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Handle KF, Bakry R, Bonn GK. Phosphonium based anion exchange resin for enrichment of phenolic acids. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1700:464049. [PMID: 37178554 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to investigate the efficiency of a phosphonium-based strong anion exchange sorbent for the extraction of some selected phenolic acids. The material was synthesized through chloromethylation of a porous poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) substrate with high degree of crosslinking, followed by quaternarization with tributyl phosphine. The parameters affecting the solid phase extraction of five phenolic acids, namely chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, dihydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid and rosmarinic acid were optimized. The sample pH and the type, volume and concentration of the eluting solutions were investigated. The analysis of the phenolic acids after extraction was performed using HPLC with diode array detection. Limit of detection, limit of quantitation, linear range, correlation coefficient and reproducibility for the determination of the phenolic acids were estimated. The retention of the phenolic acids on the developed phase was studied using breakthrough analysis. The experimental breakthrough curves were fitted by Boltzmann's function, and the regression parameters were utilized for the determination of the breakthrough parameters. The results obtained using the developed phase were compared with those obtained by the commercially available Oasis MAX sorbent. The proposed approach was successfully applied for the extraction and pre-concentration of rosmarinic acid from rosemary leaf (Rosmarini folium) alcoholic extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl F Handle
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Rania Bakry
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria.
| | - Günther K Bonn
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria; ADSI-Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Innrain 66a, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
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2
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Silva C, Rocha P, Aversa T, Lucas E. Removal of Petroleum from Aqueous Systems by Poly(divinylbenzene) and Poly(methyl methacrylate-divinylbenzene) Resins: Isothermal and Kinetic Studies. CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht13.03.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Ruixia W, Jinlong C, Lianlong C, Zheng-Hao F, Ai-Min L, Quanxing Z. Study of the Adsorption Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Lipoic Acid onto Three Types of Resin. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1260/0263617042879429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ruixia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
- Resource and Environment College, Hebei Polytechnic University, Tangshan 063009, P. R. China
| | - Chen Jinlong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Chen Lianlong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Fei Zheng-Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Li Ai-Min
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Zhang Quanxing
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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4
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Wang YH, Lin SH. A Comparison of the Adsorption of Phenolic Compounds from Water in Column Systems Containing XAD Resins and Modified Clay. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1260/02636170360744100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuen-Hua Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nanya Institute of Technology, Chung-Li 320, Taiwan
| | - Su-Hsia Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nanya Institute of Technology, Chung-Li 320, Taiwan
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Li A, Zhang Q, Wu H, Zhai Z, Liu F, Fei Z, Long C, Zhu Z, Chen J. A New Amine-Modified Hypercrosslinked Polymeric Adsorbent for Removing Phenolic Compounds from Aqueous Solutions. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1260/0263617053499005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yancheng Teachers College, Jiangsu 224002, P. R. China
| | - Quanxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Haisuo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Zhicai Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Fuqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Zhenghao Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Chao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Zhaolian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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Zhenghao F, Jinlong C, Jianguo C, Guandao G, Aimin L, Quanxing Z. Adsorption Characteristics of Phenolic Compounds onto a New Hypercrosslinked Polymeric Resin Containing the 2-Carbonylbenzoyl Group (ZH-01). ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1260/0263617042863048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhenghao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
- Institute of Applied Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry of Yancheng Teachers College, Jiangsu 224002, P.R. China
| | - Chen Jinlong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
| | - Cai Jianguo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
| | - Gao Guandao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
| | - Li Aimin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
| | - Zhang Quanxing
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
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7
