1
|
Mahajan S, Mahajan RK. Interactions of phenothiazine drugs with surfactants: a detailed physicochemical overview. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 199-200:1-14. [PMID: 23933135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phenothiazine drugs have been the subject of great interest due to their interesting aggregation properties and ability to interact with surfactants, model lipid bilayers, and biomembranes. Since these drugs show enormous pharmacological actions and deposits on the biomembranes, their pharmacological activities seem to be related to the drug-membrane interactions or to the absorbability on the membrane. Further, the mechanisms for the various biological activities of phenothiazines can be explained by exploring these drug-membrane interactions. Keeping these points in view, many researchers have investigated the interactions of these drugs with surfactants. This review describes the physicochemical aspects of the interactions between phenothiazine drugs and surfactants which have been discussed under three sections: (i) micellar and interfacial studies, (ii) spectroscopic studies, (iii) phase separation studies (CP) and (iv) miscellaneous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suruchi Mahajan
- Department of Chemistry, UGC-Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Trace determination of vardenafil hydrochloride in commercial formulation and human serum by adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetry at a carbon paste electrode. J Solid State Electrochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-013-2020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
3
|
Shahrokhian S, Hosseini Nassab N. Nanodiamond Decorated with Silver Nanoparticles as a Sensitive Film Modifier in a Jeweled Electrochemical Sensor: Application to Voltammetric Determination of Thioridazine. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
4
|
Guerreiro JRL, Sales MGF. Disposable solid state probe for optical screening of chlorpromazine. Mikrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-011-0671-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
5
|
Johns KF, Breadmore MC, Bruno R, Haddad PR. Evaluation of Peakmaster for computer-aided multivariate optimisation of a CE separation of 17 antipsychotic drugs using minimal experimental data. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:839-47. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
6
|
HASSAN AK, AMEEN ST, SAAD B, AL-ARAGI SM. Potentiometric Sensors for the Determination of Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Preparations. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:1295-9. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed K. HASSAN
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Baghdad University
| | - Suhaam T. AMEEN
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liao WS, Lin CH, Chen CY, Kuo CM, Liu YC, Wu JC, Lin CE. Enantioseparation of phenothiazines in CD-modified CZE using single isomer sulfated CD as a chiral selector. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:3922-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
8
|
Idris AM, Assubaie FN, Sultan SM. Experimental design optimization of a sequential injection method for promazine assay in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. JOURNAL OF AUTOMATED METHODS & MANAGEMENT IN CHEMISTRY 2007; 2007:32470. [PMID: 18350124 PMCID: PMC2266988 DOI: 10.1155/2007/32470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Experimental design optimization approach was utilized to develop a sequential injection analysis (SIA) method for promazine assay in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The method was based on the oxidation of promazine by Ce(IV) in sulfuric acidic media resulting in a spectrophotometrically detectable species at 512 nm. A 3(3) full factorial design and response surface methods were applied to optimize experimental conditions potentially controlling the analysis. The optimum conditions obtained were 1.0 x 10(-4) M sulphuric acid, 0.01 M Ce(IV), and 10 muL/s flow rate. Good analytical parameters were obtained including range of linearity 1-150 mug/mL, linearity with correlation coefficient 0.9997, accuracy with mean recovery 98.2%, repeatability with RSD 1.4% (n = 7 consequent injections), intermediate precision with RSD 2.1% (n = 5 runs over a week), limits of detection 0.34 mug/mL, limits of quantification 0.93 mug/mL, and sampling frequency 23 samples/h. The obtained results were realized by the British Pharmacopoeia method and comparable results were obtained. The provided SIA method enjoys the advantages of the technique with respect to rapidity, reagent/sample saving, and safety in solution handling and to the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abubakr M. Idris
- Department of Chemistry, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad N. Assubaie
- Department of Chemistry, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah M. Sultan
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University for Petroleum and Minerals, P.O. Box 2026, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Idris AM, Assubaie FN, Sultan SM. Chemometric optimization of a SIA promethazine hydrochloride assay method. Microchem J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2005.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
10
|
Lara FJ, García-Campaña AM, Gámiz-Gracia L, Bosque-Sendra JM, Alés-Barrero F. Determination of phenothiazines in pharmaceutical formulations and human urine using capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2348-59. [PMID: 16718647 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A CE instrument coupled with chemiluminescence (CL) detection was designed for the determination of promethazine hydrochloride (PTH) and promazine hydrochloride (PMH) in real samples. An important enhancement of the CL emission of luminol with potassium ferricyanide was observed in the presence of these phenothiazines; so this system was selected for their detection after CE separation. Parameters affecting the electrophoretic separation were optimized in a univariate way, while those affecting CL detection were optimized by means of a multivariate approach based on the use of experimental designs. Chemometrics was also employed for the study of the robustness of the factors influencing the postcolumn CL detection. The method allows the separation of the phenothiazines in less than 4 min, achieving LODs of 80 ng/mL for PMH and 334 ng/mL for PTH, using sample injection by gravity. Electrokinetic injection was used to obtain lower LODs for the determination of the compounds in biological samples. The applicability of the CE-CL method was illustrated in the determination of PTH in pharmaceutical formulations and in the analysis of PMH in human urine, using a previous SPE procedure, achieving an LOD of 1 ng/mL and recoveries higher than 85%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Lara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Madej K, Kala M, Woźniakiewicz M. LC and Non-Aqueous CE Determination of Phenothiazines in Autopsy Samples. Chromatographia 2005. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
