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Ferraro MG, Piccolo M, Misso G, Santamaria R, Irace C. Bioactivity and Development of Small Non-Platinum Metal-Based Chemotherapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050954. [PMID: 35631543 PMCID: PMC9147010 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Countless expectations converge in the multidisciplinary endeavour for the search and development of effective and safe drugs in fighting cancer. Although they still embody a minority of the pharmacological agents currently in clinical use, metal-based complexes have great yet unexplored potential, which probably hides forthcoming anticancer drugs. Following the historical success of cisplatin and congeners, but also taking advantage of conventional chemotherapy limitations that emerged with applications in the clinic, the design and development of non-platinum metal-based chemotherapeutics, either as drugs or prodrugs, represents a rapidly evolving field wherein candidate compounds can be fine-tuned to access interactions with druggable biological targets. Moving in this direction, over the last few decades platinum family metals, e.g., ruthenium and palladium, have been largely proposed. Indeed, transition metals and molecular platforms where they originate are endowed with unique chemical and biological features based on, but not limited to, redox activity and coordination geometries, as well as ligand selection (including their inherent reactivity and bioactivity). Herein, current applications and progress in metal-based chemoth are reviewed. Converging on the recent literature, new attractive chemotherapeutics based on transition metals other than platinum—and their bioactivity and mechanisms of action—are examined and discussed. A special focus is committed to anticancer agents based on ruthenium, palladium, rhodium, and iridium, but also to gold derivatives, for which more experimental data are nowadays available. Next to platinum-based agents, ruthenium-based candidate drugs were the first to reach the stage of clinical evaluation in humans, opening new scenarios for the development of alternative chemotherapeutic options to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Ferraro
- BioChemLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.G.F.); (M.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Marialuisa Piccolo
- BioChemLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.G.F.); (M.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Gabriella Misso
- Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (C.I.)
| | - Rita Santamaria
- BioChemLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.G.F.); (M.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Carlo Irace
- BioChemLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.G.F.); (M.P.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (C.I.)
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2
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Lu Y, Zhu D, Gui L, Li Y, Wang W, Liu J, Wang Y. A dual-targeting ruthenium nanodrug that inhibits primary tumor growth and lung metastasis via the PARP/ATM pathway. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:115. [PMID: 33892746 PMCID: PMC8063440 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00799-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies have found that ruthenium complexes possess unique biochemical characteristics and inhibit tumor growth or metastasis. Results Here, we report the novel dual-targeting ruthenium candidate 2b, which has both antitumor and antimetastatic properties and targets tumor sites through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and transferrin/transferrin receptor (TF/TFR) interaction. The candidate 2b is composed of ruthenium-complexed carboline acid and four chloride ions. In vitro, 2b triggered DNA cleavage and thus blocked cell cycle progression and induced apoptosis via the PARP/ATM pathway. In vivo,2b inhibited not only Lewis lung cancer (LLC) tumor growth but also lung metastasis. We detected apoptosis and decreased CD31 expression in tumor tissues, and ruthenium accumulated in the primary tumor tissue of C57BL/6 mice implanted with LLC cells. Conclusions Thus, we conclude that 2b targets tumors, inhibits tumor growth and prevents lung metastasis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Gui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanming Li
- Minimally Invasive Tumor Therapies Center, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawang Liu
- Medicinal Chemistry Core, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 579 College of Pharmacy Building, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Yuji Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.
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Ganeshpandian M, Palaniandavar M, Muruganantham A, Ghosh SK, Riyasdeen A, Akbarsha MA. Ruthenium(II)–arene complexes of diimines: Effect of diimine intercalation and hydrophobicity on DNA and protein binding and cytotoxicity. Appl Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mani Ganeshpandian
- School of ChemistryBharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli 620 024 Tamil Nadu India
| | | | - Amsaveni Muruganantham
- Theoretical Chemistry Section, Bhabha Atomic Research CentreHomi Bhabha National Institute Mumbai 400 085 India
| | - Swapan K. Ghosh
- Theoretical Chemistry Section, Bhabha Atomic Research CentreHomi Bhabha National Institute Mumbai 400 085 India
| | - Anvarbatcha Riyasdeen
- Mahatma Gandhi‐Doerenkamp Center for Alternatives to Use of Animals in Life Science EducationBharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli 620 024 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Mohammad Abdulkader Akbarsha
- Mahatma Gandhi‐Doerenkamp Center for Alternatives to Use of Animals in Life Science EducationBharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli 620 024 Tamil Nadu India
