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Wood CP, Alvarez C, DiPatrizio NV. Cholinergic Neurotransmission Controls Orexigenic Endocannabinoid Signaling in the Gut in Diet-Induced Obesity. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0813232024. [PMID: 38594069 PMCID: PMC11097264 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0813-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain bidirectionally communicates with the gut to control food intake and energy balance, which becomes dysregulated in obesity. For example, endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling in the small-intestinal (SI) epithelium is upregulated in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and promotes overeating by a mechanism that includes inhibiting gut-brain satiation signaling. Upstream neural and molecular mechanism(s) involved in overproduction of orexigenic gut eCBs in DIO, however, are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that overactive parasympathetic signaling at the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the SI increases biosynthesis of the eCB, 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG), which drives hyperphagia via local CB1Rs in DIO. Male mice were maintained on a high-fat/high-sucrose Western-style diet for 60 d, then administered several mAChR antagonists 30 min prior to tissue harvest or a food intake test. Levels of 2-AG and the activity of its metabolic enzymes in the SI were quantitated. DIO mice, when compared to those fed a low-fat/no-sucrose diet, displayed increased expression of cFos protein in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, which suggests an increased activity of efferent cholinergic neurotransmission. These mice exhibited elevated levels of 2-AG biosynthesis in the SI, that was reduced to control levels by mAChR antagonists. Moreover, the peripherally restricted mAChR antagonist, methylhomatropine bromide, and the peripherally restricted CB1R antagonist, AM6545, reduced food intake in DIO mice for up to 24 h but had no effect in mice conditionally deficient in SI CB1Rs. These results suggest that hyperactivity at mAChRs in the periphery increases formation of 2-AG in the SI and activates local CB1Rs, which drives hyperphagia in DIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney P Wood
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- University of California Riverside Center for Cannabinoid Research, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Camila Alvarez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- University of California Riverside Center for Cannabinoid Research, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Nicholas V DiPatrizio
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- University of California Riverside Center for Cannabinoid Research, Riverside, California 92521
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Hendry ET, Balfe JG, Du P, Cakmak YO. Frequency-Specific Effects of Noninvasive Median Nerve Stimulation on Gastric Slow Wave Activity in Humans. Neuromodulation 2024:S1094-7159(24)00028-X. [PMID: 38466259 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study explored the effects of different frequencies of noninvasive median nerve stimulation (nMNS) on two autonomic responses: gastric slow waves under water-loading condition and heart rate variability (HRV). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to document the effects of different frequencies of nMNS on gastric slow waves (GSW) in humans under 5-minute water-loading condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty healthy adult participants were fitted with a noninvasive body-surface gastric mapping, electrocardiogram (ECG), and a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation device and administered with four different nMNS frequencies (placebo-0 Hz, 40 Hz, 120 Hz, and 200 Hz) on four separate counterbalanced days. After the baseline and stimulation periods, a 5-minute water-load test was applied, and a post-water-load period also is recorded for ECG and GSW activity. Time-domain HRV parameters are analyzed with repeated-measures one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a post hoc Tukey multiple comparison test. Parameters that failed normality tests underwent a Freidman test with a post hoc Dunn multiple comparison test. GSW data are analyzed with repeated-measures mixed-effects ANOVA. RESULTS In empty stomach (baseline vs stimulation), only the 40-Hz frequency statistically significantly (p = 0.0129) increased GSW amplitude in comparison with its own baseline. In full (distended) stomach, 40-Hz and 200-Hz stimulations showed a statistically significant difference (post hoc multiple comparison adjusted, p = 0.0016 and p = 0.0183, respectively) in the Gastric Rhythm Index in comparison with the change obtained by placebo stimulation (baseline vs poststimulation periods); 120-Hz nMNS showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0300) in the stress index in comparison with the decrease observed in the placebo group. However, 120-Hz nMNS did not induce a statistically significant change in gastric electrical activity compared to placebo stimulation. The nMNS did not follow the linear "dose-response" relationship between nMNS frequency and gastric/HRV parameters. CONCLUSIONS The 40-Hz and 200-Hz nMNS frequencies showed the most promising results in response to gastric distension, in addition to 40 Hz for an empty stomach. Further research is essential to explore the potential therapeutic effects of these frequencies on gastric diseases such as gastroparesis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and functional dyspepsia that can be used in wrist wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peng Du
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yusuf Ozgur Cakmak
- Cakmak Lab, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Center for Bioengineering-Point-of-Care Technologies, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Medtech Core New Zealand-Interventional Technologies Theme, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Health Systems and Technology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Suzuki M, Watanabe A, Huang J, Kobayashi Y, Sakata I. Involvement of the autonomic nervous system in colonic contractions in conscious Suncus murinus. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024; 36:e14716. [PMID: 38031349 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colonic motility is regulated by various factors along the gut-brain axis; however, detailed mechanisms are unknown. This study aimed to examine the involvement of the autonomic nervous system in colonic motility. Suncus murinus (suncus) is a small laboratory mammal suitable for gastrointestinal motility studies. METHODS Colonic motility and concomitant feeding and defecation behaviors in vagotomized and reserpine-administered suncus were recorded simultaneously for 24 h. Furthermore, we performed immunohistochemistry on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and in situ hybridization on corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in suncus brain. Additionally, we examined c-Fos expression in the brain using immunohistochemistry in conscious suncus with colorectal distension. KEY RESULTS In vagotomized suncus, clustered giant migrating contractions (GMCs), consisting of strong contractions occurring in a short time, were observed, and the percentage of GMCs without defecation increased. The frequency of GMCs in the reserpine-administered suncus increased during a light period (ZT0-4, 4-8) and decreased during a dark period (ZT16-20, 20-24) compared to a vehicle group. Additionally, the percentage of GMCs without defecation in the reserpine-administered suncus increased. Suncus TH-immunopositive neurons were found in the locus coeruleus (LC), as shown in rodents. In contrast, CRH mRNA-expressing cells were not observed in a region assumed to be the Barrington's nucleus (Bar). Furthermore, colorectal distension in conscious suncus induced c-Fos expression in LC TH neurons. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our results suggest that the vagus and sympathetic nerves are not required for induction of GMCs in vivo. However, they are likely to exert a modulatory role in control of GMC frequency in Suncus murinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miu Suzuki
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ayumi Watanabe
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jin Huang
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
- Area of Research Evolutionary Molecular Design, Strategic Research Center, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
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Mishra G, Townsend KL. Sensory nerve and neuropeptide diversity in adipose tissues. Mol Cells 2024; 47:100030. [PMID: 38364960 PMCID: PMC10960112 DOI: 10.1016/j.mocell.2024.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Both brown and white adipose tissues (BAT/WAT) are innervated by the peripheral nervous system, including efferent sympathetic nerves that communicate from the brain/central nervous system out to the tissue, and afferent sensory nerves that communicate from the tissue back to the brain and locally release neuropeptides to the tissue upon stimulation. This bidirectional neural communication is important for energy balance and metabolic control, as well as maintaining adipose tissue health through processes like browning (development of metabolically healthy brown adipocytes in WAT), thermogenesis, lipolysis, and adipogenesis. Decades of sensory nerve denervation studies have demonstrated the particular importance of adipose sensory nerves for brown adipose tissue and WAT functions, but far less is known about the tissue's sensory innervation compared to the better-studied sympathetic nerves and their neurotransmitter norepinephrine. In this review, we cover what is known and not yet known about sensory nerve activities in adipose, focusing on their effector neuropeptide actions in the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Mishra
- Department of Neurological Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kristy L Townsend
- Department of Neurological Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Riehl L, Fürst J, Kress M, Rykalo N. The importance of the gut microbiome and its signals for a healthy nervous system and the multifaceted mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1302957. [PMID: 38249593 PMCID: PMC10797776 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1302957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence links the gut microbiome and the nervous system in health and disease. This narrative review discusses current views on the interaction between the gut microbiota, the intestinal epithelium, and the brain, and provides an overview of the communication routes and signals of the bidirectional interactions between gut microbiota and the brain, including circulatory, immunological, neuroanatomical, and neuroendocrine pathways. Similarities and differences in healthy gut microbiota in humans and mice exist that are relevant for the translational gap between non-human model systems and patients. There is an increasing spectrum of metabolites and neurotransmitters that are released and/or modulated by the gut microbiota in both homeostatic and pathological conditions. Dysbiotic disruptions occur as consequences of critical illnesses such as cancer, cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease but also neurological, mental, and pain disorders, as well as ischemic and traumatic brain injury. Changes in the gut microbiota (dysbiosis) and a concomitant imbalance in the release of mediators may be cause or consequence of diseases of the central nervous system and are increasingly emerging as critical links to the disruption of healthy physiological function, alterations in nutrition intake, exposure to hypoxic conditions and others, observed in brain disorders. Despite the generally accepted importance of the gut microbiome, the bidirectional communication routes between brain and gut are not fully understood. Elucidating these routes and signaling pathways in more detail offers novel mechanistic insight into the pathophysiology and multifaceted aspects of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nadiia Rykalo
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Ye X, Zhang M, Zhang N, Wei H, Wang B. Gut-brain axis interacts with immunomodulation in inflammatory bowel disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 219:115949. [PMID: 38036192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The brain and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are important sensory organs in the body and the two-way interaction that exists between them regulates key physiological and homeostatic functions. A growing body of research suggests that this bidirectional communication influences the development and progression of functional GI disorders and plays an important role in the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a classic intestinal disorder with a high prevalence but still unclear pathogenesis that has been widely discussed in recent years. However, in the studies available to date, we find that many authors have chosen to discuss the influence of the brain on intestinal disorders from the top down, starting with physical and psychological disorders. Coming very naturally, based on these substantial research evidence, we focus on exploring the links between bidirectional communication in the gut-brain axis and IBD, and highlight the role of the gut microbiota, vagus nerve (VN), receptors and immune cells involved in regulating IBD through the gut-brain axis in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglu Ye
