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Kontoghiorghes GJ. The Puzzle of Aspirin and Iron Deficiency: The Vital Missing Link of the Iron-Chelating Metabolites. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5150. [PMID: 38791185 PMCID: PMC11121054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Acetylsalicylic acid or aspirin is the most commonly used drug in the world and is taken daily by millions of people. There is increasing evidence that chronic administration of low-dose aspirin of about 75-100 mg/day can cause iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in the absence of major gastric bleeding; this is found in a large number of about 20% otherwise healthy elderly (>65 years) individuals. The mechanisms of the cause of IDA in this category of individuals are still largely unknown. Evidence is presented suggesting that a likely cause of IDA in this category of aspirin users is the chelation activity and increased excretion of iron caused by aspirin chelating metabolites (ACMs). It is estimated that 90% of oral aspirin is metabolized into about 70% of the ACMs salicyluric acid, salicylic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid. All ACMs have a high affinity for binding iron and ability to mobilize iron from different iron pools, causing an overall net increase in iron excretion and altering iron balance. Interestingly, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid has been previously tested in iron-loaded thalassaemia patients, leading to substantial increases in iron excretion. The daily administration of low-dose aspirin for long-term periods is likely to enhance the overall iron excretion in small increments each time due to the combined iron mobilization effect of the ACM. In particular, IDA is likely to occur mainly in populations such as elderly vegetarian adults with meals low in iron content. Furthermore, IDA may be exacerbated by the combinations of ACM with other dietary components, which can prevent iron absorption and enhance iron excretion. Overall, aspirin is acting as a chelating pro-drug similar to dexrazoxane, and the ACM as combination chelation therapy. Iron balance, pharmacological, and other studies on the interaction of iron and aspirin, as well as ACM, are likely to shed more light on the mechanism of IDA. Similar mechanisms of iron chelation through ACM may also be implicated in patient improvements observed in cancer, neurodegenerative, and other disease categories when treated long-term with daily aspirin. In particular, the role of aspirin and ACM in iron metabolism and free radical pathology includes ferroptosis, and may identify other missing links in the therapeutic effects of aspirin in many more diseases. It is suggested that aspirin is the first non-chelating drug described to cause IDA through its ACM metabolites. The therapeutic, pharmacological, toxicological and other implications of aspirin are incomplete without taking into consideration the iron binding and other effects of the ACM.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Kontoghiorghes
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, Limassol 3021, Cyprus
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Ferretti V, Matos CP, Canelas C, Pessoa JC, Tomaz AI, Starosta R, Correia I, León IE. New ternary Fe(III)-8-hydroxyquinoline-reduced Schiff base complexes as selective anticancer drug candidates. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 236:111961. [PMID: 36049258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to the growing prevalence of cancer diseases, new therapeutic options are urgently needed, and drugs based on metal ions other than platinum are alternatives with exciting possibilities. We report the synthesis, characterization and biological effect of mixed-ligand Fe(III)-aminophenolate complexes derived from salicylaldehyde and L-tryptophan with quinoline derivatives as co-ligands, namely 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ), [Fe(L)(8HQ)(H2O)] (1) and its 5-cloro derivative (Cl8HQ), [Fe(L)(Cl8HQ)(H2O)] (2). The complex bearing the aminophenolate and lacking the quinoline co-ligand, [Fe(L)(Cl)(H2O)2] (3), was prepared for comparison. The analytical and spectroscopic characterization revealed that 1 and 2 are octahedral Fe(III) complexes with the aminophenolate acting as a dianionic tridentate ligand and 8HQ co-ligands as bidentate chelates. Spectroscopic techniques and molecular docking studies were used to evaluate the ability of these complexes to bind bovine serum albumin (BSA) and calf thymus DNA. Complex 2 [Fe(L)(Cl8HQ)(H2O)] was the one showing higher affinity for both biomolecules. Cell viability was assessed in breast, colorectal and bone human cancer cell lines. 1 and 2 were found to be more active than cisplatin in all cell lines tested. A non-tumoral fibroblast line (L929, mouse non-tumoral fibroblasts) was used to evaluate selectivity. The results evidence that 2 shows much higher selectivity than 1 in all cell lines tested, but particularly in bone cancer cells in which selectivity index (SI) values are 8.0 and 18.8 for 1 and 2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Ferretti
- CEQUINOR (UNLP, CCT-CONICET La Plata, asociado a CIC), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Blvd. 120 N° 1465, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Cristina P Matos
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares and Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal; Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Canelas
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - João Costa Pessoa
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Isabel Tomaz
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Radosław Starosta
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Isabel Correia
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ignacio E León
- CEQUINOR (UNLP, CCT-CONICET La Plata, asociado a CIC), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Blvd. 120 N° 1465, La Plata 1900, Argentina.