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Bielicka-Daszkiewicz K. Extraction techniques based on solid state and connected with liquid chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2016.1163501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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8
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Khazaeli S, Nezamabadi N, Rabani M, Panahi HA. A new functionalized resin and its application in flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of heavy metal ions after solid phase extraction in water samples. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Direct modification of hydrogen/deuterium-terminated diamond particles with polymers to form reversed and strong cation exchange solid phase extraction sorbents. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7621-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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A hydrophilic matrix for boron isolation: Monodisperse-porous poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) particles carrying diol functionality. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Huang J. Treatment of phenol and p-cresol in aqueous solution by adsorption using a carbonylated hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 168:1028-1034. [PMID: 19342163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are one of the most representative pollutants in industrial wastewater, and efficient removal and destruction of them have attracted significant concerns. In the present study, a carbonylated hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent HJ-1 was developed and its ability to remove phenol and p-cresol in aqueous solution was tested in comparison with the commercial Amberlite XAD-4 resin. The HJ-1 resin exhibited excellent applicability in the acidic and neutral pH, NaCl posed the positive effect, whereas Cd(2+) had the negative effect on the adsorption. The adsorption dynamics obeyed the pseudo-second-order rate equation and the adsorption rate constant of phenol was a little greater than that of p-cresol. The adsorption isotherms can be correlated to Langmuir isotherm and the adsorption capacity of phenol and p-cresol onto HJ-1 resin was much larger than that onto XAD-4. With regard to the two adsorbates, the adsorption capacity of p-cresol was larger than that of phenol at the same temperature and equilibrium concentration. The adsorption thermodynamic parameters were calculated and the adsorption was principally driven by adsorption enthalpy and entropy. Analysis of the different adsorbability of p-cresol from phenol suggested that the solubility and polarity of the adsorbate played important roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhan Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.
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13
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14
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Liu FQ, Xia MF, Yao SL, Li AM, Wu HS, Chen JL. Adsorption equilibria and kinetics for phenol and cresol onto polymeric adsorbents: effects of adsorbents/adsorbates structure and interface. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2008; 152:715-20. [PMID: 17765398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phenol and cresol (o-, m-, and p-) were selected as the adsorbates with different dipole moment (cresol>phenol, methyl being electron-drawing group) and solubility (phenol>cresol, methyl being hydrophobic group). Macropore polymers (NDA-1800 and XAD-4), hypercrosslinked polymers (NDA-100), and chemically modified adsorbents (NDA-150 and NDA-99), were comparatively used to investigate the adsorption properties including equilibria, thermodynamics and kinetics. First, all of the results about equilibria show that the adsorption data fit well to the Freundlich model. The adsorption capacity of NDA-99 and NDA-150 especially for phenol is larger in a certain extent than other three types of polymers. The hydrophobic interaction from large specific surface was mainly occurred, while the polar groups containing oxygen and amine markedly enhance the adsorption process via hydrogen interaction. Furthermore, the adsorption amount for NDA-99 and XAD-4 decrease linearly with the solubility of solutes tested. Then, the negative values of enthalpy demonstrate the predominantly exothermic and physical solid-extraction processes. Finally, the relatively more rapid adsorption process could be found onto NDA-150 than NDA-99, with the reason of the double larger pore size of the former. In conclusion, solubility of solute, together with surface area, pore size and modified groups, extremely exerts influences to the adsorption performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
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15
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Fontanals N, Marcé RM, Borrull F. New materials in sorptive extraction techniques for polar compounds. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:14-31. [PMID: 17187808 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the new developments in material and format technology that improve the extraction of polar compounds in several extraction techniques. They mainly include solid-phase extraction, but there are also other sorptive extraction techniques, such as stir bar sorptive extraction and solid-phase microextraction that use either fibers or in-tube devices. We focus on new synthesised materials that are both commercially available and "in-house". Most novel materials that enhance the extraction of polar compounds are hydrophilic and have large specific surface area; however, we also cover other leading technologies, such as sol-gel or monolith. We describe the morphological and chemical properties of these new sorbents so that we can better understand them and relate them to their capability of retaining polar compounds. We discuss the extraction efficiency for polar compounds when these polymers are used as sorptive material and compare them to other materials. We also mention some representative examples of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fontanals
