1
|
Bhattacharyya S, Poi R, Mandal S, Baskey Sen M, Hazra DK, Saha S, Karmakar R. Method development, validation, monitoring, seasonal effect and risk assessment of multiclass multi pesticide residues in surface and ground water of new alluvial zone in eastern India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:17174-17187. [PMID: 34661836 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method was validated as per SANTE/12682/2019 guidelines for gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) determination of thirty-six multiclass pesticides in environmental waters. Seasonal (summer, monsoon, and winter) effects on the magnitude of pesticide residues in environmental water (river, pond, and tube well) of six different urban areas of Nadia and North 24 Parganas districts (New alluvial zone, Eastern India) was monitored for subsequent risk assessment. Total 288 water samples (96 each of river, pond, and tube-well) irrespective of locations and seasons were monitored for multiclass multi pesticide residues during the experiment. Each sample (750 mL) was extracted with ethyl acetate/dichloromethane (8:2) liquid-liquid partitioning and filtration (0.22 μm nylon filter paper) and total residue was reconstituted in acetone (1 mL) for GC-MS analysis with developed and validated method resulting satisfactory recovery percentages (77.84-118.15%). The maximum no. of organochlorine (OC) and organophosphorus (OP) pesticide residues were dominated in river and pond water irrespective of seasons and monitoring sites. About 74% of river water samples were found to be contaminated with concerned pesticides in variable magnitudes. Monsoon (July to October) season was highly alarming with the highest presence of total pesticide residues in different types of environmental waters. Risk quotient (RQ) [acute and chronic] was also evaluated in pond and river water as sometimes used for drinking purposes. RQ value (5900) of total endosulfan indicates the highest risk of chronic toxicity to river fishes. Seven water samples from tube-wells were also monitored and found to be contaminated with butachlor and chlorpyriphos in non-significant amounts (< 0.1 ng mL-1), irrespective of seasons and sites, thus safe for consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Bhattacharyya
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, Kalyani, West Bengal, 741235, India
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713104, India
| | - Rajlakshmi Poi
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, Kalyani, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Swagata Mandal
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, Kalyani, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Moni Baskey Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713104, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Hazra
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, Kalyani, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Supradip Saha
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Rajib Karmakar
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, Kalyani, West Bengal, 741235, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Muhammad M, Rasul Jan M, Shah J, Ara B. Determination of Isoproturon in Environmental Samples using the QuEChERS Extraction-Spectrofluorimetric Method. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:2614-2620. [PMID: 31499576 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An accurate and sensitive method has been developed for determination of the herbicide isoproturon using the Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe (QuEChERS) extraction-spectrofluorimetric technique. The method involves the reaction of 2-cyanoacetamide with isoproturon in basic medium (NH3 ; 15 mol/L). The resulting fluorescent product was found to show maximum emission at 378 nm and maximum excitation at 333 nm. Fluorescence intensity under the influence of different parameters was investigated. The linear range of analyte concentrations was found to be 0.5 to 15 µg/mL, with a limit of detection of 0.144 µg/mL, a limit of quantification of 0.437 µg/mL (signal to noise ratio = 3), and a regression coefficient of 0.9991, under optimized conditions. The proposed method was effectively applied for determination of isoproturon in different matrices; the percentage of recovery varied from 85.00 ± 1.2% to 96.00 ± 0.5%. The method was also applied for residue analysis of isoproturon in real soil samples collected from a pilot field. For extraction of isoproturon, the QuEChERS extraction approach was used, and the average residue in the soil samples was found to be 0.81 ± 0.07 µg/g. To show the potential of this approach, our results were compared with those of other methods reported in the literature. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2614-2620. © 2019 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mian Muhammad
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rasul Jan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Jasmin Shah
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Behisht Ara
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Topkaya E, Konyar M, Yatmaz HC, Öztürk K. Pure ZnO and composite ZnO/TiO2 catalyst plates: A comparative study for the degradation of azo dye, pesticide and antibiotic in aqueous solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 430:6-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