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Cable ML, Levine DJ, Kirby JP, Gray HB, Ponce A. Luminescent lanthanide sensors. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385904-4.00010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Esplin TL, Cable ML, Gray HB, Ponce A. Terbium-Macrocycle Complexes as Chemical Sensors: Detection of an Aspirin Metabolite in Urine Using a Salicylurate-Specific Receptor Site. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:4643-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ic1003066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taran L. Esplin
- Planetary Science Section, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109
| | - Morgan L. Cable
- Planetary Science Section, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Harry B. Gray
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Adrian Ponce
- Planetary Science Section, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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Synthesis, X-ray powder structure analysis and biological properties of a mononuclear Cu(II) complex of N-2-hydroxyhippuric acid. Appl Organomet Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Naso L, González Baró AC, Lezama L, Rojo T, Williams PA, Ferrer EG. Synthesis, chemical speciation and SOD mimic assays of tricarballylic acid–copper(II) and imidazole–tricarballylic acid–copper(II) complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 103:219-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Steinhauser S, Heinz U, Sander J, Hegetschweiler K. Complex Formation of 2, 6-Bis-(2?-hydroxyphenyl)pyridine with AlIII, FeIII and CuII. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200400235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Steinhauser S, Heinz U, Bartholomä M, Weyhermüller T, Nick H, Hegetschweiler K. Complex Formation of ICL670 and Related Ligands with FeIIIand FeII. Eur J Inorg Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200400363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Ferrer EG, González Baró AC, Castellano EE, Piro OE, Williams PAM. Model complexes with naturally occurring ligands (salicylglycine and imidazol) and the biometals copper and cobalt. J Inorg Biochem 2004; 98:413-21. [PMID: 14729323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2003.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two new complexes [Cu(Imz)(4)Cl(2)][Cu(Imz)(4)Cl] (2)(2-OH-Hip)(2) (1) and [Co(2-OH-Hip)(Imz)(3)].H(2)O (2) (with Imz=Imidazol and 2-OH-Hip=2-hydroxyhippuric acid) were prepared and characterized. The molecular structures and the solution and solid state behavior of the complexes were investigated. Complex 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c with a=16.880(1), b=8.046(1), c=24.683(1) A, beta=107.88(1) degrees, and Z=2, while complex 2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with a=11.712(2), b=15.741(4), c=22.254(4) A, and Z=8. The [Cu(Imz)(4)Cl(2)][Cu(Imz)(4)Cl](2)(2-OH-Hip)(2) solid consists in two distinct monomeric Cu(II) complexes: one of them is neutral octahedral [Cu(Imz)(4)Cl(2)] and the other, charged square basis pyramida [Cu(Imz)(4)Cl](+). The 2-hydroxyhippuric acid, which here acts as a counter ion, is deprotonated at its carboxylic group. Cobalt(III) ion in [Co(2-OH-Hip)(Imz)(3)].H(2)O is at the center of an octahedral environment, coordinated to three Imidazol ligands and to a triply deprotonated 2-hydroxyhippuric acid molecule acting as a tridentate ligand. Aqueous solution equilibrium of the quaternary system Cu(2+)/2-OH-Hip/Imz/H(+) was studied by potentiometric titrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina G Ferrer
- Centro de Química Inorgánica, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, C. Correo 962, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
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Jancsó A, Gajda T, Szorcsik A, Kiss T, Henry B, Vankó G, Rubini P. Potentiometric and spectroscopic studies on the dimethyltin(IV) complexes of 2-hydroxyhippuric acid. J Inorg Biochem 2001; 83:187-92. [PMID: 11237258 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(00)00179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Equilibrium and spectroscopic (1H, 13C NMR and 119Sn Mössbauer) studies in aqueous solution are reported for dimethyltin(IV) complexes of 2-hydroxyhippuric acid (Sal-Gly). Below pH 4, oxygen-coordinated complexes MLH and ML are formed. In the pH range 5-8.5, the species MLH(-1), predominates at any metal-to-ligand ratio. The ligand exchange of this species is slow on the NMR time scale, which allows its structural characterization by NMR spectroscopy: the coordination polyhedron around the tin atom is distorted trigonal bipyramidal, with tridentate [O-,N-,COO-] coordination of Sal-Gly, involving two equatorial methyl groups. The NMR results reveal that the main cause of the distortion of the polyhedron is the large CH3-Sn-CH3 angle of 136+/-4 degrees. The presented results supplement the data available on the dimethyltin(IV)-promoted amide deprotonation of peptides, and provide further arguments for the fundamental role of the carboxylate as an anchoring group in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jancsó
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary
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Saladini M, Candini M, Iacopino D, Menabue L. Binding ability of aldaric acid toward metal(II). X-ray study and solution state investigation on Cu(II)-galactaric acid system and its 2,2′-bypiridine adduct. Inorganica Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(99)00188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kiss T, Petrohán K, Buglyó P, Sanna D, Micera G, Costa Pessoa J, Madeira C. Oxovanadium(IV)-Promoted Peptide-Amide Deprotonation in Aqueous Solution. Inorg Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ic9802202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Kiss
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jozsef Attila University, P.O. Box 440, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
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Menabue L, Saladini M, Ugoletti N. Metal(II) binding by natural ionic glycosides: A solution study on 2,2′-bipyridine containing ternary systems of Cu(II) and Ni(II) with lactobionic acid. J Inorg Biochem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(97)10023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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