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, Marcel lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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16
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Wang L, Qi T, Gao Z, Zhang Y, Chu J. Synthesis of N-methylglucamine modified macroporous poly(GMA-co-TRIM) and its performance as a boron sorbent. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Hu W, Hasebe K, Haraguchi H. Liquid Chromatographic Separation of Polar Organic Compounds Using Strong Anion-Exchanger as the Stationary Phase and Pure Water as the Mobile Phase. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079808005885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Hu
- a Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo, 060, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hasebe
- b Division of Material Science Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo, 060, Japan
| | - Hiroki Haraguchi
- c Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Nagoya, 464-01, Japan
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Menor-Higueruelo S, Pérez-Arribas LV, León-González ME, Polo-Díez LM. SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION OF CHLOROPHENOXY ACID HERBICIDES BY MEANS OF POLYMERIC RESINS FUNCTIONALIZED WITH QUATERNARY AMMONIUM GROUPS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120008759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Menor-Higueruelo
- a Departamento de Química Analítica , Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid, E-28040, Spain
| | - L. V. Pérez-Arribas
- a Departamento de Química Analítica , Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid, E-28040, Spain
| | - M. E. León-González
- a Departamento de Química Analítica , Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid, E-28040, Spain
| | - L. M. Polo-Díez
- a Departamento de Química Analítica , Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid, E-28040, Spain
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Jianguo C, Aimin L, Hongyan S, Zhenghao F, Chao L, Quanxing Z. Equilibrium and kinetic studies on the adsorption of aniline compounds from aqueous phase onto bifunctional polymeric adsorbent with sulfonic groups. CHEMOSPHERE 2005; 61:502-9. [PMID: 16202803 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Revised: 02/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a hydrophilic bifunctional polymeric resin (LS-2) with sulfonic groups was synthesized, and the adsorption performance of three aniline compounds, aniline, 4-methylaniline, and 4-nitroaniline onto LS-2 was compared with that on the commercial Amberlite XAD-4. The uptake of the aniline compounds on LS-2 is a procedure of coexistence of physisorption and chemisorption and obeys the pseudo-second order rate equation, while the uptake of the compounds on XAD-4 is merely a physical adsorption and follows the pseudo-first order rate equation. All the isothermal data fit well with the Freundlich model, and the values of K(F) of the compounds adsorbing on LS-2 are much higher than those on XAD-4 suggesting the higher adsorbing capacities on LS-2 than those on XAD-4, which may be attributed to the microporous structure and the polar groups on the network of LS-2 resin. Dynamic adsorption and desorption studies for aniline on LS-2 show that the breakthrough adsorption capacity and the total adsorption capacity are 0.96 and 1.24 mmol per milliliter resin, respectively. Nearly 100% regeneration efficiency for the adsorbent was achieved by 5% hydrochloric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Jianguo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
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Bai X, Liu B, Yan J. Adsorption behavior of water-wettable hydrophobic porous resins based on divinylbenzene and methyl acrylate. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Tang X, Wang X, Yan J. Water-swellable hydrophobic porous copolymer resins based on divinylbenzene and acrylonitrile. II. Pore structure and adsorption behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.21137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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22
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Ro KW, Liu J, Busman M, Knapp DR. Capillary high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using monolithic columns and carbon fiber electrospray ionization emitters. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1047:49-57. [PMID: 15481459 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Monolithic columns having long hydrocarbon chains were prepared by in-situ polymerization in capillary fused silica tubing. The capillary columns were coupled with a newly developed carbon fiber electrospray ionization (ESI) emitter for proteomic analysis using sheathless capillary HPLC-ESI mass spectrometry (MS). The sample loading capacity and chromatographic performance of the styrene-based monolithic column, which was prepared by photo-polymerization of octylstyrene (OS) and divinylbenzene (DVB) were compared with that of the methacrylate-based monolithic column composed of lauryl methacrylate (LMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA). The sample loading ability of tryptic digested protein in poly-OS (POS)-DVB column was higher than that of poly-LMA (PLMA)-EDMA column, possibly due to the irregular and rugluous surface offering a greater surface area of POS-DVB stationary phase. The POS-DVB column also provided better separation efficiency in the separation of high concentration (10 microg) of tryptic digested albumin bovine serum (BSA). Due to the successful interface of a highly efficient monolithic column and a stable, durable carbon fiber emitter, low femtomole levels of peptides were successfully separated and identified in the presence of large amounts of tryptic digested protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Won Ro