4
|
Farajzadeh MA, Nouri N, Khorram P. Derivatization and microextraction methods for determination of organic compounds by gas chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
5
|
|
6
|
Khare RR, Sondhia S. Cyhalofop-p-butyl mobility and distribution of residues in soil at various depths. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:391-399. [PMID: 24762176 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.894762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate cyhalofop-p-butyl mobility in a sandy loam soil and subsequent distribution of residues at various depths under field conditions. Soil samples were taken from 0 to 150 cm depths at 3-90 d after rains in lysemeter of 1 and 2 m depths. Cyhalofop-p-butyl application at two rates and subsequent precipitation had a significant impact on soil, physico-chemical properties and herbicide mobility. Precipitation caused substantial mobility of cyhalofop-p-butyl in the soil and 1.1-7.6 μg L(-1) of cyhalofop-p-butyl was found in leachates. Cyhalofop-p-butyl residues in the leachates were probably due to preferential flow through the soil. Cyhalofop-p-butyl residues were detected in significant amounts from the soil up to 10 d, later, residues were found below the detection limit but its three transformation products viz., cyhalofop acid, diacid, and phenol were detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Raj Khare
- a Department of Soil Science , Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University , Jabalpur , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sibali LL, Okonkwo JO, McCrindle RI. Determination of selected phthalate esters compounds in water and sediments by capillary gas chromatography and flame ionization detector. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2013; 48:1365-1377. [PMID: 23705613 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2013.781884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence of phthalate esters (PAEs) in the environment is not desirable and therefore, needs to be monitored. This study reports the first data on the concentration levels of PAEs in water and sediments of the Jukskei River catchment area, South Africa. The study was conducted during the summer and winter seasons of 2005. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and Soxhlet extraction (SE) methods were optimized, evaluated and used to determine PAEs of interest in water (unfiltered and filtered) and sediments samples, respectively. Mean percentage recoveries in spiked doubly distilled water ranged from 100 ± 5.32 dimethyl phthalate (DMP) - 122 ± 0.46 di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and 91.6 ± 1.93 diethyl phthalate (DEP) - 117 ± 4.80 dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in sediments. The concentration levels of PAEs studied in unfiltered environmental water samples were in the range of 0.04(± 0.00) (DMP) - 9.76(± 00.1) ng mL(-1)(DEHP) for PAEs and from 0.09 (± 0.01) (DMP) - 4.38 (± 0.06) ng mL(-1)(DEHP) for filtered environmental water samples. Concentration levels obtained in sediments were from 0.05 (0.00) (DMP) - 4910 (0.36) ng/gdw (DEHP). PAEs adsorbed on the sample bottle gave concentration levels of up to 0.10 (± 0.03) ng mL(-1)for some samples and no analyte was detected (ND) in some cases Generally, concentrations obtained were below the water quality guideline values of United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Sibali
- Directorate of Research and Innovation, Tshwane University of Technology, Tshwane, South Africa.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Smith MJ, Bucher G. Tools to study the degradation and loss of the N-phenyl carbamate chlorpropham--a comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 49:38-50. [PMID: 22982221 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpropham (CIPC) was introduced in 1951 and is a primary N-phenyl carbamate belonging to a group of pesticides known as carbamates which are estimated to account for 11% of the total insecticide sales worldwide. They were considered less toxic than organochlorines due to their easier breakdown but, subsequent concerns regarding the environmental impact and their breakdown products have shown them to be environmental toxins and toxic and/or carcinogenic for humans. CIPC is used in growing crops to control weeds and also as a sprout suppressant on crops during long-term storage and while its degradation has been studied and rates quoted these vary greatly. Here published rates of degradation by hydrolysis, biolysis, photolysis and thermal processes are reviewed as well as data on partitioning in air, water and soil. In addition the details of the experimental procedures are reviewed and compared showing how the half-lives and partitioning coefficients have been calculated leading to an understanding of how such vastly different values are achieved. The legislation regarding the use of CIPC and its maximum residue level is also discussed particularly in reference to recent European Commission (EC) legislation. In view of the fact that analytical data on the breakdown of CIPC play an important role in decision-making by regulatory agencies, the authors feel that it is time for an up-to-date review of the data available, including very recent developments in methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret J Smith