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Jeyalakshmi K, Haribabu J, Balachandran C, Bhuvanesh NSP, Emi N, Karvembu R. Synthesis of Ru(ii)–benzene complexes containing aroylthiourea ligands, and their binding with biomolecules and in vitro cytotoxicity through apoptosis. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03099h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ru(ii)(η6-benzene) complexes containing sulfur donor monodentate aroylthiourea ligands have been synthesized and evaluated for their biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jebiti Haribabu
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Tiruchirappalli 620015
- India
| | | | | | - Nobuhiko Emi
- Department of Hematology
- Fujita Health University
- Toyoake
- Japan
| | - Ramasamy Karvembu
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Tiruchirappalli 620015
- India
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5
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Matsui T, Sugiyama H, Nakai M, Nakabayashi Y. DNA Interaction and Cytotoxicity of Cyclometalated Ruthenium(II) Complexes as Potential Anticancer Drugs. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:282-6. [PMID: 26936054 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the anticancer activity of the cyclometalated ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(bpy)2(C^N)]Cl, we have studied the interaction of these complexes using calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) and cytotoxicity assays with two tumor (L1210 and HeLa) and a non-tumor (BALB/3T3 clone A31) cell lines. It is suggested that the complexes act as intercalators and/or DNA minor groove binders. Moreover, the complexes display favorable cytotoxicity activities with L1210 and HeLa, which in all cases were significantly more favorable than cisplatin. In contrast, the complexes exhibit appreciably lower cytotoxicity toward BALB/3T3 clone A31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Matsui
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University
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6
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Chatterjee D, van Eldik R. Polyaminecarboxylateruthenium(III) complexes on the mosaic of bioinorganic reactions. Kinetic and mechanistic impact. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396462-5.00006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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7
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Savić A, Dulović M, Poljarević JM, Misirlić-Denčić S, Jovanović M, Bogdanović A, Trajković V, Sabo TJ, Grgurić-Šipka S, Marković I. Synthesis and in vitro Anticancer Activity of Ruthenium-Cymene Complexes with Cyclohexyl-Functionalized Ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetate-Type Ligands. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1884-91. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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8
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Chatterjee D, Pal U, Ghosh S, van Eldik R. Redox reactions of a RuIII-edta complex with thioamino acids. Kinetic and mechanistic studies. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:1302-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01444c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Thota S, Karki SS, Jayaveera K, Balzarini J, Clercq ED. Synthesis, characterization, antitumor, and cytotoxic activity of mononuclear Ru(II) complexes. J COORD CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2010.534140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sreekanth Thota
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , S.R. College of Pharmacy , Ananthasagar, Warangal – 506371 , Andhrapradesh , India
| | - Subhas Somalingappa Karki
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, College of Pharmacy , 2nd Block, Rajajinagar, Bangalore – 560010 , Karnataka , India
| | - K.N. Jayaveera
- c Department of Chemistry , JNTU Oil Technological Research Institute , Anantapur – 515001, Andhrapradesh , India
| | - Jan Balzarini
- d Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- d Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
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Golfeto CC, Poelhsitz GV, Selistre-de-Araújo HS, Araujo MPD, Ellena J, Castellano EE, Lopes LG, Moreira IS, Batista AA. Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxic activities of the [RuCl2(NO)(dppp)(L)]PF6 complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2010; 104:489-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Liu YJ, Liang ZH, Li ZZ, Zeng CH, Yao JH, Huang HL, Wu FH. 2-(3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolinoruthenium(II) complexes: synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, DNA-binding and antioxidant activity. Biometals 2010; 23:739-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Thota S, Karki SS, Jayaveera KN, Balzarini J, Clercq ED. Synthesis, antineoplastic and cytotoxic activities of some mononuclear Ru(II) complexes. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 25:513-9. [DOI: 10.3109/14756360903357577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sreekanth Thota
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, S.R. College of Pharmacy, Ananthasagar, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Subhas S. Karki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLES College of Pharmacy, Rajajinagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - K. N. Jayaveera