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Hai Wei
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Bing Wang
- Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Hai-ke Rd, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Xing T, Nanni G, Burkholder CR, Browning KN, Travagli RA. The substantia nigra modulates proximal colon tone and motility in a vagally-dependent manner in the rat. J Physiol 2023; 601:4751-4766. [PMID: 37772988 PMCID: PMC10873099 DOI: 10.1113/jp284238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A monosynaptic pathway connects the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) to neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). This monosynaptic pathway modulates the vagal control of gastric motility. It is not known, however, whether this nigro-vagal pathway also modulates the tone and motility of the proximal colon. In rats, microinjection of retrograde tracers in the proximal colon and of anterograde tracers in SNpc showed that bilaterally labelled colonic-projecting neurons in the DMV received inputs from SNpc neurons. Microinjections of the ionotropic glutamate receptor agonist, NMDA, in the SNpc increased proximal colonic motility and tone, as measured via a strain gauge aligned with the colonic circular smooth muscle; the motility increase was inhibited by acute subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. Upon transfection of SNpc with pAAV-hSyn-hM3D(Gq)-mCherry, chemogenetic activation of nigro-vagal nerve terminals by brainstem application of clozapine-N-oxide increased the firing rate of DMV neurons and proximal colon motility; both responses were abolished by brainstem pretreatment with the dopaminergic D1-like antagonist SCH23390. Chemogenetic inhibition of nigro-vagal nerve terminals following SNpc transfection with pAAV-hSyn-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry decreased the firing rate of DMV neurons and inhibited proximal colon motility. These data suggest that a nigro-vagal pathway modulates activity of the proximal colon motility tonically via a discrete dopaminergic synapse in a manner dependent on vagal efferent nerve activity. Impairment of this nigro-vagal pathway may contribute to the severely reduced colonic transit and prominent constipation observed in both patients and animal models of parkinsonism. KEY POINTS: Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) neurons are connected to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurons via a presumed direct pathway. Brainstem neurons in the lateral DMV innervate the proximal colon. Colonic-projecting DMV neurons receive inputs from neurons of the SNpc. The nigro-vagal pathway modulates tone and motility of the proximal colon via D1-like receptors in the DMV. The present study provides the mechanistic basis for explaining how SNpc alterations may lead to a high rate of constipation in patients with Parkinson's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kirsteen N. Browning
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA and Neurobiology Research, Newport, NC
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Yan Q, Chen J, Ren X, Song Y, Xu J, Xuan S, Jiang X, Kuang Z, Tang Z. Vagus Nerve Stimulation Relives Irritable Bowel Syndrome and the Associated Depression via α7nAChR-mediated Anti-inflammatory Pathway. Neuroscience 2023; 530:26-37. [PMID: 37625687 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study is designed to investigate the role of vagus nerve in the treatments of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and the associated central nervous system disorders. METHODS An IBS animal model was established by giving acetic acid and chronic-acute stress (AA-CAS) treatment in adult male Wistar rats. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy (SDV) and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) were performed to intervene the excitability of vagus nerve. Permeability of blood brain barrier (BBB) was measured and agonist and antagonist of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) were used to explore the relevant mechanisms. RESULTS AA-CAS treatment resulted in abnormal fecal output, increased visceral sensitivity, depressive-like behaviors, and overexpression of inflammatory mediators, all of which were reversed by VNS treatment. The effects of VNS could also be observed when α7nAChR agonist was applied. Whereas α7nAChR antagonist (methyllycaconitine, MLA) reversed VNS's effects. Interestingly, VNS also reduced the increased permeability of blood brain barrier (BBB) following AA-CAS treatment in IBS rats. SDV treatment only show temporary efficacy on AA-CAS-induced symptoms and had no effect on the permeability of BBB. CONCLUSION The intestinal abnormalities and depressive symptoms in IBS rats can be improved by VNS treatment. This positive effect of VNS was achieved through α7nAChR-mediated inflammatory pathway and may also be associated with the decreased of BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhi Yan
- Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Xiuying Ren
- Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Yibo Song
- Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Shaoyan Xuan
- Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- Zhejiang University Mingzhou Hospital, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Zhijian Kuang
- Zhejiang University Mingzhou Hospital, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Zhihua Tang
- Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, China.
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Yadav H, Jaldhi, Bhardwaj R, Anamika, Bakshi A, Gupta S, Maurya SK. Unveiling the role of gut-brain axis in regulating neurodegenerative diseases: A comprehensive review. Life Sci 2023; 330:122022. [PMID: 37579835 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence have shown the importance of gut microbiota in regulating brain functions. The diverse molecular mechanisms involved in cross-talk between gut and brain provide insight into importance of this communication in maintenance of brain homeostasis. It has also been observed that disturbed gut microbiota contributes to neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and aging. Recently, gut microbiome-derived exosomes have also been reported to play an essential role in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases and could thereby act as a therapeutic target. Further, pharmacological interventions including antibiotics, prebiotics and probiotics can influence gut microbiome-mediated management of neurological diseases. However, extensive research is warranted to better comprehend this interconnection in maintenance of brain homeostasis and its implication in neurological diseases. Thus, the present review is aimed to provide a detailed understanding of gut-brain axis followed by possibilities to target the gut microbiome for improving neurological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Yadav
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Jaldhi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rati Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technical University, Delhi, India
| | - Anamika
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Amrita Bakshi
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Suchi Gupta
- Tech Cell Innovations Private Limited, Centre for Medical Innovation and Entrepreneurship (CMIE), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shashank Kumar Maurya
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
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Manjunath A, Goel C, Baskaran AB, Kozel OA, Gibson W, Jones M, Rosenow JM. Spinal cord stimulation-induced gastroparesis: A case report. Surg Neurol Int 2023; 14:250. [PMID: 37560564 PMCID: PMC10408636 DOI: 10.25259/sni_1133_2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) involves the utilization of an implantable neurostimulation device, stereotypically used in the treatment of patients with chronic neuropathic pain. While these devices have been shown to have significant clinical benefits, there have also been documented potential complications, including the risk of infection, fractured electrodes, electrode migration, and lack of symptom improvement. In addition, there has been minimal documentation on gastrointestinal (GI) side effects after SCS implantation. CASE DESCRIPTION A 42-year-old patient with chronic axial and radicular neuropathic pain in her back and left leg status post multiple lumbar surgeries underwent implantation of an open paddle lead in the T8-T9 region. After the procedure, the patient endorsed a 50% decrease in pain at the 6-week follow-up with no further concerns. However, at the 18 months follow-up, the patient endorsed severe constipation when the SCS was turned on, leading to subsequent evaluation by gastroenterology, motility studies, and a thorough bowel regimen. Symptoms persisted, and the patient ultimately opted for the removal of the SCS implant at 21 months after the initial surgery. CONCLUSION While the exact mechanism behind the GI side effects endorsed in this patient is unknown, current literature postulates a variety of theories, including a SCS-induced parasympathetic blockade of the GI tract. Further, investigation is needed to determine the exact effects of SCS on the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Manjunath
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Chirag Goel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Archit Bharathwaj Baskaran
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Olivia A. Kozel
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - William Gibson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Michael Jones
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Joshua M. Rosenow
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
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Tsymbalyuk OV, Davydovska TL, Naumenko AM, Voiteshenko IS, Veselsky SP, Nyporko AY, Pidhaietska AY, Kozolup MS, Skryshevsky VA. Mechanisms of regulation of motility of the gastrointestinal tract and the hepatobiliary system under the chronic action of nanocolloids. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3823. [PMID: 36882506 PMCID: PMC9992515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern cutting edge technologies of chemical synthesis enable the production of unique nanostructures with excess energy and high reactivity. Uncontrolled use of such materials in the food industry and pharmacology entail a risk for the development of a nanotoxicity crisis. Using the methods of tensometry, mechanokinetic analysis, biochemical methods, and bioinformatics, the current study showed that chronic (for six months) intragastrical burdening of rats with aqueous nanocolloids (AN) ZnO and TiO2 caused violations of the pacemaker-dependent mechanisms of regulation of spontaneous and neurotransmitter-induced contractions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) smooth muscles (SMs), and transformed the contraction efficiency indices (AU, in Alexandria units). Under the same conditions, the fundamental principle of distribution of physiologically relevant differences in the numeric values of the mechanokinetic parameters of spontaneous SM contractions between different parts of GIT is violated, which can potentially cause its pathological changes. Using molecular docking, typical bonds in the interfaces of the interaction of these nanomaterials with myosin II, a component of the contractile apparatus of smooth muscle cells (SMC) were investigated. In this connection, the study addressed the question of possible competitive relations between ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles and actin molecules for binding sites on the myosin II actin-interaction interface. In addition, using biochemical methods, it was shown that chronic long-term exposure to nanocolloids causes changes in the primary active ion transport systems of cell plasma membranes, the activity of marker liver enzymes and disrupts the blood plasma lipid profile, which indicates the hepatotoxic effect of these nanocolloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Tsymbalyuk
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Tamara L Davydovska
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Anna M Naumenko
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Ivan S Voiteshenko
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Stanislav P Veselsky
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Alex Y Nyporko
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Anastasiia Y Pidhaietska
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Mariya S Kozolup
- Department of Foreign Languages for Sciences, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 41 Doroshenko St., Lviv, 79000, Ukraine
| | - Valeriy A Skryshevsky
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine. .,Corporation Science Park, Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine.