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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23
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Ruixia W, Jinlong C, Lianlong C, Zheng-hao F, Ai-min L, Quanxing Z. Study of adsorption of lipoic acid on three types of resin. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Melo LFC, Collins CH, Jardim ICSF. New materials for solid-phase extraction and multiclass high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of pesticides in grapes. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1032:51-8. [PMID: 15065776 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation procedures which included the use of new aminopropyl (NH2) and octadecyl (C18) solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbents are proposed for the simultaneous multiclass determination of the fungicide benomyl and of the herbicides tebuthiuron, diuron, simazine, atrazine, and ametryn in grapes, using single wavelength high-performance liquid chromatography. Sorbent preparation uses a fast, easy, and effective procedure to obtain silica-based materials, made by depositing polysiloxanes on a silica support followed by thermal immobilization. Recovery results of the compounds, after elution from the SPE cartridges, indicate that the most efficient system employed silica loaded with 40% of an aminofunctional polydimethylsiloxane as sorbent, using dichloromethane:methanol (95:5, v/v) as eluent. Method validation, carried out in agreement with International Conference on Harmonization directives, was performed at three fortification levels (100, 200, and 1000 microg kg(-1)). Limits of detection and quantification show that the method developed can be used to detect the pesticides at concentrations below the maximum residue levels established by Codex Alimentarius, the US Environmental Protection Agency, the European Union, and Brazilian legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio F C Melo
- School of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas, PO Box 6066, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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25
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Dean TH, Jezorek JR. Demonstration of simultaneous anion-exchange and reversed-phase behavior on a strong anion-exchange column. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1028:239-45. [PMID: 14989477 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate in this report that a conventional silica-based strong anion-exchange column can exhibit reversed-phase chromatographic behavior simultaneously with ion-exchange in a methanol-aqueous phthalate mobile phase. Reversed-phase behavior is shown for PAHs in relatively high methanol-content mobile phases, while polar organics exhibit reversed-phase behavior in 0-10% (v/v) methanol-water eluents. At low concentrations (0-10% v/v) methanol has little or no effect on anion retention, while the anions exhibit only slight increases in retention in 60-80% (v/v) methanol at near-neutral pH values. Likewise, pH changes used to manipulate anion retention have essentially no effect on PAH retention, and cause only small decreases in retention for most of the polar organics studied. Little or no pH-effect was seen on a phenyl column (no exchange group) or with acetate mobile phase. It is shown that manipulation of pH and methanol content allows the grouping of neutral organic analytes early in a chromatogram, followed by the anions, with no class overlap. Several example chromatograms are given, including that of a red wine sample. Column efficiency was good for anions but only modest for organics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia H Dean
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
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26
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Wei J, Zhao X, Yan J. Pore structure of water-wettable hydrophobic resins based on divinylbenzene and methyl acrylate. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Saito Y, Hayashida M, Jinno K. Sample preparation for the analysis of drugs in biological fluids. HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(04)80002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tang X, Wei J, Yan J. Water-swellable hydrophobic porous copolymer resins based on divinylbenzene and acrylonitrile. I. Water-swelling behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.21136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Zhao X, Wang X, Yan J. Water-swelling behavior of hydrophobic porous copolymer resins composed of two kinds of crosslinkers. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Tan A, Benetton S, Henion JD. Chip-Based Solid-Phase Extraction Pretreatment for Direct Electrospray Mass Spectrometry Analysis Using an Array of Monolithic Columns in a Polymeric Substrate. Anal Chem 2003; 75:5504-11. [PMID: 14710831 DOI: 10.1021/ac030196w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An array of eight porous monolithic columns, prepared in a Zeonor polymeric chip by UV-initiated polymerization of butyl methacrylate and ethylene dimethacrylate, was tested for solid-phase extraction (SPE) cleanup of biological samples prior to directly coupled electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The chip, fabricated by hot embossing and thermal bonding, consists of eight parallel channels (10 mm long, 360 microm i.d.) connected via external fused-silica capillaries. The monomer mixture was aspirated simultaneously into the eight channels using a homemade vacuum