- Department of Chemistry, JNTU College of Engineering, Ananthapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Reasearch, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Reasearch, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Corral E, Hotze ACG, den Dulk H, Leczkowska A, Rodger A, Hannon MJ, Reedijk J. Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes and their modes of interaction with DNA: is there a correlation between these interactions and the antitumor activity of the compounds? J Biol Inorg Chem 2008; 14:439-48. [PMID: 19085018 PMCID: PMC3036821 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-008-0460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Various interaction modes between a group of six ruthenium polypyridyl complexes and DNA have been studied using a number of spectroscopic techniques. Five mononuclear species were selected with formula [Ru(tpy)L1L2](2−n)+, and one closely related dinuclear cation of formula [{Ru(apy)(tpy)}2{μ-H2N(CH2)6NH2}]4+. The ligand tpy is 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine and the ligand L1 is a bidentate ligand, namely, apy (2,2′-azobispyridine), 2-phenylazopyridine, or 2-phenylpyridinylmethylene amine. The ligand L2 is a labile monodentate ligand, being Cl−, H2O, or CH3CN. All six species containing a labile L2 were found to be able to coordinate to the DNA model base 9-ethylguanine by 1H NMR and mass spectrometry. The dinuclear cationic species, which has no positions available for coordination to a DNA base, was studied for comparison purposes. The interactions between a selection of four representative complexes and calf-thymus DNA were studied by circular and linear dichroism. To explore a possible relation between DNA-binding ability and toxicity, all compounds were screened for anticancer activity in a variety of cancer cell lines, showing in some cases an activity which is comparable to that of cisplatin. Comparison of the details of the compound structures, their DNA binding, and their toxicity allows the exploration of structure–activity relationships that might be used to guide optimization of the activity of agents of this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Corral
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Mazumder UK, Gupta M, Bhattacharya S, Karki SS, Rathinasamy S, Thangavel S. Antineoplastic and Antibacterial Activity of some Mononuclear Ru(II) Complexes. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 19:185-92. [PMID: 15449735 DOI: 10.1080/14756360310001650192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
These ligands (L) show a bidentate behavior, forming octahedral ruthenium complexes. The title complexes were subjected to in-vivo anticancer activity tests against a transplantable murine tumor cell line, Ehrlich's Ascitic Carcinoma (EAC) and in-vitro antibacterial activity against several Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains. [Ru(bpy)2(ihqs)]Cl2 and [Ru(bpy)2 (hc)]Cl2 (where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, ihqs = 7-iodo-8hydroxy quinoline-5-sulphonic acid and hc = 3-hydroxy coumarin) showed promising antitumor activity. Treatment with these complexes prolonged the life span of EAC bearing mice as well as decreased their tumor volume and viable ascitic cell count. All the tested complexes exhibited mild to moderate antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upal Kanti Mazumder
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
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15
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Tan C, Liu J, Chen L, Shi S, Ji L. Synthesis, structural characteristics, DNA binding properties and cytotoxicity studies of a series of Ru(III) complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:1644-53. [PMID: 18468690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Karki SS, Thota S, Darj SY, Balzarini J, De Clercq E. Synthesis, anticancer, and cytotoxic activities of some mononuclear Ru(II) compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:6632-41. [PMID: 17765549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2007] [Revised: 08/11/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of ruthenium compounds (Ru1-Ru12) of the type [Ru(S)(2)(K)], (where S=1,10-phenanthroline/2,2'-bipyridine and K=itsz, MeO-btsz, 4-Cl-btsz, 2-Cl-btsz, 2-F-btsz, hfc and itsz=isatin-3-thiosemicarbazone, MeO-btsz=1-(4'-methoxy-benzyl)-thiosemicarbazone, hfc=2-{[3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenylimino]methyl}phenol, 4-Cl-btsz=1-(4'-chlorobenzyl)-thiosemicarbazone, 2-Cl-btsz=1-(2'-chloro benzyl)-thiosemicarbazone, 2-F-btsz=1-(2'-fluorobenzyl)-thiosemicarbazone) are described. These ligands form bidentate octahedral ruthenium compounds. The title compounds were subjected to in vivo anticancer activity against a transplantable murine tumor cell line Ehrlich's Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) and in vitro cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell line Molt 4/C8, CEM and murine tumor cell line L1210. Ruthenium compounds (Ru1-Ru12) showed promising biological activity especially in decreasing tumor volume and viable ascites cell counts. Treatment with these compounds prolonged the life span of mice bearing EAC tumor by 10-43%. In vitro evaluation of these ruthenium compounds revealed cytotoxic activity from 0.24 to 27 microM against Molt 4/C8, 0.27 to 48 microM against CEM, and 0.94 to 248 microM against L1210. Their ligands alone failed to show cytotoxic activity at the concentrations tested (68-405 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhas S Karki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLES College of Pharmacy, 2nd Block, Rajajinagar, Bangalore 560010, Karnataka, India.