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph-Black-Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Farajzadeh MA, Nouri N. Simultaneous derivatization and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of anilines in different samples followed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection. Talanta 2012; 99:1004-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
10
|
Rawson A, Tiwari BK, Brunton N, Brennan C, Cullen PJ, O'Donnell CP. Application of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide to Fruit and Vegetables: Extraction, Processing, and Preservation. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2011.635389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
11
|
Farajzadeh MA, Djozan D, Khorram P. Development of a new dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method in a narrow-bore tube for preconcentration of triazole pesticides from aqueous samples. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 713:70-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
12
|
Development of a new microextraction method based on a dynamic single drop in a narrow-bore tube: Application in extraction and preconcentration of some organic pollutants in well water and grape juice samples. Talanta 2011; 85:1135-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
13
|
Yadamari T, Yakkala K, Battala G, Gurijala RN. Biosorption of Malathion from Aqueous Solutions Using Herbal Leaves Powder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2011.228122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
14
|
Pesticides in water and the performance of the liquid-phase microextraction based techniques. A review. Microchem J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
15
|
Yu ZG, Ding WM, Chen YH, You J, Liu YY, Wang H, Yang ZD. Oxidized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as SPE Sorbent for Determination of Mefenacet and Its Degradation Products Residues in Water Samples by RRLC-UV-ESI-MS. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
16
|
Mawussi G, Sanda K, Merlina G, Pinelli E. Assessment of average exposure to organochlorine pesticides in southern Togo from water, maize (Zea mays) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 26:348-54. [PMID: 19680908 DOI: 10.1080/02652030802528343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Drinking water, cowpea and maize grains were sampled in some potentially exposed agro-ecological areas in Togo and analysed for their contamination by some common organochlorine pesticides. A total of 19 organochlorine pesticides were investigated in ten subsamples of maize, ten subsamples of cowpea and nine subsamples of drinking water. Analytical methods included solvent extraction of the pesticide residues and their subsequent quantification using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of pesticides were also determined. Pesticides residues in drinking water (0.04-0.40 microg l(-1)) were higher than the maximum residue limit (MRL) (0.03 microg l(-1)) set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor epoxide and endosulfan levels (13.16-98.79 microg kg(-1)) in cowpea grains exceeded MRLs applied in France (10-50 microg kg(-1)). Contaminants' levels in maize grains (0.53-65.70 microg kg(-1)) were below the MRLs (20-100 microg kg(-1)) set by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the WHO. EDIs of the tested pesticides ranged from 0.02% to 162.07% of the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). Population exposure levels of dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide were higher than the FAO/WHO standards. A comprehensive national monitoring programme on organochlorine pesticides should be undertaken to include such other relevant sources like meat, fish, eggs and milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Mawussi
- Unite de Recherche sur les Agroressources et la Sante, Environnementale, Ecole Superieure d'Agronomie, Universite de Lome, B.P. 1515 Lome, Togo.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lv Z, Gao L, Gao H, Hou Z, Zhang B. Improved determination of phoxim residue in stored wheat by HPLC with DAD. J Food Sci 2009; 74:T37-41. [PMID: 19646058 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article presents an improved method to detect the phoxim residual in whole wheat grain (not milled). The authors used petroleum ether (PE) as solvent to extract phoxim in darkness, and then determined it with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detector (DAD) at 280 nm. Use of PE improved the extraction efficiency of phoxim from grain samples over those obtained using acetone, recovery of 83.3% and 65.9%, respectively. Light produced more side effect on the extraction of this pesticide than with darkness, recovery of 63.2% and 83.3%, respectively. The combination of PE with darkness yielded a higher recovery of phoxim in liquid-phase extraction. The peak area of phoxim compared with its absolute values of phoxim in standard solution concentration range from 0.005 mg/kg to 0.253 mg/kg showed a good linear calibration (R(2) = 0.9999). Recoveries, at spiked concentrations of 0.02, 0.05, and 0.10 mg/kg, varied between 83.3% and 106.3% with relative standard deviations (RSD) ranging from 6.5% to 8.0%. The present method provides sufficient sensitivity as reflected by the values of limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). LOD was 0.002 mg/kg (S/N 3), and the estimated LOQ was 0.006 mg/kg (S/N = 10). Use of the proposed method successfully detected phoxim residue in wheat grain from Beijing and Kunming City of China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolin Lv