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Han Y, Wang B, Gao H, He C, Hua R, Liang C, Zhang S, Wang Y, Xin S, Xu J. Vagus Nerve and Underlying Impact on the Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis in Behavior and Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:6213-6230. [PMID: 36386584 PMCID: PMC9656367 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s384949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is the most abundant and diverse microbiota in the human body and the vagus nerve is the most widely distributed and complex nerve in the body, both of them are essential in maintaining homeostasis. The most important phenomenon is how they coordinate to regulate functions, which has attracted the great attention of scientists. The academic literature on the correlation with a host of intestinal diseases and even systemic diseases has revealed the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the brain, which can be carried out via multiple patterns. In the review, firstly, we have a general overview of the gut microbiota and the gut microbiota-brain axis. Secondly, according to the distribution characteristics of the vagus nerve, we analyzed and summarized its function in the intestinal tract. At the same time, we have summarized the underlying mechanism of some behavior changes such as depressive and anxiety-like behaviors and related neurodegenerative diseases caused by the vagus nerve and intestinal microecological environment disorders, and then we also analyzed inconsistency of the experimental evidence in order to propose novel strategies for the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Han
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Boya Wang
- Undergraduate Student of 2018 Eight Program of Clinical Medicine, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengwei He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongxuan Hua
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sitian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tong Ren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuzi Xin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingdong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jingdong Xu, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, No. 10, Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86 10-8391-1469, Email
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13
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Liu L, Milkova N, Nirmalathasan S, Ali MK, Sharma K, Huizinga JD, Chen JH. Diagnosis of colonic dysmotility associated with autonomic dysfunction in patients with chronic refractory constipation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12051. [PMID: 35835832 PMCID: PMC9283508 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15945-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first study assessing human colon manometric features and their correlations with changes in autonomic functioning in patients with refractory chronic constipation prior to consideration of surgical intervention. High-resolution colonic manometry (HRCM) with simultaneous heart rate variability (HRV) was performed in 14 patients, and the resulting features were compared to healthy subjects. Patients were categorized into three groups that had normal, weak, or no high amplitude propagating pressure waves (HAPWs) to any intervention. We found mild vagal pathway impairment presented as lower HAPW amplitude in the proximal colon in response to proximal colon balloon distention. Left colon dysmotility was observed in 71% of patients, with features of (1) less left colon HAPWs, (2) lower left colon HAPW amplitudes (69.8 vs 102.3 mmHg), (3) impaired coloanal coordination, (4) left colon hypertonicity in patients with coccyx injury. Patients showed the following autonomic dysfunction: (1) high sympathetic tone at baseline, (2) high sympathetic reactivity to active standing and meal, (3) correlation of low parasympathetic reactivity to the meal with absence of the coloanal reflex, (4) lower parasympathetic and higher sympathetic activity during occurrence of HAPWs. In conclusion, left colon dysmotility and high sympathetic tone and reactivity, more so than vagal pathway impairment, play important roles in refractory chronic constipation and suggests sacral neuromodulation as a possible treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, HSC-3N8E, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Natalija Milkova
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, HSC-3N8E, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Sharjana Nirmalathasan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, HSC-3N8E, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - M Khawar Ali
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, HSC-3N8E, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Kartik Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, HSC-3N8E, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jan D Huizinga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, HSC-3N8E, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Ji-Hong Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, HSC-3N8E, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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14
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Dono A, Esquenazi Y, Choi HA. Gut microbiome and neurocritically ill patients. JOURNAL OF NEUROCRITICAL CARE 2022. [DOI: 10.18700/jnc.220058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the times of Rokitansky and Cushing, we have been fascinated by the connections between the gut and the brain. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing techniques have shown that this relationship is even more complex and integral to our sense of self than previously imagined. As these techniques refine our understanding of the abundance and diversity of the gut bacterial microbiome, the relationship between the gut and the brain has been redefined. Now, this is understood as a complex symbiotic network with bidirectional communication, the gut-brain axis. The implication of this communication involves an intense focus of research on a variety of chronic psychiatric, neurological, neurodegenerative, and neuro-oncological diseases. Recently, the gut-brain axis has been studied in neurologically ill patients requiring intensive care. Preliminary studies have shown that acute brain injury changes the bacterial phenotype from one that is symbiotic with the host human to one that is pathologic, termed the “pathobiome.” This can contribute to nosocomial pneumonia and sepsis. The first studies in neurologically ill patients in the neurointensive care unit (NeuroICU) demonstrated changes in the gut microbiome between neuroICU patients and healthy matched subjects. Specifically, a decrease in short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria and increase in harmful gut microbes have been associated with mortality and decreased function at discharge. Although these preliminary findings are exciting and have opened a new field of research in the complex NeuroICU population, there are several limitations and challenges. Further investigation is needed to confirm these correlations and understand their implications on patients in a complex intensive care environment.
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15
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Simpson S, Mclellan R, Wellmeyer E, Matalon F, George O. Drugs and Bugs: The Gut-Brain Axis and Substance Use Disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:33-61. [PMID: 34694571 PMCID: PMC9074906 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) represent a significant public health crisis. Worldwide, 5.4% of the global disease burden is attributed to SUDs and alcohol use, and many more use psychoactive substances recreationally. Often associated with comorbidities, SUDs result in changes to both brain function and physiological responses. Mounting evidence calls for a precision approach for the treatment and diagnosis of SUDs, and the gut microbiome is emerging as a contributor to such disorders. Over the last few centuries, modern lifestyles, diets, and medical care have altered the health of the microbes that live in and on our bodies; as we develop, our diets and lifestyle dictate which microbes flourish and which microbes vanish. An increase in antibiotic treatments, with many antibiotic interventions occurring early in life during the microbiome's normal development, transforms developing microbial communities. Links have been made between the microbiome and SUDs, and the microbiome and conditions that are often comorbid with SUDs such as anxiety, depression, pain, and stress. A better understanding of the mechanisms influencing behavioral changes and drug use is critical in developing novel treatments for SUDSs. Targeting the microbiome as a therapeutic and diagnostic tool is a promising avenue of exploration. This review will provide an overview of the role of the gut-brain axis in a wide range of SUDs, discuss host and microbe pathways that mediate changes in the brain's response to drugs, and the microbes and related metabolites that impact behavior and health within the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra Simpson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, US.
| | - Rio Mclellan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, US
| | - Emma Wellmeyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, US
| | - Frederic Matalon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, US
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, US
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16
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Dono A, Nickles J, Rodriguez-Armendariz AG, Mcfarland BC, Ajami NJ, Ballester LY, Wargo JA, Esquenazi Y. Glioma and the Gut-Brain Axis: Opportunities and Future Perspectives. Neurooncol Adv 2022; 4:vdac054. [PMID: 35591978 PMCID: PMC9113089 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdac054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut–brain axis has presented a valuable new dynamic in the treatment of cancer and central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, little is known about the potential role of this axis in neuro-oncology. The goal of this review is to highlight potential implications of the gut–brain axis in neuro-oncology, in particular gliomas, and future areas of research. The gut–brain axis is a well-established biochemical signaling axis that has been associated with various CNS diseases. In neuro-oncology, recent studies have described gut microbiome differences in tumor-bearing mice and glioma patients compared to controls. These differences in the composition of the microbiome are expected to impact the metabolic functionality of each microbiome. The effects of antibiotics on the microbiome may affect tumor growth and modulate the immune system in tumor-bearing mice. Preliminary studies have shown that the gut microbiome might influence PD-L1 response in glioma-bearing mice, as previously observed in other non-CNS cancers. Groundbreaking studies have identified intratumoral bacterial DNA in several cancers including high-grade glioma. The gut microbiome and its manipulation represent a new and relatively unexplored area that could be utilized to enhance the effectiveness of therapy in glioma. Further mechanistic studies of this therapeutic strategy are needed to assess its clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dono
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jack Nickles
- Northeastern University, College of Science, Boston, MA, USA
- Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana G Rodriguez-Armendariz
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México
| | - Braden C Mcfarland
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Nadim J Ajami
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Leomar Y Ballester
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer A Wargo
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yoshua Esquenazi
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- McGovern Medical School and Center of Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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17
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Horsager J, Okkels N, Van Den Berge N, Jacobsen J, Schact A, Munk OL, Vang K, Bender D, Brooks DJ, Borghammer P. In vivo vesicular acetylcholine transporter density in human peripheral organs: an [ 18F]FEOBV PET/CT study. EJNMMI Res 2022; 12:17. [PMID: 35362761 PMCID: PMC8975951 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-022-00889-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The autonomic nervous system is frequently affected in some neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies. In vivo imaging methods to visualize and quantify the peripheral cholinergic nervous system are lacking. By using [18F]FEOBV PET, we here describe the peripheral distribution of the specific cholinergic marker, vesicular acetylcholine transporters (VAChT), in human subjects. We included 15 healthy subjects aged 53–86 years for 70 min dynamic PET protocol of peripheral organs. We performed kinetic modelling of the adrenal gland, pancreas, myocardium, renal cortex, spleen, colon, and muscle using an image-derived input function from the aorta. A metabolite correction model was generated from venous blood samples. Three non-linear compartment models were tested. Additional time-activity curves from 6 to 70 min post injection were generated for prostate, thyroid, submandibular-, parotid-, and lacrimal glands. Results A one-tissue compartment model generated the most robust fits to the data. Total volume-of-distribution rank order was: adrenal gland > pancreas > myocardium > spleen > renal cortex > muscle > colon. We found significant linear correlations between total volumes-of-distribution and standard uptake values in most organs. Conclusion High [18F]FEOBV PET signal was found in structures with known cholinergic activity. We conclude that [18F]FEOBV PET is a valid tool for estimating VAChT density in human peripheral organs. Simple static images may replace kinetic modeling in some organs and significantly shorten scan duration. Clinical Trial Registration Trial registration: NCT, NCT03554551. Registered 31 May 2018. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03554551?term=NCT03554551&draw=2&rank=1. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13550-022-00889-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Horsager
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Niels Okkels
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nathalie Van Den Berge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Jacobsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Anna Schact
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Ole Lajord Munk
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Kim Vang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Dirk Bender
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - David J Brooks
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Institute of Translational and Clinical Research, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Per Borghammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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18
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Spinal cord injury-mediated changes in electrophysiological properties of rat gastric nodose ganglion neurons. Exp Neurol 2022; 348:113927. [PMID: 34798136 PMCID: PMC8727501 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In preclinical rodent models, spinal cord injury (SCI) manifests as gastric vagal afferent dysfunction both acutely and chronically. However, the mechanism that underlies this dysfunction remains unknown. In the current study, we examined the effect of SCI on gastric nodose ganglia (NG) neuron excitability and on voltage-gated Na+ (NaV) channels expression and function in rats after an acute (i.e. 3-days) and chronic (i.e. 3-weeks) period. Rats randomly received either T3-SCI or sham control surgery 3-days or 3-weeks prior to experimentation as well as injections of 3% DiI solution into the stomach to identify gastric NG neurons. Single cell qRT-PCR was performed on acutely dissociated DiI-labeled NG neurons to measure NaV1.7, NaV1.8 and NaV1.9 expression levels. The results indicate that all 3 channel subtypes decreased. Current- and voltage-clamp whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed on acutely dissociated DiI-labeled NG neurons to measure active and passive properties of C- and A-fibers as well as the biophysical characteristics of NaV1.8 channels in gastric NG neurons. Acute and chronic SCI did not demonstrate deleterious effects on either passive properties of dissociated gastric NG neurons or biophysical properties of NaV1.8. These findings suggest that although NaV gene expression levels change following SCI, NaV1.8 function is not altered. The disruption throughout the entirety of the vagal afferent neuron has yet to be investigated.