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Habtemariam A, Melchart M, Fernandez R, Parsons S, Oswald IDH, Parkin A, Fabbiani FPA, Davidson JE, Dawson A, Aird RE, Jodrell DI, Sadler PJ. Structure-activity relationships for cytotoxic ruthenium(II) arene complexes containing N,N-, N,O-, and O,O-chelating ligands. J Med Chem 2007; 49:6858-68. [PMID: 17154516 DOI: 10.1021/jm060596m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report structure-activity relationships for organometallic RuII complexes of the type [(eta6-arene)Ru(XY)Cl]Z, where XY is an N,N- (diamine), N,O- (e.g., amino acidate), or O,O- (e.g., beta-diketonate) chelating ligand, the arene ranges from benzene derivatives to fused polycyclic hydrocarbons, and Z is usually PF6. The X-ray structures of 13 complexes are reported. All have the characteristic "piano-stool" geometry. The complexes most active toward A2780 human ovarian cancer cells contained XY=ethylenediamine (en) and extended polycyclic arenes. Complexes with polar substituents on the arene or XY=bipyridyl derivatives exhibited reduced activity. The activity of the O,O-chelated complexes depended strongly on the substituents and on the arene. For arene=p-cymene, XY=amino acidate complexes were inactive. Complexes were not cross-resistant with cisplatin, and cross-resistance to Adriamycin was circumvented by replacing XY=en with 1,2-phenylenediamine. Some complexes were also active against colon, pancreatic, and lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraha Habtemariam
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK, and University of Edinburgh Centre for Cancer Research, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
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18
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Vilaplana RA, Delmani F, Manteca C, Torreblanca J, Moreno J, García-Herdugo G, González-Vílchez F. Synthesis, interaction with double-helical DNA and biological activity of the water soluble complex cis-dichloro-1,2-propylenediamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetato ruthenium (III) (RAP). J Inorg Biochem 2006; 100:1834-41. [PMID: 16959320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects exerted by the new complex cis-dichloro-1,2-propylenediaminetetraacetato ruthenium (III), H[RuCl(2)(PDTA-H(2))] [1, RAP], on DNA and cultured tumor cells (ovarian carcinoma TG cell line) were studied. The comparative study of circular dichroism (CD) spectra obtained from DNA and RAP-DNA system evidences the interaction of the complex with DNA. Compound 1 also interacted with tumor TG cells to slow their proliferation rate. BrdU incorporation was enhanced in cells treated with compound 1, as evidenced by a single-cell electrophoresis method (comet assay), in accordance with RAP-induced DNA damage. DNA migration of compound 1-treated cells was similar to that induced by noxious agents other than cross-linking chemicals. The stability of [RuCl(2)(PDTA-H(2))]-DNA binding is suggested by the high degree of damage that persisted after removal of compound 1 from the culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario A Vilaplana
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Laboratorio de Química Bioinorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, 41071 Sevilla, Spain
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19
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Mazumder UK, Gupta M, Karki SS, Bhattacharya S, Rathinasamy S, Sivakumar T. Synthesis and pharmacological activities of some mononuclear Ru(II) complexes. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5766-73. [PMID: 15982893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2005] [Revised: 05/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of mononuclear Ru(II) complexes of the type [Ru(M)2(U)]2+, where M = 2,2'-bipyridine/1,10-phenanthroline and U = tpl (Ru1), 4-Cl-tpl (Ru2), 4-CH3-tpl (Ru3), 4-CH3O-tpl (Ru4), and 4-NO2-tpl (Ru5), -pai (Ru6), where tpl = thiopicolinanilide and pai = 2-phenyl-azo-imidazole, have been prepared and characterized by IR, UV-Vis, 1H NMR, 13C-NMR, FAB-Mass spectrophotometer, and elemental analysis. The complexes display metal-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions in the visible region. The title complexes were subjected to in vivo anticancer activity tests against a transplantable murine tumor cell line, Ehrlich's ascitic carcinoma (EAC) and in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms. Ru1-Ru6 were found to increase the life span of the tumor hosts by 19-52%, and decreased tumor volume and viable ascitic cell count. The results of the present study clearly demonstrated the tumor inhibitory activity of the ruthenium chelates against transplantable murine tumor cell line. The treatment with ruthenium complexes could be secondary to tumor regression or due to the action of the compounds itself. The significant antibacterial activity was observed for Ru1-Ru4 against microorganisms like Vibrio cholera 865, Staphylococcus aureus 6571, and Shigella flexneri as compared to that of standard drug chloramphenical. Ru5 showed moderate activity against S. aureus 8530. However, all the complexes fail to show significant antibacterial activity against V. cholera 14033 and Shigella sonnai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upal K Mazumder
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India.
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Yan YK, Melchart M, Habtemariam A, Sadler PJ. Organometallic chemistry, biology and medicine: ruthenium arene anticancer complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:4764-76. [PMID: 16193110 DOI: 10.1039/b508531b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 651] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Our work has shown that certain ruthenium(II) arene complexes exhibit promising anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo. The complexes are stable and water-soluble, and their frameworks provide considerable scope for optimising the design, both in terms of their biological activity and for minimising side-effects by variations in the arene and the other coordinated ligands. Initial studies on amino acids and nucleotides suggest that kinetic and thermodynamic control over a wide spectrum of reactions of Ru(II) arene complexes with biomolecules can be achieved. These Ru(II) arene complexes appear to have an altered profile of biological activity in comparison with metal-based anticancer complexes currently in clinical use or on clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw Kai Yan
