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Gondim KC, Atella GC, Pontes EG, Majerowicz D. Lipid metabolism in insect disease vectors. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 101:108-123. [PMID: 30171905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
More than a third of the world population is at constant risk of contracting some insect-transmitted disease, such as Dengue fever, Zika virus disease, malaria, Chagas' disease, African trypanosomiasis, and others. Independent of the life cycle of the pathogen causing the disease, the insect vector hematophagous habit is a common and crucial trait for the transmission of all these diseases. This lifestyle is unique, as hematophagous insects feed on blood, a diet that is rich in protein but relatively poor in lipids and carbohydrates, in huge amounts and low frequency. Another unique feature of these insects is that blood meal triggers essential metabolic processes, as molting and oogenesis and, in this way, regulates the expression of various genes that are involved in these events. In this paper, we review current knowledge of the physiology and biochemistry of lipid metabolism in insect disease vectors, comparing with classical models whenever possible. We address lipid digestion and absorption, hemolymphatic transport, and lipid storage by the fat body and ovary. In this context, both de novo fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis are discussed, including the related fatty acid activation process and the intracellular lipid binding proteins. As lipids are stored in order to be mobilized later on, e.g. for flight activity or survivorship, lipolysis and β-oxidation are also considered. All these events need to be finely regulated, and the role of hormones in this control is summarized. Finally, we also review information about infection, when vector insect physiology is affected, and there is a crosstalk between its immune system and lipid metabolism. There is not abundant information about lipid metabolism in vector insects, and significant current gaps in the field are indicated, as well as questions to be answered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia C Gondim
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Georgia C Atella
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emerson G Pontes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - David Majerowicz
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Upadhyay RK. Emerging risk biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases and disorders. J Lipids 2015; 2015:971453. [PMID: 25949827 PMCID: PMC4407625 DOI: 10.1155/2015/971453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Present review article highlights various cardiovascular risk prediction biomarkers by incorporating both traditional risk factors to be used as diagnostic markers and recent technologically generated diagnostic and therapeutic markers. This paper explains traditional biomarkers such as lipid profile, glucose, and hormone level and physiological biomarkers based on measurement of levels of important biomolecules such as serum ferritin, triglyceride to HDLp (high density lipoproteins) ratio, lipophorin-cholesterol ratio, lipid-lipophorin ratio, LDL cholesterol level, HDLp and apolipoprotein levels, lipophorins and LTPs ratio, sphingolipids, Omega-3 Index, and ST2 level. In addition, immunohistochemical, oxidative stress, inflammatory, anatomical, imaging, genetic, and therapeutic biomarkers have been explained in detail with their investigational specifications. Many of these biomarkers, alone or in combination, can play important role in prediction of risks, its types, and status of morbidity. As emerging risks are found to be affiliated with minor and microlevel factors and its diagnosis at an earlier stage could find CVD, hence, there is an urgent need of new more authentic, appropriate, and reliable diagnostic and therapeutic markers to confirm disease well in time to start the clinical aid to the patients. Present review aims to discuss new emerging biomarkers that could facilitate more authentic and fast diagnosis of CVDs, HF (heart failures), and various lipid abnormalities and disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kant Upadhyay
- Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273009, India
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Van der Horst DJ, Rodenburg KW. Locust flight activity as a model for hormonal regulation of lipid mobilization and transport. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:844-853. [PMID: 20206629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Flight activity of insects provides a fascinating yet relatively simple model system for studying the regulation of processes involved in energy metabolism. This is particularly highlighted during long-distance flight, for which the locust constitutes a long-standing favored model insect, which as one of the most infamous agricultural pests additionally has considerable economical importance. Remarkably many aspects and processes pivotal to our understanding of (neuro)hormonal regulation of lipid mobilization and transport during insect flight activity have been discovered in the locust; among which are the peptide adipokinetic hormones (AKHs), synthesized and stored by the neurosecretory cells of the corpus cardiacum, that regulate and integrate lipid (diacylglycerol) mobilization and transport, the functioning of the reversible conversions of lipoproteins (lipophorins) in the hemolymph during flight activity, revealing novel concepts for the transport of lipids in the circulatory system, and the structure and functioning of the exchangeable apolipopotein, apolipophorin III, which