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19
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Meerschaert KA, Davis BM, Smith-Edwards KM. New Insights on Extrinsic Innervation of the Enteric Nervous System and Non-neuronal Cell Types That Influence Colon Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1383:133-139. [PMID: 36587153 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05843-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system not only innervates the colon to execute various functions in a semi-autonomous manner but also receives neural input from three extrinsic sources, (1) vagal, (2) thoracolumbar (splanchnic), and (3) lumbosacral (pelvic) pathways, that permit bidirectional communication between the colon and central nervous system. Extrinsic pathways signal sensory input via afferent fibers, as well as motor autonomic output via parasympathetic or sympathetic efferent fibers, but the shared and unique roles for each pathway in executing sensory-motor control of colon function have not been well understood. Here, we describe the recently developed approaches that have provided new insights into the diverse mechanisms utilized by extrinsic pathways to influence colon functions related to visceral sensation, motility, and inflammation. Based on the cumulative results from anatomical, molecular, and functional studies, we propose pathway-specific functions for vagal, thoracolumbar, and lumbosacral innervation of the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian M Davis
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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20
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Cannizzaro DN, Naughton LF, Freeman MZ, Martin L, Bennett CL, Bove C. A New Criterion for Fluoroquinolone-Associated Disability Diagnosis: Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. Medicina (B Aires) 2021; 57:medicina57121371. [PMID: 34946316 PMCID: PMC8706438 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57121371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are a broad-spectrum class of antibiotics routinely prescribed for common bacterial infections despite recent recommendations to use them only for life-threatening cases. In addition to their antimicrobial properties, FQs act in the central nervous system as GABAA receptor inhibitors, which could potentially affect functionality of the vagus nerve at the forefront of gastrointestinal (GI) tract function. Alterations in neural control of digestion have been shown to be linked to Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (FGIDs), which are usually diagnosed based on self-reported symptoms. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of FGIDs following FQ use. Materials and Methods: Self-reports from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System were analyzed together with ~300 survey responses from a social network derived sample to the Bowel Disease Questionnaire. Results: The results of this study suggested that six different FQs are associated with a wide range of GI symptoms not currently reported in the drugs’ labels. The responses from the survey suggested that ~70% of FQ users scored positive for FGID, with no positive correlation between drug type, duration of administration, dosage and frequency of administration. Conclusions: This study showed that GI disorders other than nausea, vomiting and diarrhea are more common than currently reported on the drug labels, and that FGIDs are possibly a common consequence of FQ use even after single use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna N. Cannizzaro
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17387, USA; (D.N.C.); (L.F.N.); (M.Z.F.)
| | - Lydia F. Naughton
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17387, USA; (D.N.C.); (L.F.N.); (M.Z.F.)
| | - Maya Z. Freeman
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17387, USA; (D.N.C.); (L.F.N.); (M.Z.F.)
| | - Linda Martin
- SONAR (Southern Network on Adverse Reactions) Program, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (L.M.); (C.L.B.)
| | - Charles L. Bennett
- SONAR (Southern Network on Adverse Reactions) Program, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (L.M.); (C.L.B.)
| | - Cecilia Bove
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17387, USA; (D.N.C.); (L.F.N.); (M.Z.F.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are a broad class of antibiotics typically prescribed for bacterial infections, including infections for which their use is discouraged. The FDA has proposed the existence of a permanent disability (Fluoroquinolone Associated Disability; FQAD), which is yet to be formally recognized. Previous studies suggest that FQs act as selective GABAA receptor inhibitors, preventing the binding of GABA in the central nervous system. GABA is a key regulator of the vagus nerve, involved in the control of gastrointestinal (GI) function. Indeed, GABA is released from the Nucleus of the Tractus Solitarius (NTS) to the Dorsal Motor Nucleus of the vagus (DMV) to tonically regulate vagal activity. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on FQs in the context of the vagus nerve and examine how these drugs could lead to dysregulated signaling to the GI tract. Since there is sufficient evidence to suggest that GABA transmission is hindered by FQs, it is reasonable to postulate that the vagal circuit could be compromised at the NTS-DMV synapse after FQ use, possibly leading to the development of permanent GI disorders in FQAD.
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22
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Garrett A, Rakhilin N, Wang N, McKey J, Cofer G, Anderson RB, Capel B, Johnson GA, Shen X. Mapping the peripheral nervous system in the whole mouse via compressed sensing tractography. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 33979784 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective.The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the central nervous system with the rest of the body to regulate many physiological functions and is therapeutically targeted to treat diseases such as epilepsy, depression, intestinal dysmotility, chronic pain, and more. However, we still lack understanding of PNS innervation in most organs because the large span, diffuse nature, and small terminal nerve bundle fibers have precluded whole-organism, high resolution mapping of the PNS. We sought to produce a comprehensive peripheral nerve atlas for use in future interrogation of neural circuitry and selection of targets for neuromodulation.Approach.We used diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) with high-speed compressed sensing to generate a tractogram of the whole mouse PNS. The tractography generated from the DT-MRI data is validated using lightsheet microscopy on optically cleared, antibody stained tissue.Main results.Herein we demonstrate the first comprehensive PNS tractography in a whole mouse. Using this technique, we scanned the whole mouse in 28 h and mapped PNS innervation and fiber network in multiple organs including heart, lung, liver, kidneys, stomach, intestines, and bladder at 70µm resolution. This whole-body PNS tractography map has provided unparalleled information; for example, it delineates the innervation along the gastrointestinal tract by multiple sacral levels and by the vagal nerves. The map enabled a quantitative tractogram that revealed relative innervation of the major organs by each vertebral foramen as well as the vagus nerve.Significance.This novel high-resolution nerve atlas provides a potential roadmap for future neuromodulation therapies and other investigations into the neural circuits which drive homeostasis and disease throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliesha Garrett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Nikolai Rakhilin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Nian Wang
- Duke Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Jennifer McKey
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Gary Cofer
- Duke Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Robert Bj Anderson
- Duke Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Blanche Capel
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - G Allan Johnson
- Duke Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
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Gao W, Wang Z, Wang H, Li H, Huang C, Shen Y, Ma X, Sun H. Neurons and Astrocytes in Ventrolateral Periaqueductal Gray Contribute to Restraint Water Immersion Stress-Induced Gastric Mucosal Damage via the ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:666-676. [PMID: 34000028 PMCID: PMC8378083 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The restraint water immersion stress (RWIS) model includes both psychological and physical stimulation, which may lead to gastrointestinal disorders and cause gastric mucosal damage. The ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (VLPAG) contributes to gastrointestinal function, but whether it is involved in RWIS-induced gastric mucosal damage has not yet been reported. METHODS The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, neuronal c-Fos, and phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 in the VLPAG after RWIS was assessed using western blotting and immunocytochemical staining methods. Lateral ventricle injection of astrocytic toxin L-a-aminoadipate and treatment with extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signaling pathway inhibitor PD98059 were further used to study protein expression and distribution in the VLPAG after RWIS. RESULTS The expression of c-Fos, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 in the VLPAG significantly increased following RWIS and peaked at 1 hour after RWIS. Lateral ventricle injection of the astrocytic toxin L-a-aminoadipate significantly alleviated gastric mucosal injury and decreased the activation of neurons and astrocytes. Treatment with the ERK1/2 signaling pathway inhibitor PD98059 obviously suppressed gastric mucosal damage as well as the RWIS-induced activation of neurons and astrocytes in the VLPAG. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that activation of VLPAG neurons and astrocytes induced by RWIS through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway may play a critical role in RWIS-induced gastric mucosa damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Zepeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Chenxu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yangyang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China,Correspondence: Xiaoli Ma, PhD, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University ()
| | - Haiji Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China,Haiji Sun, PhD, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University ()
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24
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Schiller M, Azulay-Debby H, Boshnak N, Elyahu Y, Korin B, Ben-Shaanan TL, Koren T, Krot M, Hakim F, Rolls A. Optogenetic activation of local colonic sympathetic innervations attenuates colitis by limiting immune cell extravasation. Immunity 2021; 54:1022-1036.e8. [PMID: 33932356 PMCID: PMC8116309 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system is composed of an endocrine arm, regulating blood adrenaline and noradrenaline, and a local arm, a network of fibers innervating immune organs. Here, we investigated the impact of the local arm of the SNS in an inflammatory response in the colon. Intra-rectal insertion of an optogenetic probe in mice engineered to express channelrhodopsin-2 in tyrosine hydroxylase cells activated colonic sympathetic fibers. In contrast to systemic application of noradrenaline, local activation of sympathetic fibers attenuated experimental colitis and reduced immune cell abundance. Gene expression profiling showed decreased endothelial expression of the adhesion molecule MAdCAM-1 upon optogenetic stimulation; this decrease was sensitive to adrenergic blockers and 6-hydroxydopamine. Antibody blockade of MAdCAM-1 abrogated the optogenetic effect on immune cell extravasation into the colon and the pathology. Thus, sympathetic fibers control colonic inflammation by regulating immune cell extravasation from circulation, a mechanism likely relevant in multiple organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Schiller
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; The Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hilla Azulay-Debby
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; The Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nadia Boshnak
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; The Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yehezqel Elyahu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ben Korin
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; The Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar L Ben-Shaanan
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; The Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Koren
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; The Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maria Krot
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; The Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel
| | - Fahed Hakim
- Cancer Research Center, EMMS Nazareth, 16100, Nazareth, Israel; Azrieli faculty of medicine, Bar-Ilan university, 1311502, Safad, Israel
| | - Asya Rolls
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; The Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel.