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, UK
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Fortney CF, Geib SJ, Lin FT, Shepherd RE. Synthesis and characterization of [Ru(NO)(bpp)Cl·2H2O] [bpp=N,N′-bis(2-pyridinecarboxamide)-1,3-propane dianion] and [Ru(NO)(bpe)Cl·2H2O] [bpe=N,N′-bis(2-pyridinecarboxamide)-1,2-ethane dianion]. Inorganica Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2004.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Shoukry MM, Shehata MR, Hamza MSA, van Eldik R. Equilibrium, kinetic and solvent effect studies on the reactions of [RuIII(Hedta)(H2O)] with thiols. Dalton Trans 2005:3921-6. [PMID: 16311647 DOI: 10.1039/b510553f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of [Ru(III)(edta)(H(2)O)](-) with a series of selected thiols having extra functional groups was investigated potentiometrically and kinetically. The pK(a) values of the uncoordinated carboxylic acid group and coordinated water molecule are 3.12 and 7.41, respectively, in aqueous solution at 25 degrees C and 0.1 M ionic strength. The formation constants of the complexes were determined in the pH range 3-9, and the concentration distribution of the various complex species was evaluated as a function of pH. The effect of dioxane on the pK(a) values of [Ru(III)(Hedta)(H(2)O)] and the formation constants of the corresponding thiol complexes is presented. The study also provides mechanistic information on the reaction of [Ru(III)(edta)(H(2)O)](-) with the thiols. The low values of DeltaH(not equal) and negative values of DeltaS(not equal) and DeltaV(not equal) for the substitution reactions of [Ru(III)(edta)(H(2)O)](-) clearly support the associative character of the substitution process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Shoukry
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Egger A, Arion VB, Reisner E, Cebrián-Losantos B, Shova S, Trettenhahn G, Keppler BK. Reactions of Potent Antitumor Complex trans-[RuIIICl4(indazole)2]- with a DNA-Relevant Nucleobase and Thioethers: Insight into Biological Action. Inorg Chem 2004; 44:122-32. [PMID: 15627368 DOI: 10.1021/ic048967h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of the complex trans-[RuCl(4)(Hind)(2)](-) (Hind = indazole), which is of clinical relevance today, with both the DNA model nucleobase 9-methyladenine (made) and the thioethers R(2)S (R = Me, Et), as models of the methionine residue in biological molecules possibly acting as nitrogen-competing sulfur-donor ligands for ruthenium atom, have been investigated to get insight into details of mechanism leading to antitumor activity. Three novel ruthenium complexes, viz., [Ru(III)Cl(3)(Hind)(2)(made)], 1, [Ru(II)Cl(2)(Hind)(2)(Me(2)S)(2)], 2, and [Ru(II)Cl(2)(Hind)(2)(Et(2)S)(2)], 3, have been isolated as solids. Oxidation of 2 and 3 with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of 12 M HCl in chloroform afforded the monothioether adducts, viz., [Ru(III)Cl(3)(Hind)(2)(Me(2)S)], 4, and [Ru(III)Cl(3)(Hind)(2)(Et(2)S)], 5. By dissolution of 2 or 3 in DMSO, replacement of both R(2)S ligands by DMSO molecules occurred with isolation of trans,trans,trans-[Ru(II)Cl(2)(Hind)(2)(DMSO)(2)], 6. The products were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV-vis, electrospray mass spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry, and X-ray crystallography (1.CH(2)Cl(2).CH(3)OH and 1.1.1H(2)O.0.9CH(3)OH, 2, and 5). The first crystallographic evidence for the monofunctional coordination of the 9-methyladenine ligand to ruthenium via N7 and the self-pairing of the complex molecules via H-bonding, using the usual Watson-Crick pairing donor and acceptor sites of two adjacent 9-methyladenine ligands, is reported. The electrochemical behavior of 1-5 has been studied in DMF and DMSO by cyclic voltammetry. The redox potential values have been interpreted on the basis of the Lever's parametrization method. The E(L) parameter was estimated for 9-methyladenine at 0.18 V, showing that this ligand behaves as a weaker net electron donor than imidazole (E(L) = 0.12 V). The kinetics of the reductively induced stepwise replacement of chlorides by DMF in 4 and 5 were studied by digital simulation of the cyclic voltammograms. The rate constant k(1) has been determined as 0.9 +/- 0.1 s(-)(1), which obeys the first-order rate law, while k(2) is concentration dependent (0.2 +/- 0.1 M(1)(-)(n)().s(-)(1) with n > 1 for 4 mM solutions of 4 and 5), indicating higher-order reactions mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Egger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Synthesis and characterization of a new {RuNO}6 complex, [Ru(NO)(bpb)Cl] (bpb=N,N′-bis(2-pyridinecarboxamide)-1,2-benzene dianion). INORG CHEM COMMUN 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2004.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Shepherd RE, Slocik JM, Stringfield TW, Somayajula KV, Amoscato AA. Electrospray mass spectrometry of cis-[Ru(NO)Cl(bpy)2]2+ (bpy=2,2′-bipyridine): fragmentation from desolvated {[Ru(NO)Cl(bpy)2]2+, Cl−}+ ion pairs by electron transfer and internal Lewis base pathways. Inorganica Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2003.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mazumder UK, Gupta M, Karki SS, Bhattacharya S, Rathinasamy S, Thangavel S. Synthesis, Anticancer and Antibacterial Activity of Some Novel Mononuclear Ru(II) Complexes. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2004; 52:178-85. [PMID: 14758001 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.52.