manifold device and polymerized in parallel for 20 min under UV irradiation. The porous monolithic columns were then characterized by scanning electron microscopy and evaluated by ESI-MS applications with respect to sample capacity, recovery, reproducibility of peak area or peak height ratios, and linearity between peak height ratio and concentration using imipramine as a pharmaceutical test compound. The average sample capacity was estimated to be 0.30 microg with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 26.5% for the eight monolithic columns on the same polymeric chip. For two chips prepared using the same monomer mixture, the difference in average sample capacity was 7.0%. The average recovery for the eight monolithic SPE columns on the same chip was 79.1% with an RSD of 7.9%. Using imipramine-d3 as an internal standard, the RSD of peak height ratios for the eight different columns was 2.0% for a standard solution containing 1 microg/mL imipramine. A linear calibration curve (R2 = 0.9995) was obtained for standard aqueous solutions of imipramine in the range from 0.025 to 10 microg/mL. To demonstrate the analytical potential of the chip-based SPE system, two different types of real-world samples including human urine sample and P450 drug metabolism incubation mixture were tested. Similar to standard aqueous solution, a linear correlation (R2 = 0.9995) was also found for human urine sample spiked with imipramine in the range of 0.025-10 microg/ mL. When aliquots of a human urine sample spiked with 1 microg/mL imipramine were loaded onto eight different monolithic columns, the RSD of peak height ratios was 3.8%. For a P450-imipramine incubation mixture, the formation of the N-demethylated metabolite (m/z 267.2) and the monohydroxylated metabolite (m/z 297.2) of imipramine was observed following chip-based monolithic SPE sample cleanup and preconcentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Tan
- Analytical Toxicology, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 927 Warren Drive, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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31
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Bagheri H, Mohammadi A. Pyrrole-based conductive polymer as the solid-phase extraction medium for the preconcentration of environmental pollutants in water samples followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass spectrometry detection. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1015:23-30. [PMID: 14570316 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)01215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A pyrrole-based polymer was synthesized and applied as a new sorbent for solid-phase extraction (SPE) of some environmental pollutants from water samples. Polypyrrole (PPy) was synthesized by chemical oxidation of the monomer in nonaqueous solution. SPE of selected phenols, pesticides, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from aqueous samples were performed using 200 mg PPy. The determination was subsequently carried out by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The polymer showed much higher recoveries for aromatic compounds than aliphatics. Preconcentration of sample volumes up 11 led to acceptable recoveries for aromatic and other tested polar compounds. The R.S.D. for a river water sample spiked with phenols, pesticides and PAHs at sub-ppb level was lower than 10% (n = 3) and limits of detection for these compounds were between 15 and 120 ng l(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Bagheri
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9516, Tehran, Iran.
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32
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Wei J, Bai XY, Yan J. Water-Swellable Hydrophobic Porous Copolymers Based on Divinylbenzene and Methyl Acrylate: Preparation and Water-Swelling Behavior. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0216831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Wei
- Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - X. Y. Bai
- Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - J. Yan
- Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
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33
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Pan BC, Xiong Y, Su Q, Li AM, Chen JL, Zhang QX. Role of amination of a polymeric adsorbent on phenol adsorption from aqueous solution. CHEMOSPHERE 2003; 51:953-962. [PMID: 12697186 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption of seven phenols, one aromatic carboxylic acid and one sulfonated aromatic acid from aqueous solution, by a hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent (CHA-111) and the derivative animated by dimethylamine was compared. The results of different adsorption isotherms indicated that amino group on the polymeric matrix played a significant role on adsorption of almost all the employed compounds. For most employed compounds adsorption capacities increase to different degree and significantly for those with lower value of pK(a). It may be attributed to the enhanced adsorbent-adsorbate interaction for amino group introduced on the polymeric matrix. The empirical Freundlich isotherm equation was employed to interpret the adsorbent-adsorbate interaction. The adsorption enthalpy change indicated the uptake of phenols on MCH-111 to be an enhanced physical adsorption because of the hydrogen-bonding interaction. Adsorption kinetic study of phenols on CHA-111 and MCH-111 was also conducted and amino group on the matrix will reduce the adsorption rate for change of pore size distribution and loss of macroprous volume as well as the hydration effect on the surface partly.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Pan
- Department of Environmental Science, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, PR China.