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25
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Wang Y, Zhan G, Cai Z, Jiao B, Zhao Y, Li S, Luo A. Vagus nerve stimulation in brain diseases: Therapeutic applications and biological mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:37-53. [PMID: 33894241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Brain diseases, including neurodegenerative, cerebrovascular and neuropsychiatric diseases, have posed a deleterious threat to human health and brought a great burden to society and the healthcare system. With the development of medical technology, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an alternative treatment for refractory epilepsy, refractory depression, cluster headaches, and migraines. Furthermore, current evidence showed promising results towards the treatment of more brain diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and stroke. Nonetheless, the biological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of VNS in brain diseases remain only partially elucidated. This review aims to delve into the relevant preclinical and clinical studies and update the progress of VNS applications and its potential mechanisms underlying the biological effects in brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Gaofeng Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ziwen Cai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Bo Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shiyong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ailin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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26
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Bonaz B, Sinniger V, Pellissier S. Therapeutic Potential of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:650971. [PMID: 33828455 PMCID: PMC8019822 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.650971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vagus nerve is a mixed nerve, comprising 80% afferent fibers and 20% efferent fibers. It allows a bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the digestive tract. It has a dual anti-inflammatory properties via activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, by its afferents, but also through a vago-vagal inflammatory reflex involving an afferent (vagal) and an efferent (vagal) arm, called the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Indeed, the release of acetylcholine at the end of its efferent fibers is able to inhibit the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha by macrophages via an interneuron of the enteric nervous system synapsing between the efferent vagal endings and the macrophages and releasing acetylcholine. The vagus nerve also synapses with the splenic sympathetic nerve to inhibit the release of TNF-alpha by splenic macrophages. It can also activate the spinal sympathetic system after central integration of its afferents. This anti-TNF-alpha effect of the vagus nerve can be used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, represented by Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis where this cytokine plays a key role. Bioelectronic medicine, via vagus nerve stimulation, may have an interest in this non-drug therapeutic approach as an alternative to conventional anti-TNF-alpha drugs, which are not devoid of side effects feared by patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bonaz
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Inserm U1216, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Valérie Sinniger
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Inserm U1216, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sonia Pellissier
- Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire de Psychologie Personnalité, Cognition, Changement Social, University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Grenoble, France
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27
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Blanke EN, Holmes GM, Besecker EM. Altered physiology of gastrointestinal vagal afferents following neurotrauma. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:254-263. [PMID: 32859772 PMCID: PMC7896240 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.290883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptability of the central nervous system has been revealed in several model systems. Of particular interest to central nervous system-injured individuals is the ability for neural components to be modified for regain of function. In both types of neurotrauma, traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, the primary parasympathetic control to the gastrointestinal tract, the vagus nerve, remains anatomically intact. However, individuals with traumatic brain injury or spinal cord injury are highly susceptible to gastrointestinal dysfunctions. Such gastrointestinal dysfunctions attribute to higher morbidity and mortality following traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury. While the vagal efferent output remains capable of eliciting motor responses following injury, evidence suggests impairment of the vagal afferents. Since sensory input drives motor output, this review will discuss the normal and altered anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal vagal afferents to better understand the contributions of vagal afferent plasticity following neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Blanke
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gregory M Holmes
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Emily M Besecker
- Department of Health Sciences, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
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28
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Borghammer P. The α-Synuclein Origin and Connectome Model (SOC Model) of Parkinson's Disease: Explaining Motor Asymmetry, Non-Motor Phenotypes, and Cognitive Decline. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2021; 11:455-474. [PMID: 33682732 PMCID: PMC8150555 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new model of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis is proposed, the α-Synuclein Origin site and Connectome (SOC) model, incorporating two aspects of α-synuclein pathobiology that impact the disease course for each patient: the anatomical location of the initial α-synuclein inclusion, and α-synuclein propagation dependent on the ipsilateral connections that dominate connectivity of the human brain. In some patients, initial α-synuclein pathology occurs within the CNS, leading to a brain-first subtype of PD. In others, pathology begins in the peripheral autonomic nervous system, leading to a body-first subtype. In brain-first cases, it is proposed that the first pathology appears unilaterally, often in the amygdala. If α-synuclein propagation depends on connection strength, a unilateral focus of pathology will disseminate more to the ipsilateral hemisphere. Thus, α-synuclein spreads mainly to ipsilateral structures including the substantia nigra. The asymmetric distribution of pathology leads to asymmetric dopaminergic degeneration and motor asymmetry. In body-first cases, the α-synuclein pathology ascends via the vagus to both the left and right dorsal motor nuclei of the vagus owing to the overlapping parasympathetic innervation of the gut. Consequently, the initial α-synuclein pathology inside the CNS is more symmetric, which promotes more symmetric propagation in the brainstem, leading to more symmetric dopaminergic degeneration and less motor asymmetry. At diagnosis, body-first patients already have a larger, more symmetric burden of α-synuclein pathology, which in turn promotes faster disease progression and accelerated cognitive decline. The SOC model is supported by a considerable body of existing evidence and may have improved explanatory power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Borghammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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29
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MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF NEURONS INNERVATING DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE. WORLD OF MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.26724/2079-8334-2021-2-76-163-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Choi TY, Choi YP, Koo JW. Mental Disorders Linked to Crosstalk between The Gut Microbiome and The Brain. Exp Neurobiol 2020; 29:403-416. [PMID: 33139585 PMCID: PMC7788310 DOI: 10.5607/en20047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Often called the second brain, the gut communicates extensively with the brain and vice versa. The conversation between these two organs affects a variety of physiological mechanisms that are associated with our mental health. Over the past decade, a growing body of evidence has suggested that the gut microbiome builds a unique ecosystem inside the gastrointestinal tract to maintain the homeostasis and that compositional changes in the gut microbiome are highly correlated with several mental disorders. There are ongoing efforts to treat or prevent mental disorders by regulating the gut microbiome using probiotics. These attempts are based on the seminal findings that probiotics can control the gut microbiome and affect mental conditions. However, some issues have yet to be conclusively addressed, especially the causality between the gut microbiome and mental disorders. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms by which the gut microbiome affects mental health and diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the potential use of probiotics as therapeutic agents for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yong Choi
- Emotion, Cognition and Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Young Pyo Choi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Ja Wook Koo
- Emotion, Cognition and Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
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31
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Meerschaert KA, Adelman PC, Friedman RL, Albers KM, Koerber HR, Davis BM. Unique Molecular Characteristics of Visceral Afferents Arising from Different Levels of the Neuraxis: Location of Afferent Somata Predicts Function and Stimulus Detection Modalities. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7216-7228. [PMID: 32817244 PMCID: PMC7534907 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1426-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viscera receive innervation from sensory ganglia located adjacent to multiple levels of the brainstem and spinal cord. Here we examined whether molecular profiling could be used to identify functional clusters of colon afferents from thoracolumbar (TL), lumbosacral (LS), and nodose ganglia (NG) in male and female mice. Profiling of TL and LS bladder afferents was also performed. Visceral afferents were back-labeled using retrograde tracers injected into proximal and distal regions of colon or bladder, followed by single-cell qRT-PCR and analysis via an automated hierarchical clustering method. Genes were chosen for assay (32 for bladder; 48 for colon) based on their established role in stimulus detection, regulation of sensitivity/function, or neuroimmune interaction. A total of 132 colon afferents (from NG, TL, and LS ganglia) and 128 bladder afferents (from TL and LS ganglia) were analyzed. Retrograde labeling from the colon showed that NG and TL afferents innervate proximal and distal regions of the colon, whereas 98% of LS afferents only project to distal regions. There were clusters of colon and bladder afferents, defined by mRNA profiling, that localized to either TL or LS ganglia. Mixed TL/LS clustering also was found. In addition, transcriptionally, NG colon afferents were almost completely segregated from colon TL and LS neurons. Furthermore, colon and bladder afferents expressed genes at similar levels, although different gene combinations defined the clusters. These results indicate that genes implicated in both homeostatic regulation and conscious sensations are found at all anatomic levels, suggesting that afferents from different portions of the neuraxis have overlapping functions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Visceral organs are innervated by sensory neurons whose cell bodies are located in multiple ganglia associated with the brainstem and spinal cord. For the colon, this overlapping innervation is proposed to facilitate visceral sensation and homeostasis, where sensation and pain are mediated by spinal afferents and fear and anxiety (the affective aspects of visceral pain) are the domain of nodose afferents. The transcriptomic analysis performed here reveals that genes implicated in both homeostatic regulation and pain are found in afferents across all ganglia types, suggesting that conscious sensation and homeostatic regulation are the result of convergence, and not segregation, of sensory input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Meerschaert