- Center of Forestry Biology, Beijing Forestry Univ., China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wu J, Xiang B, Xia J. Application of ultrasound-assisted emulsification-microextraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography to the determination of propoxur in environmental and beverage samples. Mikrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-009-0179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
19
|
Gunasekara AS, dela Cruz IDP, Curtis MJ, Claassen VP, Tjeerdema RS. The behavior of clomazone in the soil environment. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2009; 65:711-716. [PMID: 19319928 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clomazone is a herbicide used to control broadleaf weeds and grasses. Clomazone use in agriculturally important crops and forests for weed control has increased and is a potential water contaminant given its high water solubility (1100 microg mL(-1)). Soil sorption is an environmental fate parameter that may limit its movement to water systems. The authors used model rice and forest soils of California to test clomazone sorption affinity, capacity, desorption, interaction with soil organic matter and behavior with black carbon. RESULTS Sorption of clomazone to the major organic matter fraction of soil, humic acid (HA) (K(d) = 29-87 L kg(-1)), was greater than to whole soils (K(d) = 2.3-11 L kg(-1)). Increased isotherm non-linearity was observed for the whole soils (N = 0.831-0.893) when compared with the humic acids (N = 0.954-0.999). Desorption isotherm results showed hysteresis, which was greatest at the lowest solution concentration of 0.067 microg mL(-1) for all whole soils and HA extracts. Aliphatic carbon content appeared to contribute to increased isotherm linearity. CONCLUSION The results indicate that clomazone does not sorb appreciably to sandy or clay soils. Its sorption affinity and capacity is greater in humic acid, and consequently clomazone has difficulty desorbing from soil organic matter. Sorption appears to follow processes explained by the dual-mode model, the presence of fire residues (black carbon) and a recently proposed sorption mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrith S Gunasekara
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Crespo-Corral E, Santos-Delgado M, Polo-Díez L, Soria A. Determination of carbamate, phenylurea and phenoxy acid herbicide residues by gas chromatography after potassium tert-butoxide/dimethyl sulphoxide/ethyl iodide derivatization reaction. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1209:22-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
21
|
Moral A, Sicilia MD, Rubio S, Pérez-Bendito D. Multifunctional sorbents for the extraction of pesticide multiresidues from natural waters. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 608:61-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
22
|
Hrdlička A, Dolinová J. AUTOMATED HOT SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND HPLC DETERMINATION OF ATRAZINE AND ITS DEGRADATION PRODUCTS IN SOIL. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100103406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Hrdlička
- a Department of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Masaryk University Brno , Vesla ská 230 B, Brno, 637 00, Czech Republic
| | - J. Dolinová
- a Department of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Masaryk University Brno , Vesla ská 230 B, Brno, 637 00, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mughari AR, Galera MM, Vázquez PP, Valverde RS. Coupled-column liquid chromatography combined with postcolumn photochemical derivatization and fluorescence detection for the determination of herbicides in groundwater. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:673-8. [PMID: 17461105 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the application of coupled-column LC-photochemically induced fluorimetry-fluorescence detection (LC-LC-PIF-FD), demonstrating its potential for the quantitative and selective detection of six herbicides, including propanil and the phenylureas monuron, monolinuron, chlorotoluron, diuron and neburon in groundwater samples. An AQUASIL C18 50 x 4.6 mm(2) id column coupled to an AQUASIL C18 150 x 4.6 mm(2) id column for analyte clean-up and determination were used, respectively. A simple SPE with Cl8 cartridges was carried out, yielding average recoveries between 80 and 112% (n = 6) with RSDs between 0.5 and 9%. The LODs ranged from 0.0083 to 0.0833 microg/L in the groundwater samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed R Mughari
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Almeria, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Brondi SHG, Lanças FM. HPLC Determination of Pesticide Residues Widely Employed in Sugar‐Cane Cultures in River Water Samples. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120027093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. H. G. Brondi