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In search of potential anticancer drug candidates in ruthenium complexes, a series of mononuclear ruthenium complexes of the type [Ru(phen)(2)(nmit)]Cl(2) (Ru1), [Ru(bpy)(2)(nmit)]Cl(2) (Ru2), [Ru(phen)(2)(icpl)]Cl(2) (Ru3), Ru(bpy)(2)(icpl)]Cl(2) (Ru4) (phen=1,10-phenanthroline; bpy=2,2'-bipyridine; nmit=N-methyl-isatin-3-thiosemicarbazone, icpl=isatin-3-(4-Cl-phenyl)thiosemicarbazone) and [Ru(phen)(2)(aze)]Cl(2) (Ru5), [Ru(bpy)(2)(aze)]Cl(2) (Ru6) (aze=acetazolamide) and [Ru(phen)(2)(R-tsc)](ClO(4))(2) (R=methyl (Ru7), ethyl (Ru8), cyclohexyl (Ru9), 4-Cl-phenyl (10), 4-Br-phenyl (Ru11), and 4-EtO-phenyl (Ru12), tsc=thiosemicarbazone) were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, (1)H-NMR and FAB-MS. Effect of these complexes on the growth of a transplantable murine tumor cell line (Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma) and their antibacterial activity were studied. In cancer study the effect of hematological profile of the tumor hosts have also been studied. In the cancer study, the complexes Ru1-Ru4, Ru10 and Ru11 have remarkably decreased the tumor volume and viable ascitic cell count as indicated by trypan blue dye exclusion test (p<0.05). Treatment with the ruthenium complexes prolonged the lifespan of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) bearing mice. Tumor inhibition by the ruthenium chelates was followed by improvements in hemoglobin, RBC and WBC values. All the complexes showed antibacterial activity, except Ru5 and Ru6. Thus, the results suggest that these ruthenium complexes have significant antitumor property and antibacterial activity. The results also reflect that the drug does not adversely affect the hematological profiles as compared to that of cisplatin on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upal Kanti Mazumder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Japan
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Hotze ACG, Bacac M, Velders AH, Jansen BAJ, Kooijman H, Spek AL, Haasnoot JG, Reedijk J. New cytotoxic and water-soluble bis(2-phenylazopyridine)ruthenium(II) complexes. J Med Chem 2003; 46:1743-50. [PMID: 12699392 DOI: 10.1021/jm021110e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New water-soluble bis(2-phenylazopyridine)ruthenium(II) complexes, all derivatives of the highly cytotoxic alpha-[Ru(azpy)(2)Cl(2)] (alpha denoting the coordinating pairs Cl, N(py), and N(azo) as cis, trans, cis, respectively) have been developed. The compounds 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylatobis(2-phenylazopyridine)ruthenium(II), alpha-[Ru(azpy)(2)(cbdca-O,O')] (1), oxalatobis(2-phenylazopyridine)ruthenium(II), alpha-[Ru(azpy)(2)(ox)] (2), and malonatobis(2-phenylazopyridine)ruthenium(II), alpha-[Ru(azpy)(2)(mal)] (3), have been synthesized and fully characterized. X-ray analyses of 1 and 2 are reported, and compound 1 is the first example in which the cbdca ligand is coordinated to a ruthenium center. The cytotoxicity of this series of water-soluble bis(2-phenylazopyridine) complexes has been determined in A2780 human ovarian carcinoma and A2780cisR, the corresponding cisplatin-resistant cell line. For comparison reasons, the cytotoxicity of the complexes alpha-[Ru(azpy)(2)Cl(2)], alpha-[Ru(azpy)(2)(NO(3))(2)], beta-[Ru(azpy)(2)Cl(2)] (beta indicating the coordinating pairs Cl, N(py), and N(azo) as cis, cis, cis, respectively), and beta-[Ru(azpy)(2)(NO(3))(2)] have been determined in this cell line. All the bis(2-phenylazopyridine)ruthenium(II) compounds display a promising cytotoxicity in the A2780 cell line (IC(50) = 0.9-10 microM), with an activity comparable to that of cisplatin and even higher than the activity of carboplatin. Interestingly, the IC(50) values of this series of ruthenium compounds (except the beta isomeric compounds) are similar in the cisplatin-resistant A2780cisR cell line compared to the normal cell line A2780, suggesting that the activity of these compounds might not be influenced by the multifactorial resistance mechanism that affect platinum anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C G Hotze
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Chen H, Parkinson JA, Parsons S, Coxall RA, Gould RO, Sadler PJ. Organometallic ruthenium(II) diamine anticancer complexes: arene-nucleobase stacking and stereospecific hydrogen-bonding in guanine adducts. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:3064-82. [PMID: 11902898 DOI: 10.1021/ja017482e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Organometallic ruthenium(II) arene anticancer complexes of the type [(eta(6)-arene)Ru(II)(en)Cl][PF(6)] (en = ethylenediamine) specifically target guanine bases of DNA oligomers and form monofunctional adducts (Morris, R., et al. J. Med. Chem. 2001). We have determined the structures of monofunctional adducts of the "piano-stool" complexes [(eta(6)-Bip)Ru(II)(en)Cl][PF(6)] (1, Bip = biphenyl), [(eta(6)-THA)Ru(II)(en)Cl][PF(6)] (2, THA = 5,8,9,10-tetrahydroanthracene), and [(eta(6)-DHA)Ru(II)(en)Cl][PF(6)] (3, DHA = 9,10-dihydroanthracene) with guanine derivatives, in the solid state by X-ray crystallography, and in solution using 2D [(1)H,(1)H] NOESY and [(1)H,(15)N] HSQC NMR methods. Strong pi-pi arene-nucleobase stacking is present in the crystal structures of [(eta(6)-C(14)H(14))Ru(en)(9EtG-N7)][PF(6)](2).(MeOH) (6) and [(eta(6)-C(14)H(12))Ru(en)(9EtG-N7)][PF(6)](2).2(MeOH) (7) (9EtG = 9-ethylguanine). The anthracene outer ring (C) stacks over the purine base at distances of 3.45 A for 6 and 3.31 A for 7, with dihedral angles of 3.3 degrees and 3.1 degrees, respectively. In the crystal structure of [(eta(6)-biphenyl)Ru(en)(9EtG-N7)][PF(6)](2).