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | | | - Robert L Friedman
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Kathryn M Albers
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - H Richard Koerber
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Brian M Davis
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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Özçağlayan Ö, Kurtoğlu Özçağlayan Tİ, Doğru M, Mete R. Vagus nerve assessment via ultrasonography in irritable bowel syndrome. Are there any changes of dimension in the vagus nerve? TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2020; 31:503-507. [PMID: 32897223 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2020.19353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the functional gastrointestinal disorder which has closely relationship with Central Nervous System (CNS). VN is the major connector between CNS and Enteric Nervous System (ENS). The aim of this study was to investigate the possible changes of dimension of Vagus Nerve (VN) with Vagus ultrasonography (VU) in IBS. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total 119 patients which is consisted of 66 IBS patients appropriated with Rome IV criterias and 53 patients of control group were enrolled to the study. All patients were underwent to colonoscopy for role-out the organic pathologies, such as polyposis, inflammatory bowel syndromes, diverticulosis and colon cancer. Right Vagus (RV) and left Vagus (LV) nerve areas and diameters were calculated with VU. RESULTS There were no statistical difference of RV (p=0.445) and LV (p=0.944) diameter between two groups. There were also no statistical difference of RV (p=0.549) and LV (p=0.874) areas between IBS and control groups. CONCLUSION VU clearly depicted that there is no changes of dimension in VN areas and diameters in the IBS. This might show that VN is only a transporter of abnormal neuronal stimulations according to IBS pathophisiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Özçağlayan
- Department of Radiology Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, School of Medicine, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | | | - Mücahit Doğru
- Department of Radiology Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, School of Medicine, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Rafet Mete
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, School of Medicine, Tekirdağ, Turkey
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33
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Yu Z. Neuromechanism of acupuncture regulating gastrointestinal motility. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:3182-3200. [PMID: 32684734 PMCID: PMC7336328 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i23.3182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture has been used in China for thousands of years and has become more widely accepted by doctors and patients around the world. A large number of clinical studies and animal experiments have confirmed that acupuncture has a benign adjustment effect on gastrointestinal (GI) movement; however, the mechanism of this effect is unclear, especially in terms of neural mechanisms, and there are still many areas that require further exploration. This article reviews the recent data on the neural mechanism of acupuncture on GI movements. We summarize the neural mechanism of acupuncture on GI movement from four aspects: acupuncture signal transmission, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, the enteric nervous system, and the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
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34
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Valeric acid lowers arterial blood pressure in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 877:173086. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Zhu X, Chen L, Zheng S, Pan L. Comparison of ED95 of Butorphanol and Sufentanil for gastrointestinal endoscopy sedation: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol 2020; 20:101. [PMID: 32359348 PMCID: PMC7195772 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-020-01027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Butorphanol, a synthetic opioid partial agonist analgesic, has been widely used to control perioperative pain. However, the ideal dose and availability of butorphanol for gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy are not well known. The aim of this study was to evaluated the 95% effective dose (ED95) of butorphanol and sufentanil in GI endoscopy and compared their clinical efficacy, especially regarding the recovery time. Methods The study was divided into two parts. For the first part, voluntary patients who needed GI endoscopy anesthesia were recruited to measure the ED95 of butorphanol and sufentanil needed to achieve successful sedation before GI endoscopy using the sequential method (the Dixon up-and-down method). The second part was a double-blind, randomized study. Two hundred cases of painless GI endoscopy patients were randomly divided into two groups (n = 100), including group B (butorphanol at the ED95 dose) and group S (sufentanil at the ED95 dose). Propofol was infused intravenously as the sedative in both groups. The recovery time, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, hand grip strength, fatigue severity scores, incidence of nausea and vomiting, and incidence of dizziness were recorded. Results The ED95 of butorphanol for painless GI endoscopy was 9.07 μg/kg (95% confidence interval: 7.81–19.66 μg/kg). The ED95 of sufentanil was 0.1 μg/kg (95% CI, 0.079–0.422 μg/kg). Both butorphanol and sufentanil provided a good analgesic effect for GI endoscopy. However, the recovery time for butorphanol was significantly shorter than that for sufentanil (P < 0.05, group B vs. group S:21.26 ± 7.70 vs. 24.03 ± 7.80 min). Conclusions Butorphanol at 9.07 μg/kg was more effective than sufentanil for GI endoscopy sedation and notably reduced the recovery time. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trail Registry (Registration number # ChiCTR1900022780; Date of Registration on April 25rd, 2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Shangcai village, Nanbaixiang town, Ouhai District, Wenzhou City, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Limei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Shangcai village, Nanbaixiang town, Ouhai District, Wenzhou City, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shuang Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Shangcai village, Nanbaixiang town, Ouhai District, Wenzhou City, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Linmin Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Shangcai village, Nanbaixiang town, Ouhai District, Wenzhou City, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Dafalla AI, Mhalhal TR, Hiscocks K, Heath J, Sayegh AI. The Vagus Nerve and the Celiaco-mesenteric Ganglia Participate in the Feeding Responses Evoked by Non-sulfated Cholecystokinin-8 in Male Sprague Dawley Rats. Endocr Res 2020; 45:73-83. [PMID: 31573821 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2019.1670673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that non-sulfated cholecystokinin-8 (NS CCK-8) reduces food intake in adult male Sprague Dawley rats by activating cholecystokinin-B receptor (CCK-BR). Here, we tested the hypothesis that the vagus nerve and the celiaco-mesenteric ganglia may play a role in this reduction. The hypothesis stems from the following facts. The vagus and the celiaco-mesenteric ganglia contain NS CCK-8, they express and have binding sites for CCK-BR, NS CCK-8 activates CCK-BR on afferent vagal and sympathetic fibers and the two structures link the gastrointestinal tract to central feeding nuclei in the brain, which also contain the peptide and CCK-BR. To test this hypothesis, three groups of free-feeding rats, vagotomy (VGX), celiaco-mesenteric ganglionectomy (CMGX) and sham-operated, received NS CCK-8 (0, 0.5 and 1 nmol/kg) intraperitoneally prior to the onset of the dark cycle and various feeding behaviors were recorded. We found that in sham-operated rats both doses of NS CCK-8 reduced meal size (MS), prolonged the intermeal interval (IMI, time between first and second meal), increased satiety ratio (SR = IMI/MS), reduced 24-h food intake and reduced the number of meals relative to saline control. In the VGX and the CMGX groups, all of the previous responses were attenuated. Consistent with our hypothesis, the findings of the current work suggest a role for the vagus nerve and the celiaco-mesenteric ganglia in the feeding responses evoked by NS CCK-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amged I Dafalla
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA
| | - Thaer R Mhalhal
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Basra University, Basra, Iraq
| | - Kenneth Hiscocks
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA
| | - John Heath
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA
| | - Ayman I Sayegh
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA
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Butyric acid, a gut bacteria metabolite, lowers arterial blood pressure via colon-vagus nerve signaling and GPR41/43 receptors. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:1441-1453. [PMID: 31728701 PMCID: PMC6882756 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-019-02322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Butyric acid (BA) is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced by gut bacteria in the colon. We hypothesized that colon-derived BA may affect hemodynamics. Arterial blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded in anesthetized, male, 14-week-old Wistar rats. A vehicle, BA, or 3-hydroxybutyrate, an antagonist of SCFA receptors GPR41/43 (ANT) were administered intravenously (IV) or into the colon (IC). Reactivity of mesenteric (MA) and gracilis muscle (GMA) arteries was tested ex vivo. The concentration of BA in stools, urine, portal, and systemic blood was measured with liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. BA administered IV decreased BP with no significant effect on HR. The ANT reduced, whereas L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, did not affect the hypotensive effect of BA. In comparison to BA administered intravenously, BA administered into the colon produced a significantly longer decrease in BP and a decrease in HR, which was associated with a 2–3-fold increase in BA colon content. Subphrenic vagotomy and IC pretreatment with the ANT significantly reduced the hypotensive effect. Ex vivo, BA dilated MA and GMA. In conclusion, an increase in the concentration of BA in the colon produces a significant hypotensive effect which depends on the afferent colonic vagus nerve signaling and GPR41/43 receptors. BA seems to be one of mediators between gut microbiota and the circulatory system.
