were infused intraduodenally for 54 hours and compared with controls. De novo and preformed cholesterol directly secreted into bile or used for cholate and chenodeoxycholate synthesis were quantitated by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-liquid scintillation. Directly after depletion of the bile acid pool (6-9 hours) at nearly physiological conditions, chenodeoxycholate synthesis was significantly reduced by cholate and deoxycholate by up to 45% to 51%, whereas cholate formation decreased by approximately 22% during deoxycholate. This short-term effect was mainly mediated by reduced synthesis from preformed cholesterol. After long-term bile depletion (30-54 hours), bile acid synthesis returned to control levels during 25 micromol of cholate and of both deoxycholate doses. In contrast, only 50 micromol of cholate prevented derepression of bile acid synthesis. This long-term effect was mainly attributed to a diminished formation from de novo cholesterol exceeding the reduced synthesis from preformed cholesterol. In summary, short- and long-term regulation of bile acid synthesis in hamsters differs with respect to availabilities of preformed and de novo cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scheibner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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Xu G, Salen G, Shefer S, Tint GS, Nguyen LB, Chen TS, Greenblatt D. Increasing dietary cholesterol induces different regulation of classic and alternative bile acid synthesis. J Clin Invest 1999; 103:89-95. [PMID: 9884338 PMCID: PMC407860 DOI: 10.1172/jci4414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of increasing dietary cholesterol on bile acid pool sizes and the regulation of the two bile acid synthetic pathways (classic, via cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase, and alternative, via sterol 27-hydroxylase) in New Zealand white rabbits fed 3 g cholesterol/per day for up to 15 days. Feeding cholesterol for one day increased hepatic cholesterol 75% and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity 1.6 times without significant change of bile acid pool size or sterol 27-hydroxylase activity. After three days of cholesterol feeding, the bile acid pool size increased 83% (P < 0.01), and further feeding produced 10%-20% increments, whereas cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity declined progressively to 60% below baseline. In contrast, sterol 27-hydroxylase activity rose 58% after three days of cholesterol feeding and remained elevated with continued intake. Bile drainage depleted the bile acid pool and stimulated downregulated cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity but did not affect sterol 27-hydroxylase activity. Thus, increasing hepatic cholesterol does not directly inhibit cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and initially favors enzyme induction, whereas increased bile acid pool is the most powerful inhibitor of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. Sterol 27-hydroxylase is insensitive to the bile acid flux but is upregulated by increasing hepatic cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Xu
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey 07018-1095, USA
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Devlin AM, Innis SM, Shukin R, Rioux MF. Early diet influences hepatic hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase and 7alpha-hydroxylase mRNA but not low-density lipoprotein receptor mRNA during development. Metabolism 1998; 47:20-6. [PMID: 9440472 DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(98)90187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasma cholesterol levels increase after birth, and to a greater extent in breast-fed versus formula-fed infants. This increase is believed to be due to the high fat and cholesterol content of the infant diet, but little is known about the effects of early diet on the expression of proteins involved in regulating cholesterol metabolism. This study examined changes in the expression of hepatic proteins regulating cholesterol metabolism during development. Newborn piglets were fed sow milk or one of four formulas for 18 days. The formulas had similar levels of palmitic acid (16:0) as in milk, supplied as palm olein oil with 16:0 esterified predominantly to the sn-1,3 position or as synthesized triglyceride (TG) with 16:0 esterified mainly to the sn-2 position of glycerol, each with no cholesterol (<0.10 mmol/L) or 0.65 mmol/L cholesterol added. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of mRNA levels was used to assess the effects of diet on hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, and 7alpha-hydroxylase (C7H). LDL receptor mRNA levels showed no appreciable difference between milk- and formula-fed piglets. However, the levels of HMG-CoA reductase and C7H mRNA were higher (P < .05) in all formula-fed versus milk-fed piglets, irrespective of the formula TG source or cholesterol content. The lower levels of HMG-CoA reductase and C7H mRNA in milk-fed piglets were accompanied by higher (P < .05) plasma total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and apolipoprotein (apo) B-containing cholesterol. These studies show that the levels of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and C7H mRNA, but probably not LDL receptor mRNA, are altered by early diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Devlin
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Xu G, Salen G, Shefer S, Ness GC, Chen TS, Zhao Z, Salen L, Tint GS. Treatment of the cholesterol biosynthetic defect in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome reproduced in rats by BM 15.766. Gastroenterology 1995; 109:1301-7. [PMID: 7557099 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is a recessive inherited disorder characterized by neurological developmental defects and dysmorphic features with a defect in cholesterol synthesis at the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol. BM 15.766 inhibits 7-dehydrocholesterol-delta 7-reductase and reproduces the biochemical defect. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cholesterol, cholic acid, and lovastatin feeding on rats fed BM 15.766. METHODS Plasma cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol concentrations were related to the hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. RESULTS With the inhibitor treatment, plasma cholesterol concentrations decreased 67%; 7-dehydrocholesterol concentrations increased from trace to 17 mg/dL; and hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity and messenger RNA levels were stimulated 74% and two times, respectively. In inhibitor-treated rats, feeding cholesterol increased plasma cholesterol concentrations 3.7 times, decreased 7-dehydrocholesterol concentrations 88%, and reduced elevated HMG-CoA reductase activity and messenger RNA levels 74% and 49%. Feeding cholic acid increased plasma cholesterol without reducing 7-dehydrocholesterol concentrations. The combination of cholic acid and cholesterol enhanced plasma cholesterol 9.5 times without decreasing 7-dehydrocholesterol levels. Feeding lovastatin depressed plasma cholesterol further without reducing 7-dehydrocholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS Cholesterol is essential to correct abnormal cholesterol synthesis induced by BM 15.766 in rats by expanding the pool and inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase. Neither cholic acid nor lovastatin are effective separately, but cholic acid plus cholesterol may offer some additional benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Xu
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey, USA
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Xu G, Salen G, Shefer S, Batta AK, Ness GC, Nguyen LB, Zhao Z, Chen TS, Niemann W, Tint GS. Different feedback regulation of hepatic cholesterol and bile acid synthesis by glycodeoxycholic acid in rabbits. Gastroenterology 1993; 105:1192-9. [PMID: 8405866 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(93)90967-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the sexual difference in the feedback regulation of hepatic bile acid synthesis, glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA) was administered to 15 male and 14 female rabbits. METHODS After bile diversion, GDCA equivalent to the hepatic bile acid influx was infused intraduodenally. Biliary cholic acid output represented bile acid synthesis. Hepatic 3-hydroxy-3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activities and steady state messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were determined. RESULTS GDCA inhibited bile acid synthesis less in female than in male rabbits. Hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity decreased 39% in males, but increased 48% in females. Hepatic cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity decreased similarly in males and females, and mRNA levels decreased 86% in males but were unchanged in females. CONCLUSIONS (1) Total bile diversion stimulated both hepatic cholesterol and bile acid synthesis by activating the rate-controlling enzymes and increasing mRNA levels. (2) GDCA decreased mRNA levels of HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in males, but mRNA levels did not decrease in females. (3) Bile acid synthesis was sustained in females because continued biosynthesis of cholesterol provided a substrate for cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and stimulus for enzyme formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Xu
- University of Medicine and Dentistry-New Jersey Medical School, Newark
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