(MeOH) (4), there is intermolecular stacking between the pendant phenyl ring and the purine six-membered ring at a distance of 4.0 A (dihedral angle 4.5 degrees). This stacking stabilizes a cyclic tetramer structure in the unit cell. The guanosine (Guo) adduct [(eta(6)-biphenyl)Ru(en)(Guo-N7)][PF(6)](2).3.75(H(2)O) (5) exhibits intramolecular stacking of the pendant phenyl ring with the purine five-membered ring (3.8 A, 23.8 degrees) and intermolecular stacking of the purine six-membered ring with an adjacent pendant phenyl ring (4.2 A, 23.0 degrees). These occur alternately giving a columnar-type structure. A syn orientation of arene and purine is present in the crystal structures 5, 6, and 7, while the orientation is anti for 4. However, in solution, a syn orientation predominates for all the biphenyl adducts 4, 5, and the guanosine 5'-monophosphate (5'-GMP) adduct 8 [(eta(6)-biphenyl)Ru(II)(en)(5'-GMP-N7)], as revealed by NMR NOE studies. The predominance of the syn orientation both in the solid state and in solution can be attributed to hydrophobic interactions between the arene and purine rings. There are significant reorientations and conformational changes of the arene ligands in [(eta(6)-arene)Ru(II)(en)(G-N7)] complexes in the solid state, with respect to those of the parent chloro-complexes [(eta(6)-arene)Ru(II)(en)Cl](+). The arene ligands have flexibility through rotation around the arene-Ru pi-bonds, propeller twisting for Bip, and hinge-bending for THA and DHA. Thus propeller twisting of Bip decreases by ca. 10 degrees so as to maximize intra- or intermolecular stacking with the purine ring, and stacking of THA and DHA with the purine is optimized when their tricyclic ring systems are bent by ca. 30 degrees, which involves increased bending of THA and a flattening of DHA. This flexibility makes simultaneous arene-base stacking and N7-covalent binding compatible. Strong stereospecific intramolecular H-bonding between an en NH proton oriented away from the arene (en NH(d)) and the C6 carbonyl of G (G O6) is present in the crystal structures of 4, 5, 6, and 7 (average N...O distance 2.8 A, N-H...O angle 163 degrees ). NMR studies of the 5'-GMP adduct 8 provided evidence that en NH(d) protons are involved in strong H-bonding with the 5'-phosphate and O6 of 5'-GMP. The strong H-bonding from G O6 to en NH(d) protons partly accounts for the high preference for binding of [(eta(6)-arene)Ru(II)en](2+) to G versus A (adenine). These studies suggest that simultaneous covalent coordination, intercalation, and stereospecific H-bonding can be incorporated into Ru(II) arene complexes to optimize their DNA recognition behavior, and as potential drug design features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K
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Chatterjee D, Mitra A, Hamza MSA, van Eldik R. The substitution mechanism of [Ruiii(edta)(H2O)]− with DNA bases, nucleoside and nucleotides in aqueous solution revisited. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1039/b108232a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Morris RE, Aird RE, Murdoch PDS, Chen H, Cummings J, Hughes ND, Parsons S, Parkin A, Boyd G, Jodrell DI, Sadler PJ. Inhibition of cancer cell growth by ruthenium(II) arene complexes. J Med Chem 2001; 44:3616-21. [PMID: 11606126 DOI: 10.1021/jm010051m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the growth of the human ovarian cancer cell line A2780 by organometallic ruthenium(II) complexes of the type [(eta(6)-arene)Ru(X)(Y)(Z)], where arene is benzene or substituted benzene, X, Y, and Z are halide, acetonitrile, or isonicotinamide, or X,Y is ethylenediamine (en) or N-ethylethylenediamine, has been investigated. The X-ray crystal structures of the complexes [(eta(6)-p-cymene)Ru(en)Cl]PF(6) (5), [(eta(6)-p-cymene)RuCl(2)(isonicotinamide)] (7), and [(eta(6)-biphenyl)Ru(en)Cl]PF(6) (9) are reported. They have "piano stool" geometries with eta(6) coordination of the arene ligand. Complexes with X,Y as a chelated en ligand and Z as a monofunctional leaving group had the highest activity. Complexes 5, 6 (the iodo analogue of 5), 9, and 10 (ethylethylenediamine analogue of 9) were as active as carboplatin. Hydrolysis of the reactive Ru-Cl bond in complex 5 was detected by HPLC but was suppressed by the addition of chloride ions. Complex 5 binds strongly and selectively to G bases on DNA oligonucleotides to form monofunctional adducts. No inhibition of topoisomerase I or II by complexes 5, 6, or 9 was detected. These chelated Ru(II) arene complexes have potential as novel metal-based anticancer agents with a mechanism of action different from that of the Ru(III) complex currently on clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K
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Coordination of Ru(NO)Cl3 to the tripeptides glyglygly and glyglyhis: N-terminal amine–amide and C-terminal imidazole–amide functionalities in bidentate chelation. Inorganica Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)00309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kortes RA, Geib SJ, Lin FT, Shepherd RE. Crystal and Molecular Structure of a Potential DNA Groove-Spanning Chelate: [MV][Pt(2)(hdta)Cl(2)].4H(2)O (MV(2+) = 1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium, hdta(4)(-) = 1,6-Hexanediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate). Inorg Chem 1999; 38:5045-5052. [PMID: 11671249 DOI: 10.1021/ic990123o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Light yellow crystals of [MV][Pt(2)(hdta)Cl(2)].4H(2)O (1) (MV(2+) = 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium, hdta(4)(-) = 1,6-hexanediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate) were examined by X-ray diffraction. A 0.08 x 0.24 x 0.24 nm crystal was shown to have space group C2/c, having unit cell dimensions of a = 22.757(5) Å, b = 13.566(3) Å, and c = 12.120(2) Å and unit cell angles of alpha = gamma = 90 degrees and beta = 109.07(3) degrees with Z = 4. A total of 