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Cryan JF, O'Riordan KJ, Cowan CSM, Sandhu KV, Bastiaanssen TFS, Boehme M, Codagnone MG, Cussotto S, Fulling C, Golubeva AV, Guzzetta KE, Jaggar M, Long-Smith CM, Lyte JM, Martin JA, Molinero-Perez A, Moloney G, Morelli E, Morillas E, O'Connor R, Cruz-Pereira JS, Peterson VL, Rea K, Ritz NL, Sherwin E, Spichak S, Teichman EM, van de Wouw M, Ventura-Silva AP, Wallace-Fitzsimons SE, Hyland N, Clarke G, Dinan TG. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1877-2013. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1243] [Impact Index Per Article: 248.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, the past 15 yr have seen the emergence of the microbiota (the trillions of microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one of the key regulators of gut-brain function and has led to the appreciation of the importance of a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This axis is gaining ever more traction in fields investigating the biological and physiological basis of psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, and neurodegenerative disorders. The microbiota and the brain communicate with each other via various routes including the immune system, tryptophan metabolism, the vagus nerve and the enteric nervous system, involving microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino acids, and peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence microbiota composition in early life, including infection, mode of birth delivery, use of antibiotic medications, the nature of nutritional provision, environmental stressors, and host genetics. At the other extreme of life, microbial diversity diminishes with aging. Stress, in particular, can significantly impact the microbiota-gut-brain axis at all stages of life. Much recent work has implicated the gut microbiota in many conditions including autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models have been paramount in linking the regulation of fundamental neural processes, such as neurogenesis and myelination, to microbiome activation of microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing and will greatly enhance the field. Future studies will focus on understanding the mechanisms underlying the microbiota-gut-brain axis and attempt to elucidate microbial-based intervention and therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kenneth J. O'Riordan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitlin S. M. Cowan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kiran V. Sandhu
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F. S. Bastiaanssen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcus Boehme
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Martin G. Codagnone
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sofia Cussotto
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christine Fulling
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna V. Golubeva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Katherine E. Guzzetta
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Minal Jaggar
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitriona M. Long-Smith
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joshua M. Lyte
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jason A. Martin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alicia Molinero-Perez
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Moloney
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emanuela Morelli
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Enrique Morillas
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rory O'Connor
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joana S. Cruz-Pereira
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Veronica L. Peterson
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nathaniel L. Ritz
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eoin Sherwin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Simon Spichak
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emily M. Teichman
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcel van de Wouw
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ana Paula Ventura-Silva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shauna E. Wallace-Fitzsimons
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall Hyland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Buckley MM, O'Brien R, Buckley JM, O'Malley D. GHSR-1 agonist sensitizes rat colonic intrinsic and extrinsic neurons to exendin-4: A role in the manifestation of postprandial gastrointestinal symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome? Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13684. [PMID: 31311066 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) may experience postprandial symptom exacerbation. Nutrients stimulate intestinal release of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone with known gastrointestinal effects. However, prior to the postprandial rise in GLP-1, levels of the hunger hormone, ghrelin, peak. The aims of this study were to determine if ghrelin sensitizes colonic intrinsic and extrinsic neurons to the stimulatory actions of a GLP-1 receptor agonist, and if this differs in a rat model of IBS. METHODS Calcium imaging of enteric neurons was compared between Sprague Dawley and Wistar Kyoto rats. Colonic contractile activity and vagal nerve recordings were also compared between strains. KEY RESULTS Circulating GLP-1 concentrations differ between IBS subtypes. Mechanistically, we have provided evidence that calcium responses evoked by exendin-4, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, are potentiated by a ghrelin receptor (GHSR-1) agonist, in both submucosal and myenteric neurons. Although basal patterns of colonic contractility varied between Sprague Dawley and Wister Kyoto rats, the capacity of exendin-4 to alter smooth muscle function was modified by a GHSR-1 agonist in both strains. Gut-brain signaling via GLP-1-mediated activation of vagal afferents was also potentiated by the GHSR-1 agonist. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These findings support a temporal interaction between ghrelin and GLP-1, where the preprandial peak in ghrelin may temporarily sensitize colonic intrinsic and extrinsic neurons to the neurostimulatory actions of GLP-1. While the sensitizing effects of the GHSR-1 agonist were identified in both rat strains, in the rat model of IBS, underlying contractile activity was aberrant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Buckley
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rebecca O'Brien
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Julliette M Buckley
- Department of Surgery, University College Cork, Cork, and Mater Private Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dervla O'Malley
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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40
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Burgueño JF, Lang JK, Santander AM, Fernández I, Fernández E, Zaias J, Abreu MT. Fluid supplementation accelerates epithelial repair during chemical colitis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215387. [PMID: 31002683 PMCID: PMC6474653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model of colitis is a common animal model of inflammatory bowel disease that causes pain and distress. In this study, we aimed to determine whether fluid supplementation can be used as a welfare-based intervention to minimize animal suffering. C57Bl/6 females undergoing acute colitis by administration of 3% DSS in drinking water were supplemented with 1 mL intraperitoneal injections of NaCl and compared to non-supplemented control mice. Mouse behavior and locomotive activity were assessed on days 5–6 after DSS initiation by means of tail suspension, novel object recognition and open field activity tests. Mice were euthanized after either the acute (day 7) or the recovery phase (day 12) of colitis and inflammation, epithelial proliferation, and differentiation were assessed by means of histology, immunohistochemistry, quantitative PCR, and western blot. We found that fluid-supplemented mice had reduced signs of colitis with no alterations in behavior or locomotive activity. Furthermore, we observed an accelerated epithelial repair response after fluid hydration during the acute phase of colitis, characterized by increased crypt proliferation, activation of ERK1/2, and modulation of TGF-β1 expression. Consistent with these findings, fluid-supplemented mice had increased numbers of goblet cells, upregulated expression of differentiation markers for absorptive enterocytes, and reduced inflammation during the recovery phase. Our results show that fluid hydration does not reduce stress in DSS-treated mice but alters colitis evolution by reducing clinical signs and accelerating epithelial repair. These results argue against the routine use of fluid supplementation in DSS-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Burgueño
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami–Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica K. Lang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami–Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ana M. Santander
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami–Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Irina Fernández
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami–Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Ester Fernández
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Zaias
- Division of Veterinary Resources, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami–Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Maria T. Abreu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami–Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
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41
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Is Parkinson's disease a chronic low-grade inflammatory bowel disease? J Neurol 2019; 267:2207-2213. [PMID: 30989372 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease is not fully understood, there is increasing evidence that inflammatory responses in the brain are implicated in both disease initiation and progression. The inflammatory process in Parkinson's disease is, however, not limited to the brain but also involves the gastrointestinal tract. High amounts of cytokines and inflammatory markers are found in the colon of Parkinson's disease patients and there is now strong epidemiological and genetical evidence linking Parkinson's disease to inflammatory bowel diseases. Recent findings obtained in both experimental inflammatory bowel diseases and Parkinson's disease further support a bidirectional link between gastrointestinal inflammation and brain neurodegeneration. Altogether, these observations suggest a role for gastrointestinal inflammation in the initiation and progression of Parkinson's disease.
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Schneider S, Wright CM, Heuckeroth RO. Unexpected Roles for the Second Brain: Enteric Nervous System as Master Regulator of Bowel Function. Annu Rev Physiol 2019; 81:235-259. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021317-121515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
At the most fundamental level, the bowel facilitates absorption of small molecules, regulates fluid and electrolyte flux, and eliminates waste. To successfully coordinate this complex array of functions, the bowel relies on the enteric nervous system (ENS), an intricate network of more than 500 million neurons and supporting glia that are organized into distinct layers or plexi within the bowel wall. Neuron and glial diversity, as well as neurotransmitter and receptor expression in the ENS, resembles that of the central nervous system. The most carefully studied ENS functions include control of bowel motility, epithelial secretion, and blood flow, but the ENS also interacts with enteroendocrine cells, influences epithelial proliferation and repair, modulates the intestinal immune system, and mediates extrinsic nerve input. Here, we review the many different cell types that communicate with the ENS, integrating data about ENS function into a broader view of human health and disease. In particular, we focus on exciting new literature highlighting relationships between the ENS and its lesser-known interacting partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schneider
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Christina M. Wright
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Robert O. Heuckeroth
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Dafalla AI, Mhalhal TR, Washington MC, Spann S, Reguero AM, Morgan AL, Cruz Matos GA, Carson G, Barton KJ, Burke NA, Heath J, Sayegh AI. Non-sulfated cholecystokinin-8 reduces meal size and prolongs the intermeal interval in male Sprague Dawley rats. Neuropeptides 2019; 73:57-65. [PMID: 30470455 PMCID: PMC6613573 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The current study measured seven feeding responses by non-sulfated cholecystokinin-8 (NS CCK-8) in freely fed adult male Sprague Dawley rats. The peptide (0, 0.5, 1, 3, 5 and 10 nmol/kg) was given intraperitoneally (ip) prior to the onset of the dark cycle, and first meal size (MS), second meal size, intermeal interval (IMI) length, satiety ratio (SR = IMI/MS), latency to first meal, duration of first meal, number of meals and 24-hour food intake were measured. We found that NS CCK-8 (0.5 and 1.0 nmol/kg) reduced MS, prolonged IMI length and increased SR during the dark cycle. Furthermore, the specific CCK-B receptor antagonist L365, 260 (1 mg/kg, ip) attenuated these responses. These results support a possible role for NS CCK-8 in regulating food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amged I Dafalla
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, United States
| | - Thaer R Mhalhal
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Martha C Washington
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, United States
| | - Sharonika Spann
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, United States
| | - Adalis Montero Reguero
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, United States
| | - Alexandra L Morgan
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, United States
| | - Geishly A Cruz Matos
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, United States
| | - Gabrielle Carson
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, United States
| | - Kenya J Barton
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, United States
| | - Nicole A Burke
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, United States
| | - John Heath
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, United States
| | - Ayman I Sayegh
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, United States.