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34
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Bagheri H, Saraji M. Conductive polymers as new media for solid-phase extraction: isolation of chlorophenols from water sample. J Chromatogr A 2003; 986:111-9. [PMID: 12585328 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01972-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Three different conductive polymers, poly-N-methylaniline (PNMA), polyaniline and polydiphenylamine were synthesised and used as sorbents for the solid-phase extraction of some phenolic compounds from water. The separation and determination was, subsequently, performed by gas chromatography-electron-capture and flame ionization detection. Among these easy-made polymers, PNMA gave better recovery for the extraction of the studied analytes. The capability of the PNMA to extract other non-polar compounds such as chloro- and methylbenzene, decane, decanol, cyclohexane and cyclohexanol was also studied. The polymer showed some sort of selectivity towards aromatic compounds than aliphatic. Preconcentration of sample volumes up to 1 l at pH 2 using 120 mg of PNMA led to acceptable recoveries for phenolic compounds, except for phenol. Recovery of phenol for 100 ml of water was 72%. Limits of detection for chlorophenols when 250 ml river water was preconcentrated were between 1 and 40 ng l(-1), analyzed by GC-electron-capture detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Bagheri
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9516, Tehran, Iran.
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35
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WAKUI T, IMURA H, OHASHI K. Solid-phase extraction and concentration of trace chlorophenols with extractant- impregnated membrane disks. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2003. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.52.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki WAKUI
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University
| | - Hisanori IMURA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University
| | - Kousaburo OHASHI
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University
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36
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Li A, Zhang Q, Zhang G, Chen J, Fei Z, Liu F. Adsorption of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions by a water-compatible hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent. CHEMOSPHERE 2002; 47:981-989. [PMID: 12108706 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(01)00222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A water-compatible hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent (NJ-8) for adsorbing and removing phenolic compounds from their aqueous solutions was prepared. This product can be used directly without a wetting process. Its adsorption property toward four phenolic compounds, phenol, p-cresol, p-chlorophenol, and p-nitrophenol was tested using the commercial Amberlite XAD-4 as a reference. The capacities of equilibrium adsorption for all four phenolic compounds on the NJ-8 from their aqueous solutions are around two times as high as that of Amberlite XAD4 within the temperature range 283-323 K, which may contribute to their micropore structure and the partial polarity on the network. Freundlich isotherm equations, as well as relative adsorption capacities and isosteric adsorption enthalpies for the four phenolic compounds, indicate that the adsorption of phenolic compounds on the NJ-8 resin is a physical adsorption process. Mini-column adsorption studies for phenol on Amberlite XAD4 and NJ-8 resins show that the breakthrough adsorption capacities are 0.54 and 0.99 mmol/ml, and the total capacities are 0.62 and 1.37 mmol/ml, while no extra acetone was needed to remove the adsorbed phenol from NJ-8 as from Amberlite XAD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, People's Republic of China.