- a University of São Paulo, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos , 13.560‐970, São Carlos , SP , Brazil
| | - F. M. Lanças
- a University of São Paulo, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos , 13.560‐970, São Carlos , SP , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Brondi SHG, Rodrigues da Silva JC, Lanças FM. Development and Validation of a Methodology for the Determination of Pesticides in Water by SPME–LC/DAD. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500271931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
26
|
Merkulova NL, Shapovalova EN, Shpigun OA. Features of the separation of pesticides of different classes by reversed-phase high-performance chromatography. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934806040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
27
|
Scheyer A, Morville S, Mirabel P, Millet M. A multiresidue method using ion-trap gas chromatography?tandem mass spectrometry with or without derivatisation with pentafluorobenzylbromide for the analysis of pesticides in the atmosphere. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 381:1226-33. [PMID: 15791484 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Revised: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A multiresidue method using gas chromatography coupled to ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was developed for the analysis of 27 pesticides, commonly used in Alsace, in atmospheric samples (particle and gas phases). As pesticides are expected to be present at very low concentrations and in a complex matrix, the analytical method used was both highly selective and sensitive. These two properties were obtained by associating chromatography with ion-trap MS/MS. To develop this method, analysis of electron impact in single MS was first conducted to choose the parent ions of the pesticides studied. Among the 27 pesticides analysed, seven of them require a derivatisation step. This was the case of some ureas (chlorotoluron, diuron and isoproturon), phenoxy acids (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid and mecoprop) and of bromoxynil. The derivatisation was performed with success with pentafluorobenzylbromide. Then, a MS/MS method was optimised by parameters such as the radio frequency storage level and the collision-induced dissociation excitation voltage. Finally, a last step enabled the development of two calibrating programs based on the quantification of daughter ions for the 20 pesticides analysed directly (run 1) and for the seven pesticides which needed derivatisation (run 2). With this analytical procedure, the detection limits varied between 2.5 and 1,250 pg m(-3) depending on the compounds studied. This method was tested with success for atmospheric samples collected in Strasbourg (France) during intensive pesticide treatment in 2002.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Scheyer
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Centre de Géochimie de la Surface, Université Louis Pasteur, 1, rue Blessig, 67084, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Navarrete-Casas M, Segura-Carretero A, Cruces-Blanco C, Fernández-Gutiérrez A. Potential determination of aminated pesticides and metabolites by cyclodextrin capillary electrophoresis-laser-induced fluorescence using FITC as labelling. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2005; 61:197-203. [PMID: 15619713 DOI: 10.1002/ps.961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe a detailed study on the possibility of analyzing aminated pesticides and metabolites using pre-column derivatization with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and their subsequent separation and detection by cyclodextrin capillary electrophoresis-laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) detection. Different variables affecting the derivatization reaction (pH, FITC concentration, reaction time and temperature) and those related with the separation itself (buffer concentration, addition of various organic modifiers, pH, applied voltage and injection time) were studied. The limit of detection obtained was between 0.45 and 3.48 microg litre(-1) showing a relative standard deviation between 0.26 and 2.08% at a concentration level of 50 microg litre(-1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Navarrete-Casas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, C/Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Brondi SHG, Lanças FM. Optimization of a methodology for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in surface water by SPME-GC/MS. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2005; 40:513-23. [PMID: 16047876 DOI: 10.1081/pfc-200061508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present work experimental conditions were optimized for the analysis of organochlorine traces in water matrix using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography with mass selective detector. The parameters including time of exposure of the fiber in the aqueous sample, fiber type, agitation speed, pH, ionic forces, temperature of adsorption, and time of desorption were evaluated. The best conditions to analyze organochlorine were obtained by using higher than room temperature, agitation of the sample, extraction time of 40 min, and polyacrylate fiber.