exhibits a dual capacity to exist in both lipid-bound and lipid-free states that is essential to these lipophorin conversions. Besides, the lipophorin receptor (LpR) was identified and characterized in the locust. In an integrative approach, this short review aims at highlighting the locust as an unrivalled model for studying (neuro)hormonal regulation of lipid mobilization and transport during insect flight activity, that additionally has offered a broad and profound research model for integrative physiology and biochemistry, and particularly focuses on recent developments in the concept of AKH-induced changes in the lipophorin system during locust flight, that deviates fundamentally from the lipoprotein-based transport of lipids in the circulation of mammals. Current studies in this field employing the locust as a model continue to attribute to its role as a favored model organism, but also reveal some disadvantages compared to model insects with a completely sequenced genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick J Van der Horst
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biology and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Goldsworthy GJ, Wheeler CH. Physiological and structural aspects of adipokinetic hormone function in locusts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ps.2780250111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Grillo LAM, Pontes EG, Gondim KC. Lipophorin interaction with the midgut of Rhodnius prolixus: characterization and changes in binding capacity. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 33:429-438. [PMID: 12650691 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(03)00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Several classes of lipids are transported in insect hemolymph by lipophorin, a major hemolymphatic lipoprotein. The binding of lipophorin to the midgut of the hematophagous insect Rhodnius prolixus was characterized in a midgut membrane preparation, using purified lipophorin radiolabelled in protein moiety ((125)I-HDLp). Lipophorin specific binding to membranes achieved equilibrium after 30-40 min, was sensitive to pH, and was maximal at pH 7.0. In the presence of increasing concentrations of membrane protein, corresponding increases in lipophorin binding were observed. The specific binding of lipophorin to the membrane preparation was a saturable process, with K(d)=0.9+/-0.06 x 10(-7) M and a maximal binding capacity of 70+/-11 ng lipophorin/microg of membrane protein. Lipophorin binding did not depend on calcium, but it was affected by ionic strength and was inhibited in the presence of increasing salt concentrations. Suramin interfered with lipophorin binding to the midgut receptor, and it was abolished in the presence of 2 mM suramin, but at concentrations between 0.05 and 0.2 mM it was slightly increased. Condroitin 4-sulfate also affected lipophorin binding, which was reduced to 56% of control. Pre-incubation of the midgut membrane preparation with trypsin or at high temperature inhibited binding. Midgut capacity to bind lipophorin varied at different days after blood meal. It was highest at second day after feeding, and then gradually decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A M Grillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21941-590
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Pontes EG, Grillo LAM, Gondim KC. Characterization of lipophorin binding to the fat body of Rhodnius prolixus. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 32:1409-1417. [PMID: 12530208 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(02)00061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In insects, lipids are transported by a hemolymphatic lipoprotein, lipophorin. The binding of lipophorin to the fat body of the hematophagous insect Rhodnius prolixus was characterized in a fat body membrane preparation, obtained from adult females. For the binding assay, purified lipophorin was radiolabelled in the protein moiety (125I-HDLp), and it was shown that iodination did not affect the affinity of the membrane preparation for lipophorin. Under incubation conditions used, lipophorin binding to membranes achieved equilibrium after 40-60 min, but this time was longer when a low concentration of lipophorin was present in the medium. The capacity of the fat body membrane preparation to bind lipophorin was abolished when membranes were pre-treated with trypsin, and it was also affected by heat. When 125I-HDLp was incubated with increasing concentrations of membrane protein, corresponding increases in binding were observed. Lipophorin binding was sensitive to pH, and it was maximal between pH 6.0 and 7.0. The specific binding of lipophorin to the fat body membrane preparation was a saturable process, with a Kd of 2.1 +/- 0.4 x 10(-7)M and a maximal binding capacity of 289 +/- 88 ng lipophorin/microgram of membrane protein. Binding to the fat body membranes did not depend on calcium, but it was affected by ionic strength, being totally inhibited at high salt concentrations. Suramin also interfered with lipophorin binding and it was abolished in the presence of 2 mM suramin, but at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 mM it seemed to increase binding activity slightly. Fat body membrane preparation from Rhodnius prolixus was able to bind lipophorin from Manduca sexta larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson G Pontes
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Brazil