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37
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Li A, Long C, Sun Y, Zhang Q, Liu F, Chen J. A NEW PHENOLIC HYDROXYL MODIFIED POLYSTYRENE ADSORBENT FOR THE REMOVAL OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM THEIR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2002. [DOI: 10.1081/ss-120006158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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38
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Chapter 32 New polymeric extraction materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(02)80069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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39
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Ng KL, Dicinoski GW, Haddad PR. Effects of stationary phase cross-linking and ion-exchange capacity on the retention of carboxylic acids in ion-exclusion chromatography using sulfonated resins. ANAL SCI 2001; 17:1117-20. [PMID: 11708071 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.17.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K L Ng
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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41
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Gu RF, Jezorek JR. Demonstration of simultaneous cation-exchange and reversed-phase mechanisms on a strong-acid cation-exchange column. J Chromatogr A 2001; 919:21-8. [PMID: 11459306 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It is demonstrated in this report that a conventional strong-acid cation-exchange column can exhibit reversed-phase chromatographic behavior simultaneously with ion-exchange. Adjusting the pH to control cation retention has no effect on the retention of neutral organic analytes. Likewise, changes in the methanol content of the mobile phase to adjust organic analyte retention causes only a small decrease in retention of metal ions in the 0 to 10% (v/v) methanol range, and no significant effect beyond that. Linear calibration behavior of both metal cations and neutral organic analytes is found on this column over three-order of magnitude. Examples of simultaneous metal cation-neutral organic separations in both the isocratic and gradient modes are shown, with conductivity detection for the metal ions and UV for the organic analytes. An isocratic separation of metal ions and neutrals in a vitamin pill is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 27402-6170, USA
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42
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Bielicka K, Voelkel A. Selectivity of solid-phase extraction phases in the determination of biodegradation products. J Chromatogr A 2001; 918:145-51. [PMID: 11403442 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The extraction techniques connected with gas chromatography were used to describe quantitatively and qualitatively the biodegradation process. We investigated the biodegradation of hydrocarbons and non-ionic surfactants. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid extraction were used for the isolation of the non-degraded compounds and their degradation products. The selectivity of SPE has a significant influence on the isolation and preconcentration of organic compounds from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bielicka
- Poznań University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poland
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43
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Abstract
The properties and advantages of membrane disks for solid-phase extraction (SPE) are described. Miniaturization is a trend in SPE, as well as chemical analysis in general. A semimicro method is reviewed in which an extraction disk 4 mm in diameter is used for SPE. Even smaller scale separations are possible with a device in which a membrane 0.7 mm in diameter was incorporated into the needle of a 50-micro syringe. Aqueous samples containing 10 ppb of eight substituted benzenes were passed through the miniaturized-SPE syringe automatically using a single-syringe infusion pump. Elution volumes of 5 microl provided 500-fold concentrations and delivered average recoveries greater than 90% and an average relative standard deviation (RSD) of 4.6% for the analytes. Direct injection of the 5 microl eluate from the miniaturized-SPE syringe into a gas chromatograph also produced average recoveries greater than 90% and an average RSD of 6.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Fritz
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA.
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44
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Frit JS, Macka M. Solid-phase trapping of solutes for further chromatographic or electrophoretic analysis. J Chromatogr A 2000; 902:137-66. [PMID: 11192152 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Because of its simplicity, speed and effectiveness, solid-phase extraction (SPE) has become the preferred technique for concentration of selected analytes prior to chromatographic or electrophoretic analysis. In this review the historical development of SPE is briefly traced. Then the principles of SPE are reviewed in some detail. Numerous references are given on the format, sorbents, elution conditions, online techniques and automation with special emphasis on relatively recent developments. The principles and recent advances in solid-phase microextraction (SPME) are also reviewed. The final section on selected recent applications includes an extensive list of references to work published within the last three years. Future trends and developments are discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Frit
- Chemistry Department, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA.