Collapse
|
30
|
Molto Cortes J, Berrada H. Urea Pesticide Residues in Food. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1201/b11081-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
31
|
Carabias-Martı́nez R, Rodrı́guez-Gonzalo E, Herrero-Hernández E, Hernández-Méndez J. Simultaneous determination of phenyl- and sulfonylurea herbicides in water by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with UV diode array or mass spectrometric detection. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
32
|
Safarpour H, Asiaie R, Katz S. Quantitative analysis of imazamox herbicide in environmental water samples by capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1036:217-22. [PMID: 15146924 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) with an electrospray ionization interface was applied for the quantitative analysis of imazamox pesticide in well water, potable water, and pond water. The detector response for imazamox was determined to be linear over the concentration range of 50-1 ng/ml. The limits of quantitation and detection of the method were determined to be 200 and 20 ng/l for imazamox compound in each type of water sample, respectively. The total sample preparation and CE-MS analysis time was under 2 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hudan Safarpour
- Analytical R&D and Discovery, Taxolog Inc., 10 Industrial Road, Fairfield, NJ 07004, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Perišić-Janjić N, Jovanović B, Janjić N, Rajković O, Antonović D. Study of the retention behavior of newly synthesizeds-triazine derivatives in RP TLC systems, and the lipophilicity of the compounds. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2003. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.16.2003.6.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
34
|
Zanella R, Primel EG, Gonçalves FF, Kurz MHS, Mistura CM. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of herbicide residues in surface and agriculture waters. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
35
|
Zanella R, Marozzin Mistura C, Helena Scherer Kurz M, Gilberto Primel E, Ferreira Gonçalves F. Determination of Residues of the Fungicide Metalaxyl in Water by Solid-Phase Extraction with Gas Chromatography and Nitrogen–Phosphorus Detection. ANAL LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120021094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
36
|
Zanella R, Primel EG, Machado SLO, Gonçalves FF, Marchezan E. Monitoring of the herbicide clomazone in environmental water samples by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
37
|
Muñoz de la Peña A, Mahedero MC, Bautista-Sánchez A. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of phenylureas by photochemically-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2002; 950:287-91. [PMID: 11991003 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A HPLC method, using photochemically-induced fluorescence detection, is described for the separation and determination of four phenylurea herbicides including diuron, isoproturon, linuron and neburon. A post-column photoreactor, consisting of a reactor knitted around a 4 W xenon lamp, has been included between the column and the detector, in order to transform the non-fluorescent herbicides into fluorophors. The influence of mobile phase composition, flow-rate, pH, and buffer concentration has been studied. An acetonitrile-buffer solution of potassium phosphate dibasic of pH 7 and 0.01 M concentration (60:40, v/v), was selected as optimum. For the fluorimetric detection, optimal excitation/emission wavelengths 324/403, 301/433, 335/411 and 326/385 nm were selected for the determination of diuron, isoproturon, linuron and neburon, respectively. The detection limits ranged between 0.07 and 0.46 microg/ml, according to the compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Muñoz de la Peña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gerecke AC, Tixier C, Bartels T, Schwarzenbach RP, Müller SR. Determination of phenylurea herbicides in natural waters at concentrations below 1 ng l(-1) using solid-phase extraction, derivatization, and solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2001; 930:9-19. [PMID: 11681583 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A procedure is presented which allows the ultratrace level determination of phenylurea herbicides (PUHs) in natural waters. Samples were enriched by solid-phase extraction (SPE) on Carbopack B and alkylated with iodoethane and sodium hydride to yield thermostable products. After derivatization, the aqueous samples were extracted and injected by SPME. The use of iodoethane instead of iodomethane allowed the differentiation between parent compounds and the N-demethylated metabolites. Limits of detection were between 0.3 and 1.0 ng/l for the parent compounds. Standard deviations below 10% were achieved for samples containing more than 4 ng/l in very different matrices including Nanopure water, lake water, and waste water treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. Moreover, the para-hydroxylated metabolite of diuron could be quantified with the same procedure. The presence of further metabolites was assessed qualitatively. Chromatography was stable over a large number of measurements even with dirty samples from WWTP effluent. The precision and sensitivity of the developed analytical method allowed the investigation of the fate of PUHs in lakes, their degradation during drinking water treatment and their transport within the North Sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Gerecke
- Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG) and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Dübendorf