3195 independent reflections were refined to R = 0.0454. Each Pt(II) site has the anticipated NO(2)Cl square-planar mer coordination. The Pt-N(1) distance (N(1) is the N donor of the hdta(4)(-) ligand) is 2.001(9) Å, only slightly shorter than typical Pt-N distances (2.04-2.09 Å) for sp(3) donors. The Pt-O distances to the coordinated glycinato donors in 1 are 2.012(7) and 2.000(8) Å, values very similar to those of trans-[Pt(gly)(2)] (gly = glycinate). The Pt-Cl distance of 2.310(3) Å is in the range of 2.27-2.32 Å observed for other Pt(II)-Cl(-) bonds. The bond angles are close to the ideal 90 degrees or 180 degrees value: angleN-Pt-O = 85.4(3) degrees and 83.2(4) degrees; angleN-Pt-Cl = 176.6(2) degrees. The [Pt(2)(hdta)Cl(2)](2)(-) units are packed in an end-to-end fashion such that the [Pt(II)(iminodiacetate)Cl] headgroups are overlapping. This provides square-planar to square-planar stacking of the headgroups. (1)H and (13)C NMR data are presented which show that the [Pt(2)(hdta)Cl(2)](2)(-) coordination of the solid state is maintained in solution. The coordinated glycinato arms of [Pt(2)(hdta)Cl(2)](2)(-) are equivalent, exhibiting only one AB pattern in the (1)H NMR (H(a), 4.31 ppm; H(b), 3.89 ppm; J(ab) = 16.1 Hz) and one type of coordinated carboxylate ((13)C NMR resonance at 189.7 ppm). Time-dependent (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra show that inosine first displaces only Cl(-) in [Pt(2)(hdta)Cl(2)](2)(-) in solutions up to one inosine per Pt(II) center. A higher concentration of inosines (Ino) results in the displacement of one of the glycinato arms, detectable at 175.0 ppm by (13)C NMR. The sequential nature and binding of two Ino ligands, necessarily cis in [Pt(2)(hdta)(Ino)(4)], mimics the steps necessary to allow major groove-spanning ligation of DNA in the manner of the Farrell-type binuclear platinum(II) amine complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Kortes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
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Clarke MJ, Zhu F, Frasca DR. Non-platinum chemotherapeutic metallopharmaceuticals. Chem Rev 1999; 99:2511-34. [PMID: 11749489 DOI: 10.1021/cr9804238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 778] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Clarke
- Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467
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Chatterjee D, Ward MS, Shepherd RE. Detection of N-3 and N-7-coordinated [RuII(edta)(5′-GMP)]4− complexes and the N-1 protonation equilibrium of the RuIII derivative. Inorganica Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(98)00342-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Jolley J, Campbell CJ, Castineiras A, Yanovsky AI, Nolan KB. Reactions of N,N′-dicarboxamido-N,N′-dicarboxymethyl-1,2-diaminoethane (EDTA–diamide) with hydrated ruthenium(III) chloride and potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II). Crystal and molecular structures of the pentadentate EDTA–H complex NH4[Ru(EDTA–H)Cl] · 2H2O and the EDTA–imide complex PtCl2[2(HOOCCH2)NCH2CH2NCH2CONHCOCH2] · 2H2O. Polyhedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0277-5387(98)00266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gonzalez Vilchez F, Vilaplana R, Blasco G, Messori L. Solution studies of the antitumor complex dichloro 1,2-propylendiaminetetraacetate ruthenium (III) and of its interactions with proteins. J Inorg Biochem 1998; 71:45-51. [PMID: 9755491 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(98)10031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A mixed complex of ruthenium (III) with 1,2-propylendiaminetetraacetate (PDTA) and chloride--RAP hereafter--has been found to exhibit favorable anticancer properties in vivo. To get some insight into the possible mechanism of action of this ruthenium (III) complex, its solution behavior and reactivity with proteins were investigated through absorption, circular dichroism and 1H NMR spectroscopies. Under physiological conditions RAP slowly looses the two coordinated chlorine atoms to produce a number of ruthenium (III) reactive species; a description of the distribution of these species on the dependence of pH has been obtained through 1H NMR studies of the hyperfine shifted signals. Remarkably, through the different solution conditions employed in this study, the ruthenium ion always remains in the 3+ oxidation state and the PDTA ligand is always bound to the metal. Upon reaction with albumin, apotransferrin or diferric transferrin, at a 1:1 ratio, RAP rapidly binds to these proteins to produce substantially equivalent and relatively stable adducts. This behavior is tentatively interpreted in terms of a tight interaction between RAP and surface residues of these proteins. The implications of these findings for the biological action of this novel ruthenium (III) compound are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gonzalez Vilchez
- GB, FGV, RV, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Sevilla, Spain
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Mokhir AA, Vilaplana R, Gonzalez-Vilchez F, Fritsky IO, Domasevitch KV, Dudarenko NM. The bidentate bonding mode of bis [2-oximinocyanacetamidato(2-)-N,N]nickelate(II) anion towards tetraphenylantimony (V) : unusually long Sb — O contact. Polyhedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0277-5387(98)00036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Velders A, Pazderski L, Ugozzoli F, Biagini-Cingi M, Manotti-Lanfredi A, Haasnoot J, Reedijk J. Synthesis, characterization and crystal structure of trans-aquatrichlorobis (5,7-dimethyl1,2,4triazolo1,5-apyrimidine-N3)ruthenium(III) monohydrate. Inorganica Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(97)05969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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