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Maya-Monteiro C, Oliveira PL, Gondim KC, Masuda H, Ferreira ST. Role of phospholipids in the protein stability of an insect lipoprotein, lipophorin from Rhodnius prolixus. Biochemistry 1997; 36:11216-22. [PMID: 9287164 DOI: 10.1021/bi9706069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipophorin (Lp) is the major lipoprotein in insect hemolymph. The structural organization proposed for Lp is basically the same as that suggested for vertebrate lipoproteins, consisting of a hydrophobic core containing neutral lipids, stabilized in the aqueous environment by surrounding polar moieties of protein and phospholipids at the particle surface. After complete removal of phospholipids from Lp by phospholipase A2, the particle remains soluble [Gondim, K. C., Atella, G. C., Kawooya, J. K., & Masuda, H. (1992) Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 20, 303-314]. However, studies on the roles of phospholipid on the structural stability of Lp are still lacking. In the present work, we have studied the structure and stability of dephospholipidated lipophorin (d-Lp). Trypsinolysis of d-Lp indicated no exposure of new cleavage sites on the protein when compared to Lp. However, an enhanced rate of proteolysis of the apoproteins (especially apolipophorin II) was observed in d-Lp. Circular dichroism analysis indicated that the secondary structure of Lp was not significantly affected by phospholipid removal. Furthermore, the exposure of tryptophan residues to the aqueous solvent in d-Lp was the same as in Lp, as indicated by intrinsic fluorescence emission spectra and fluorescence quenching experiments. Interestingly, d-Lp was more resistant to denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride than Lp. d-Lp was also found to be less sensitive than Lp to structural changes induced by hydrostatic pressure. Taken together, these results indicate that, although changes in its structural organization were subtle, dephospholipidated lipophorin may have additional protein-protein and/or protein-neutral lipid interactions that are responsible for the observed increase in stability. Therefore, phospholipids are not only not essential for Lp stability, but their presence in the particle seems to result in a less stable structure in the aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Maya-Monteiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21944 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Physiological Significance of Lipid Transport by Lipophorin for Long-Distance Flight in Insects*. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(97)80320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Van Heusden MC, Erickson BA, Pennington JE. Lipophorin levels in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, and the effect of feeding. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 34:301-312. [PMID: 9055439 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6327(1997)34:3<301::aid-arch5>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
High density lipophorin (HDLp) is the major lipid transport vehicle in insect hemolymph. Using an indirect ELISA, levels of HDLp were measured in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. The level of lipophorin, when normalized to the total weight of the insect, was similar in the different developmental stages. Starvation (access to water only) of adult females did not affect the level of HDLp nor its density when compared to sugar-fed females. On the other hand, blood feeding (of normally sugar-fed females) resulted in a three-fold increase of the HDLp level at 40 h after feeding. This increase was accompanied by a slight but significant increase in the density of HDLp at 24 h after feeding. Ingestion of a lipid-free protein meal or a lipid-supplemented protein meal induced changes in HDLp level and density that were comparable to those induced by ingestion of a blood meal. Ingestion of a blood meal, following starvation (access to water only) from the moment of adult emergence, did not induce an increase in HDLp level. The results presented indicate that, in contrast to other insect species, A. aegypti responds to an increased need for lipid transport in the hemolymph by increasing the amount of HDLp. Arch. Insect Biochem.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Van Heusden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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10
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Machado EA, Atella GC, Gondim KC, de Souza W, Masuda H. Characterization and immunocytochemical localization of lipophorin binding sites in the oocytes of Rhodnius prolixus. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1996; 31:185-196. [PMID: 11488303 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6327(1996)31:2<185::aid-arch6>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Purified lipophorin, metabolically labelled with 32P exclusively in the phospholipid moiety, was used to study the process of phospholipid delivery to the oocyte. The kinetics of phospholipid transfer "in vitro," from lipophorin to the oocytes, was linear at least up to 4 h and was impaired by low temperature. A net transfer of phospholipids from lipophorin particles to the oocytes was observed. The rate of phospholipid uptake was dependent on the concentration of lipophorin in the medium and was shown to be a saturable process. The addition of a molar excess of purified unlabelled lipophorin to the culture medium resulted in a substantial decrease in the transfer of [32P]phospholipids, but no reduction occurred in the presence of a molar excess of albumin. The lipophorin binding sites were localized in the oocytes by immunogold techniques using two different protocols for oocyte fixation. Strong labelling was observed especially at the microvilli. No labelling was detected in the yolk granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