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Maniscalco JW, Rinaman L. Vagal Interoceptive Modulation of Motivated Behavior. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 33:151-167. [PMID: 29412062 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00036.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to regulating the ingestion and digestion of food, sensory feedback from gut to brain modifies emotional state and motivated behavior by subconsciously shaping cognitive and affective responses to events that bias behavioral choice. This focused review highlights evidence that gut-derived signals impact motivated behavior by engaging vagal afferents and central neural circuits that generally serve to limit or terminate goal-directed approach behaviors, and to initiate or maintain behavioral avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Maniscalco
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illionois
| | - L Rinaman
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
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45
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Dafalla AI, Mhalhal TR, Hiscocks K, Heath J, Sayegh AI. Non-sulfated cholecystokinin-8 increases enteric and hindbrain Fos-like immunoreactivity in male Sprague Dawley rats. Brain Res 2018; 1708:200-206. [PMID: 30571983 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that non-sulfated cholecystokinin-8 (NS CCK-8) reduces food intake by cholecystokinin-B receptors (CCK-BR). To examine a possible site of action for this peptide, and based on the fact that both NS CCK-8 and CCK-BR are found centrally and peripherally, in the current study we hypothesized that NS CCK-8 increases Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI, a neuronal activation marker) in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) of the hindbrain and the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the small intestine. We found that intraperitoneal NS CCK-8 (0.5 nmol/kg) increases Fos-LI in the DVC, the myenteric and the submucosal plexuses of the duodenum and the myenteric plexus of the jejunum. The findings suggest, but does not prove, a potential role for the DVC and the enteric neurons in the feeding responses evoked by NS CCK-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amged I Dafalla
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee AL36088, United States
| | - Thaer R Mhalhal
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee AL36088, United States
| | - Kenneth Hiscocks
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee AL36088, United States
| | - John Heath
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee AL36088, United States
| | - Ayman I Sayegh
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee AL36088, United States.
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Metz CN, Pavlov VA. Vagus nerve cholinergic circuitry to the liver and the gastrointestinal tract in the neuroimmune communicatome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G651-G658. [PMID: 30001146 PMCID: PMC6293249 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00195.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Improved understanding of neuroimmune communication and the neural regulation of immunity and inflammation has recently led to proposing the concept of the "neuroimmune communicatome." This advance is based on experimental evidence for an organized and brain-integrated reflex-like relationship and dialogue between the nervous and the immune systems. A key circuitry in this communicatome is provided by efferent vagus nerve fibers and cholinergic signaling. Inflammation and metabolic alterations coexist in many disorders affecting the liver and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, fatty liver disease, liver injury, and liver failure, as well as inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we outline mechanistic insights regarding the role of the vagus nerve and cholinergic signaling in the regulation of inflammation linked to metabolic derangements and the pathogenesis of these disorders in preclinical settings. Recent clinical advances using this knowledge in novel therapeutic neuromodulatory approaches within the field of bioelectronic medicine are also briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine N. Metz
- 1Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York,2Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Valentin A. Pavlov
- 1Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York,2Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
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Kaelberer MM, Buchanan KL, Klein ME, Barth BB, Montoya MM, Shen X, Bohórquez DV. A gut-brain neural circuit for nutrient sensory transduction. Science 2018; 361:361/6408/eaat5236. [PMID: 30237325 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat5236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The brain is thought to sense gut stimuli only via the passive release of hormones. This is because no connection has been described between the vagus and the putative gut epithelial sensor cell-the enteroendocrine cell. However, these electrically excitable cells contain several features of epithelial transducers. Using a mouse model, we found that enteroendocrine cells synapse with vagal neurons to transduce gut luminal signals in milliseconds by using glutamate as a neurotransmitter. These synaptically connected enteroendocrine cells are referred to henceforth as neuropod cells. The neuroepithelial circuit they form connects the intestinal lumen to the brainstem in one synapse, opening a physical conduit for the brain to sense gut stimuli with the temporal precision and topographical resolution of a synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bradley B Barth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marcia M Montoya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Diego V Bohórquez
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Fakhraei N, Javadian N, Rahimian R, Nili F, Rahimi N, Hashemizadeh S, Dehpour AR. Involvement of central opioid receptors in protective effects of methadone on experimental colitis in rats. Inflammopharmacology 2018; 26:1399-1413. [PMID: 30318564 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0538-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There are several lines of evidence on the protective roles of opioids in gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions. This study aims to distinguish the central and peripheral roles of methadone, a non-selective opioid receptor agonist, in an acute model of ulcerative colitis in male rats. METHODS Ulcerative colitis was induced by intrarectal administration of acetic acid 4%. Methadone was injected subcutaneously (s.c.), 5 and 10 mg/kg, and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.), 50 and 300 ng/rat. Opioid antagonists were employed. Methylnaltrexone (MNTX; 5 mg/kg, i.p.), a peripherally acting opioid receptor antagonist, and naltrexone (NTX; 5 mg/kg, i.p. and 10 ng/rat, i.c.v.), a peripherally and centrally acting opioid receptor antagonist were injected before methadone (10 mg/kg, s.c. and or 300 ng/rat, i.c.v.) administration. NTX (5 mg/kg, i.p. and 10 ng/rat, i.c.v.) were administered 30 min prior to administration of methadone (10 mg/kg, s.c. and 300 ng/rat, i.c.v.), respectively. MNTX (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected 30 min prior to methadone (10 mg/kg, s.c.). Seventy-two hours following colitis induction, macroscopic and microscopic mucosal lesions, and the colonic levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were determined. RESULTS Methadone (300 ng/rat, i.c.v.) and Methadone (5 and 10 mg/kg, s.c.) improved the macroscopic and microscopic scores through opioid receptors. Also, a significant reduction in TNF-α and IL-1β was observed. Peripherally and centrally injected NTX significantly reversed methadone 10 mg/kg s.c. anti-inflammatory effects while MNTX could not completely reverse this effect. Moreover, centrally administered methadone (300 ng/rat) showed the anti-inflammatory effect which was reversed by central administration of NTX (10 ng/rat). CONCLUSIONS The opioid receptors mainly the central opioid receptors may mediate the protective actions of methadone on the experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Fakhraei
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nina Javadian
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Rahimian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Nili
- Department of Pathology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Rahimi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Hashemizadeh
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract contains its own set of intrinsic neuroglial circuits - the enteric nervous system (ENS) - which detects and responds to diverse signals from the environment. Here, we address recent advances in the understanding of ENS development, including how neural-crest-derived progenitors migrate into and colonize the bowel, the formation of ganglionated plexuses and the molecular mechanisms of enteric neuronal and glial diversification. Modern lineage tracing and transcription-profiling technologies have produced observations that simultaneously challenge and affirm long-held beliefs about ENS development. We review many genetic and environmental factors that can alter ENS development and exert long-lasting effects on gastrointestinal function, and discuss how developmental defects in the ENS might account for some of the large burden of digestive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael D Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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50
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Manfredsson FP, Luk KC, Benskey MJ, Gezer A, Garcia J, Kuhn NC, Sandoval IM, Patterson JR, O'Mara A, Yonkers R, Kordower JH. Induction of alpha-synuclein pathology in the enteric nervous system of the rat and non-human primate results in gastrointestinal dysmotility and transient CNS pathology. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 112:106-118. [PMID: 29341898 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-Synuclein (α-syn) is by far the most highly vetted pathogenic and therapeutic target in Parkinson's disease. Aggregated α-syn is present in sporadic Parkinson's disease, both in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The enteric division of the PNS is of particular interest because 1) gastric dysfunction is a key clinical manifestation of Parkinson's disease, and 2) Lewy pathology in myenteric and submucosal neurons of the enteric nervous system (ENS) has been referred to as stage zero in the Braak pathological staging of Parkinson's disease. The presence of Lewy pathology in the ENS and the fact that patients often experience enteric dysfunction before the onset of motor symptoms has led to the hypothesis that α-syn pathology starts in the periphery, after which it spreads to the CNS via interconnected neural pathways. Here we sought to directly test this hypothesis in rodents and non-human primates (NHP) using two distinct models of α-syn pathology: the α-syn viral overexpression model and the preformed fibril (PFF) model. Subjects (rat and NHP) received targeted enteric injections of PFFs or adeno-associated virus overexpressing the Parkinson's disease associated A53T α-syn mutant. Rats were evaluated for colonic motility monthly and sacrificed at 1, 6, or 12 months, whereas NHPs were sacrificed 12 months following inoculation, after which the time course and spread of pathology was examined in all animals. Rats exhibited a transient GI phenotype that resolved after four months. Minor α-syn pathology was observed in the brainstem (dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and locus coeruleus) 1 month after PFF injections; however, no pathology was observed at later time points (nor in saline or monomer treated animals). Similarly, a histopathological analysis of the NHP brains revealed no pathology despite the presence of robust α-syn pathology throughout the ENS which persisted for the entirety of the study (12 months). Our study shows that induction of α-syn pathology in the ENS is sufficient to induce GI dysfunction. Moreover, our data suggest that sustained spread of α-syn pathology from the periphery to the CNS and subsequent propagation is a rare event, and that the presence of enteric α-syn pathology and dysfunction may represent an epiphenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredric P Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States; Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Matthew J Benskey
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Aysegul Gezer
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States; DO/PHD Physician Scientist Training Program, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Joanna Garcia
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Nathan C Kuhn
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Ivette M Sandoval
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States; Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Joseph R Patterson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Alana O'Mara
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States; Undergraduate Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Reid Yonkers
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States; Undergraduate Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- Dept. of Neurological Science, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Center on Neurodegeneration, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
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