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wall W, El Rassi Z. Electrically driven microseparation methods for pesticides and metabolites: V. Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography of aniline pesticidic metabolites derivatized with fluorescein isothiocyanate and their detection in real water at low levels by laser-induced fluorescence. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:2312-9. [PMID: 11504067 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(20017)22:11<2312::aid-elps2312>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Anilines are important pollutants occurring in the environment as industrial discharges as well as the transformation products (i.e., metabolites) of a wide variety of commonly used pesticides. In this report, we describe the precolumn derivatization of anilines with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and their subsequent separation and detection by capillary electrophoresis-laser induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) detection. The FITC-aniline derivatives were readily detected at the 10(-10) M level. This limit of detection (LOD) was achieved in the presence of glycosidic surfactants complexed with borate at alkaline pH yielding the so-called in situ charged micelles. The glycosidic surfactants evaluated were n-octyl- and n-nonylglucopyranoside. Furthermore, and under optimum conditions, the FITC precolumn derivatization of the anilines was performed in real water (e.g., tap and lake water) spiked with anilines at the LOD level. The water matrices showed marginal effects on the extent of derivatization at the LOD level, and the possible interferents in the water samples did not affect the FITC-solute signal due to the selectivity of the derivatization and detection schemes. Besides filtration from microparticles, the real water samples did not necessitate extensive sample cleanup prior to derivatization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Wall
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-3071, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ingelse BA, van Dam RC, Vreeken RJ, Mol HG, Steijger OM. Determination of polar organophosphorus pesticides in aqueous samples by direct injection using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2001; 918:67-78. [PMID: 11403457 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It was demonstrated that four out of six of the very polar organophosphorus pesticides (OPs), i.e. acephate, methamidophos, monocrotophos, omethoate, oxydemeton-methyl and vamidothion, could not be extracted from water using commonly available SPE cartridges. In addition, GC analysis on all six compounds was found to be troublesome due to their polar and thermolabile character. This initiated the development of an alternative highly sensitive and selective method for the determination of the above mentioned very polar OPs in water, based on LC-MS. Large volume (1 ml) water samples were directly injected onto an RP18 HPLC column with a polar endcapping. The latter was essential for obtaining retention and maintaining column performance under 100% aqueous conditions during the sampling. The compounds were ionized using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and detected on a tandem mass spectrometer operated in multiple reaction-monitoring mode. The detection limits were in the range of 0.01-0.03 microg/l. Compared to conventional GC methods, the developed LC-MS procedure is very straightforward, fast and more reliable. This application demonstrates the applicability of LC-MS for analysis of polar OPs in surface, ground and drinking water, as a more favourable alternative to GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B A Ingelse
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gupta VK, Ali I. Removal of DDD and DDE from wastewater using bagasse fly ash, a sugar industry waste. WATER RESEARCH 2001; 35:33-40. [PMID: 11257890 DOI: 10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bagasse fly ash, a waste from the sugar industry, was converted into an effective adsorbent and was used for the removal of DDD [2,2-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane] and DDE [2,2-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethene] pesticides from wastewater. The DDD and DDE are removed by the developed adsorbent up to 93% at pH 7.0, with the adsorbent dose of 5 g/l of particle size 200-250 microns at 30 degrees C. The removal of these two pesticides was achieved up to 97-98% in column experiments at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The adsorption was found to be exothermic in nature. The bagasse fly ash system has been used for the removal of DDD and DDE from the wastewater. The developed system is very useful, economic, and reproducible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V K Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zanella R, Primel EG, Gonçalves FF, Martins AF. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of clomazone residues in surface water. J Chromatogr A 2000; 904:257-62. [PMID: 11204239 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A method is described for the determination of clomazone residues in surface water by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The method involves solid-phase extraction with C18 extraction tubes. Clomazone was separated on a C18 column with a mobile phase of methanol-water (65:35, v/v) at pH 4.0 and a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min. After optimization of the extraction and separation conditions, the method was validated. The method developed can be used for determination of clomazone in surface water, at the limit of 0.1 mcirog/l set by the European Union drinking water directive, with a 400-fold preconcentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Zanella