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Dantuma NP, Van Marrewijk WJ, Wynne HJ, Van der Horst DJ. Interaction of an insect lipoprotein with its binding site at the fat body. J Lipid Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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12
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Soulages JL, Wells MA. Lipophorin: the structure of an insect lipoprotein and its role in lipid transport in insects. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1994; 45:371-415. [PMID: 8154373 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60644-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J L Soulages
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721
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Weers PM, van der Horst DJ, van Marrewijk WJ, van den Eijnden M, van Doorn JM, Beenakkers AM. Biosynthesis and secretion of insect lipoprotein. J Lipid Res 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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14
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Chino H, Lum PY, Nagao E, Hiraoka T. The molecular and metabolic essentials for long-distance flight in insects. J Comp Physiol B 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00398334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Atella GC, Gondim KC, Masuda H. Transfer of phospholipids from fat body to lipophorin in Rhodnius prolixus. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 19:133-144. [PMID: 11488301 DOI: 10.1002/arch.940190206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
32P-Labeled fat bodies (32P-fat bodies) of Rhodnius prolixus females were incubated in the presence of non radioactive purified lipophorin and the release of radioactivity to the medium was analysed to answer the question of whether lipophorin is a reusable shuttle for phospholipids. The radioactivity found in the medium was associated with lipophorin phospholipids. When the 32P-fat bodies were incubated in the absence of lipophorin, only a small amount of radioactivity was released and it was not associated with lipophorin, indicating that there was no release of pre-labeled 32P-lipophorin by the tissue. Analysis of 32P-phospholipids transferred from fat bodies to the lipophorin particles by thin-layer chromatography revealed a predominance of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine, with minor amounts of phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, and sphingomyelin. The transfer of phospholipids to lipophorin was linear with time up to 45 min and the process was inhibited at low temperature and by the metabolic inhibitors azide and fluoride. The transfer of phospholipids from the fat bodies to lipophorin was saturable with respect to the concentration of lipophorin, which was half-maximal at about 8 mg/ml. A directional movement of phospholipids from the fat body to lipophorin was observed. The net gain of phospholipids in 2 h of incubation with fat body was 8.54 nmol per insect, which corresponds to 6.69% of increase in the lipophorin phospholipid content. The rate of 32P-phospholipid transfer from fat body to lipophorin particles varied during the days after a blood meal increasing up to day 10 and then decreasing in parallel with the process of oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Atella
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Surholt B, Goldberg J, Schulz TK, Beenakkers AM, Van der Horst DJ. Lipoproteins act as a reusable shuttle for lipid transport in the flying death's-head hawkmoth, Acherontia atropos. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1086:15-21. [PMID: 1954241 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(91)90149-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipophorin (HDLp), the major insect plasma lipoprotein in resting insects, has been postulated to function as a 'reusable shuttle' for lipid transport between tissues, capable of accepting or depositing lipids with maintenance of the structural properties of the particle. Injection of differentially radiolabeled HDLp into resting death's-head hawkmoths revealed that disappearance of the [14C]palmitate labeled lipid component of HDLp (principally diacyglycerol) was relatively quickly (half-life approx. 3 h), whereas turnover time of the apolipoproteins (marked with [14C]protein hydrolysate) was considerably longer (half-life approx. 26 h). These results strongly support the above proposal. To fuel long-distance flight, insects transport lipid in the hemolymph in the form of diacylglycerol-rich low-density lipophorin (LDLp) resulting from a conversion of HDLp to LDLp. By injection of differentially radiolabeled LDLp into flying hawkmoths we demonstrate for the first time in vivo that this mechanism of lipoprotein conversion also functions as a 'reusable shuttle'. While half-life of the lipid moiety of LDLp labeled with [14C]palmitate or [14C]glycerol (mainly diacylglycerol) during flight was only 43 and 94 min, respectively, turnover rate of its apolipoprotein moiety was considerably lower (half-life approx. 30 h). The results demonstrate the unique role of HDLp, i.e., the reversible conversion to LDLp, in lipid delivery to insect flight muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Surholt
- Zoologisches Institut, Universität Münster, Germany
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Lipophorin in developing adults of Hyalophora cecropia: Support of yolk formation and preparation for flight. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(91)90036-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Van der Horst DJ. Lipid transport function of lipoproteins in flying insects. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1047:195-211. [PMID: 2252909 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(90)90518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Van der Horst