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45
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León-González ME, Pérez-Arribas LV. Chemically modified polymeric sorbents for sample preconcentration. J Chromatogr A 2000; 902:3-16. [PMID: 11192161 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase extraction is an attractive alternative in sample preparation because it overcomes many drawbacks of liquid-liquid extraction and makes on-line determination possible by hyphenation with chromatographic techniques. Driven by the need for more effective and more selective sorbents, advances in solid-phase extraction include the development of new materials. This paper describes different types of chemically modified sorbents for the solid-phase extraction of compounds from aqueous samples. Chemical introduction of different functional groups into a polymeric resin improves the efficiency of solid-phase extraction by providing better surface contact with the aqueous samples; also, these sorbents have a greater capacity than the typical solid-phase materials for polar compounds have. The most important new sorbents are the chemically modified resins based on styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers. Preparation of these new sorbents is described, and advantages and drawbacks of off-line procedures and on-line procedures are also discussed. Applications for off-line and on-line chromatographic determinations of polar compounds are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E León-González
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
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46
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Morales S, Cela R. Highly selective and efficient determination of US Environmental Protection Agency priority phenols employing solid-phase extraction and non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2000; 896:95-104. [PMID: 11093644 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis has been used in the separation of a complete list of 26 priority phenols included in the 8041 US Environmental Protection Agency method and the 76/464/EEC European Union directive. A highly selective and efficient separation was obtained when the background electrolyte used was 150 mM ammonium acetate dissolved in N-methylformamide-acetonitrile (75:25). Solid-phase extraction was successfully assayed as an enrichment strategy for the analysis of low-concentration samples. A styrene-divinylbenzene functionalized cartridge provided excellent recoveries of phenols from water samples at neutral pH. The limits of quantification obtained permit the application of the proposed method to the determination of priority phenols in wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morales
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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47
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Abstract
Sample preparation for phenol analysis using solid-phase extraction (SPE) is reviewed. The scope of the review has been restricted to the literature dealing with the analysis of phenols as the main objective. The use, advantages and disadvantages of silica sorbents, polymeric, functionalized, carbon-based and mixed available sorbents, when applied to the separation and preconcentration of phenols, as well as the available experimental devices, are discussed. Other aspects such as phenol derivatisation prior to SPE, solid-phase microextraction, matrix effects and the storage of phenols in SPE cartridges, have been also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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48
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Abstract
To overcome the limitations of the detection systems associated with gas or liquid chromatography, a sample pretreatment is required with the objective to provide a sample fraction enriched with all the target analytes and as free as possible from other matrix components. There is now no doubt that solid-phase extraction (SPE) has now become the method of choice for carrying out simultaneously the extraction and concentration of many compounds in aqueous samples. Many recent applications of SPE to multiresidue analysis are reviewed with an emphasis on the importance of the choice of the sorbent and of the sample volume. SPE is particularly well adapted to multiresidue analysis including compounds from a wide range of polarity or characterized by various physico-chemical properties. However, SPE is not completely free from practical problems inherent to the nature of the compounds or to the coupling to the chromatographic systems. Many examples are reported to illustrate these problems which can in most cases be circumvented. New developments in SPE are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pichon
- Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique (CNRS, ERS 657), Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, Paris, France
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49
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50
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Hennion MC. Solid-phase extraction: method development, sorbents, and coupling with liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999; 856:3-54. [PMID: 10526783 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 659] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to provide updated information about the most important features of the new solid-phase extraction (SPE) materials, their interaction mode and their potential for modern SPE. First, the recent developments are given in formats, phases, automation, high throughput purpose and set-up of new types of procedures. Emphasis is then placed on the large choice of sorbents for trapping analytes over a wide range of polarities, such as highly cross-linked copolymers, functionalized copolymers, graphitized carbons or some specific n-alkylsilicas. The method development is given which is based on prediction from liquid chromatographic retention data or solvation parameters in order to determine the main parameters of any sequence (type and amount of sorbent, sample volume which can be applied without loss of recovery, composition and volume of the clean-up solution, composition and volume of the desorption solution). Obtaining extracts free from matrix interferences in a few steps--one step when possible--is now included in the development of SPE procedure. New selective phases such as mixed-mode and restricted access matrix sorbents or emerging phases such as immunosorbents or molecularly imprinted polymers are reviewed. Selectivity obtained by combining two sorbents is described with the use of ion-exchange or ion-pair sorbents. Special attention is given to complete automation of the SPE sequence with its on-line coupling with liquid chromatography followed by various detection modes. This represents a fast, modern and reliable approach to trace analysis. Many examples illustrate the various features of modern SPE which are discussed in this review. They have been selected in both biological and environmental areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Hennion
- Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie de Paris, France.
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