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Vandecasteele K, Gaus I, Debreuck W, Walraevens K. Identification and quantification of 77 pesticides in groundwater using solid phase coupled to liquid-liquid microextraction and reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 2000; 72:3093-101. [PMID: 10939372 DOI: 10.1021/ac991359c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a method for the extraction, separation, identification, and quantification of 77 pesticides (neutral, acidic, and basic) including some s-triazine metabolites. The method is appropriate for organically (e.g. with humic acids) highly loaded groundwater samples. A comparative study of a pH-controlled mixed solid phase (LiChroprep RP18/LiChrolut EN) extraction with different desorption solvents (acetonitrile or acetonitrile and dichloromethane/methanol) is elaborated. A subsequent liquid-liquid microextraction reduces matrix effects. The pesticides in the sample are separated using RP-HPLC, detected, and identified by diode array. The efficiency is illustrated on a natural groundwater sample from a phreatic aquifer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Vandecasteele
- Laboratory for Applied Geology and Hydrogeology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sabik H, Jeannot R, Rondeau B. Multiresidue methods using solid-phase extraction techniques for monitoring priority pesticides, including triazines and degradation products, in ground and surface waters. J Chromatogr A 2000; 885:217-36. [PMID: 10941674 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The review describes the use of solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques for monitoring priority pesticides in ground and surface waters. The focus is on triazine herbicides and their degradation products. Data concerning the fate, occurrence, properties and extraction of triazines and their degradation products using different SPE techniques are tabulated and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Sabik
- St. Lawrence Centre, Environment Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gou Y, Eisert R, Pawliszyn J. Automated in-tube solid-phase microextraction-high-performance liquid chromatography for carbamate pesticide analysis. J Chromatogr A 2000; 873:137-47. [PMID: 10757292 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is an automated version of SPME that can be easily coupled to a conventional HPLC autosampler for on-line sample preparation, separation and quantitation. It has been termed "in-tube" SPME because the extraction phase is coated inside a section of fused-silica tubing rather than coated on the surface of a fused-silica rod as in the conventional syringe-like SPME device. The new in-tube SPME technique has been demonstrated as a very efficient extraction method for the analysis of polar and thermally labile analytes. The in-tube SPME-HPLC method used with the FAMOS autosampler from LC Packings was developed for detecting polar carbamate pesticides in clean water samples. The main parameters relating to the extraction and desorption processes of in-tube SPME (selection of coatings, aspirate/dispense steps, selection of the desorption solvents, and the efficiency of desorption solvent, etc.) were investigated. The method was evaluated according to the reproducibility, linear range and limit of detection. This method is simple, effective, reproducible and sensitive. The relative standard deviation for all the carbamates investigated was between 1.7 and 5.3%. The method showed good linearity between 5 and 10000 microg/l with correlation coefficients between 0.9824 and 0.9995. For the carbamates studied, the limits of detection observed are lower than or similar to that of US Environmental Protection Agency or National Pesticide Survey methods. Detection of carbaryl present in clean water samples at 1 microg/l is possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Gou
- Guelph-Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Pinto GM, Jardim IC. Use of solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of triazine residues in water: validation of the method. J Chromatogr A 2000; 869:463-9. [PMID: 10720259 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method for determination of some triazine residues in water has been developed. The method involves concentration with C18 solid-phase extraction cartridges followed by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis using a C18 column with UV detection at 230 nm, a mobile phase of methanol-water (60:40, v/v) at pH 4.6 (phosphoric acid) and a flow-rate of 0.8 ml/min. After optimization of the extraction and separation conditions, the method was validated. The method can be used for determination of atrazine, simazine, cyanazine and ametryn in water, within the international limits of 0.1 microg/l.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Pinto
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Unicamp, Campinas (SP), Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Gou Y, Tragas C, Lord H, Pawliszyn J. On-line coupling of in-tube solid phase microextraction (SPME) to HPLC for analysis of carbamates in water samples: Comparison of two commercially available autosamplers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-667x(2000)12:3<125::aid-mcs1>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
48
|
Pinto GM, Jardim IC. Determination of bentazon residues in water by high-performance liquid chromatography. Validation of the method. J Chromatogr A 1999; 846:369-74. [PMID: 10420618 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)01031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method for determination of bentazon residues in water has been developed. The method involves solid-phase extraction with C18 extraction tubes and high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. A C18 column and guard column were used with UV detection at 230 nm, a mobile phase of methanol-water (60:40, v/v) at pH 4.6 (phosphoric acid) and a flow-rate of 0.8 ml/min. After optimization of the extraction and separation conditions, the method was validated. The method developed can be used for determination of bentazon in water, within the international limits of 0.1 microgram/l, with a 500-fold pre-concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Pinto
- Institute of Chemistry, UNICAMP, Campinas S.P., Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sherma
- Department of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042
| |
Collapse
|