- Department of Experimental Zoology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Van Heusden MC, Law JH. An Insect Lipid Transfer Particle Promotes Lipid Loading from Fat Body to Lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)71490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Surholt B, Schulz TK, Goldberg J, Van der Horst DJ, Beenakkers AM. Lipophorin conversions during flight of the death's-head hawkmoth Acherontia atropos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(88)90044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Chino H, Hirayama Y, Kiyomoto Y, Downer RG, Takahashi K. Spontaneous aggregation of locust lipophorin during hemolymph collection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(87)90148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Van Heusden M, Van der Horst D, Voshol J, Beenakkers A. The recycling of protein components of the flight-specific lipophorin in Locusta migratoria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(87)90048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Chino H, Downer RG, Takahashi K. Effect of adipokinetic hormone on the structure and properties of lipophorin in locusts. J Lipid Res 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38863-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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25
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Haunerland NH, Ryan RO, Law JH, Bowers WS. Lipophorin from the grasshopper, Gastrimargus africanus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(86)90116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Robbs SL, Ryan RO, Schmidt JO, Keim PS, Law JH. Lipophorin of the larval honeybee, Apis mellifera L. J Lipid Res 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34394-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Beenakkers AM, Van der Horst DJ, Van Marrewijk WJ. Insect lipids and lipoproteins, and their role in physiological processes. Prog Lipid Res 1985; 24:19-67. [PMID: 3916237 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7827(85)90007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Biochemical Processes Directed to Flight Muscle Metabolism. Biochemistry 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-030811-1.50019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
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Downer RG, Chino H. Turnover of protein and diacylglycerol components of lipophorin in insect haemolymph. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(85)90124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Peptides with adipokinetic (and usually carbohydrate-mobilizing) potency have been demonstrated in various insects, including Locusta migratoria, Schistocerca gregaria, Manduca sexta, Danaus plexippus and Periplaneta americana. As far as characterized by now the adipokinetic factors are blocked peptides, consisting of eight to ten amino acid residues. In locusts the adipokinetic hormones are synthesized in the glandular lobe of the corpus cardiacum and released into the haemolymph in response to flight stimuli. This release is under direct control of neurons, the cell bodies of which are located in the lateral areas of the protocerebrum, while their axons run via the nervi corporis cardiaci II into the glandular lobe. Hormone release is modulated by axons present in the nervi corporis cardiaci I as well as by the haemolymph trehalose concentration. Trehalose apparently exerts its influence via a neuronal network present in the corpus cardiacum. The fat body is the main target organ of the adipokinetic hormones, which are involved in both mobilization and release of flight substrates from fat body stores, i.e., trehalose from glycogen and diacylglycerol from triacylglycerol. Lipid release is accompanied by haemolymph lipoprotein conversions.
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Shapiro JP, Law JH. Locust adipokinetic hormone stimulates lipid mobilization in Manduca sexta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 115:924-31. [PMID: 6626231 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(83)80023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Adipokinetic hormone, a decapeptide isolated from the locust, stimulates mobilization of diacylglycerols from the locust fat body and loading of the lipid transport protein, lipophorin. Injection of the synthetic locust adipokinetic hormone into a sphinx moth, Manduca sexta, causes lipid loading of lipophorin. The lipophorin decreases in density from 1.11 to 1.06 g/ml, and a soluble protein from the hemolymph (apolipophorin III) associates with the lipophorin particle. Administration of intermediate doses of hormone indicates that lipophorin is converted directly to the low density form; no appreciable amounts of intermediate density particles are formed.
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Van der Horst D, Abbink J, Van Doorn J, Van Marrewijk W, Beenakkers A. Glycerol dynamics and metabolism during flight of the locust, Locusta migratoria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(83)90063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Van der Horst D, Stoppie P, Huybrechts R, De Loof A, Beenakkers A. Immunological relationships between the diacylglycerol-transporting lipoproteins in the haemolymph of Locusta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(81)90271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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