12
|
Lin CE, Liao WS, Cheng HT, Kuo CM, Liu YC. Enantioseparation of phenothiazines in cyclodextrin-modified capillary zone electrophoresis using sulfated cyclodextrins as chiral selectors. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3869-77. [PMID: 16217834 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, enantioseparations of five phenothiazines, including promethazine, ethopropazine, trimeprazine, methotrimeprazine, and thioridazine, in CD-modified CZE using dual CD systems consisting of randomly sulfate-substituted CD (MI-S-beta-CD) and a neutral CD as chiral selectors in a citrate buffer (100 mM) at pH 3.0 were investigated. The results indicate that MI-S-beta-CD is an excellent chiral selector for enantioseparation of ethopropazine. The enantiomers of promethazine can also be baseline-resolved with MI-S-beta-CD at concentrations in the range of 0.5-1.0% w/v. On the other hand, thioridazine and trimeprazine interact strongly with neutral CDs. As a result, the enantioselectivity of these two phenothiazines is remarkably and synergistically enhanced with increasing the concentration of neutral CDs in the presence of MI-S-beta-CD and simultaneous enantioseparations of these phenothiazines, except for methotrimeprazine, could favorably be achieved with the use of dual CD systems. Moreover, by varying the concentration of beta-CD or gamma-CD at a fixed concentration of MI-S-beta-CD (0.75% w/v) reversal of the enantiomer migration order of promethazine occurred. This may be attributable to the opposite effects of charged and neutral CDs on the mobility of the enantiomers of promethazine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Erh Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Martínez-Algaba C, Bermúdez-Saldaña JM, Villanueva-Camañas RM, Sagrado S, Medina-Hernández MJ. Analysis of pharmaceutical preparations containing antihistamine drugs by micellar liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 40:312-21. [PMID: 16182504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Revised: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rapid chromatographic procedures for analytical quality control of pharmaceutical preparations containing antihistamine drugs, alone or together with other kind of compounds are proposed. The method uses C18 stationary phases and micellar mobile phases of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) with either 1-propanol or 1-butanol as organic modifier. The proposed procedures allow the determination of the antihistamines: brompheniramine, chlorcyclizine, chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, flunarizine, hydroxyzine, promethazine, terfenadine, tripelennamine and triprolidine, in addition to caffeine, dextromethorphan, guaifenesin, paracetamol and pyridoxine in different pharmaceutical presentations (tablets, capsules, suppositories, syrups and ointments). The methods require minimum handling sample and are rapid (between 3 and 12 min at 1 mLmin(-1) flow rate) and reproducible (R.S.D. values<5%). Limits of detection are lower than 1 microgmL(-1) and the recoveries of the analytes in the pharmaceutical preparations are in the range 100+/-10%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Martínez-Algaba
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, C/Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lara FJ, García-Campaña AM, Alés-Barrero F, Bosque-Sendra JM. Development and validation of a capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of phenothiazines in human urine in the low nanogramper milliliter concentration range using field-amplified sample injection. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:2418-29. [PMID: 15924366 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method with ultraviolet-visible detection has been established and validated for the determination of five phenothiazines: thiazinamium methylsulfate, promazine hydrochloride, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, thioridazine hydrochloride, and promethazine hydrochloride in human urine. Optimum separation was obtained on a 64.5 cm x 75 microm bubble cell capillary using a buffer containing 150 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and 25% acetonitrile at pH 8.2, with temperature and voltage of 25 degrees C and 20 kV, respectively. Naphazoline hydrochloride was used as an internal standard. Field-amplified sample injection (FASI) has been applied to improve the sensitivity of the detection. Considering the influence of parameters affecting the on-line preconcentration (nature of preinjection plug, sample solvent composition, injection times, and injection voltage) and due to the significant interactions among them, in this paper we propose for the first time the application of a multivariate approach to carry out the study. The optimized conditions were as follows: preinjection plug of water for 7 s at 50 mbar, electrokinetic injection for 40 s at 6.2 kV, and 32 microm of H3PO4 in the sample solvent. Also, a solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure is developed to obtain low detection limits and an adequate selectivity for urine samples. The combination of SPE and FASI-CZE-UV allows adequate linearities and recoveries, low detection limits (from 2 to 5 ng/mL), and satisfactory precisions (3.0-7.2% for an intermediate RSD %).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Lara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Determination of thiazinamium, promazine and promethazine in pharmaceutical formulations using a CZE method. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
16
|
Stability-indicating assay using capillary zone electrophoresis for an azaphenothiazine in an ointment formulation. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
17
|
Madej K, Wo?niakiewicz M, Ka?a M. Method for Screening and Quantification of Seven Phenothiazines in Whole Blood Samples by Non-Aqueous Capillary Electrophoresis. Chromatographia 2005. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
18
|
Daniel D, Gutz IGR. Spectroelectrochemical determination of chlorpromazine hydrochloride by flow-injection analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 37:281-6. [PMID: 15708668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Revised: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 10/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An original, simple and sensitive flow-injection spectroelectroanalytical method for the determination of chlorpromazine in pure form or in pharmaceutical formulations is described. The method is based on the formation of a stable cationic radical by electro-oxidation in sulfuric acid medium (0.1 mol l(-1)), monitored in situ at lambda=524 nm. The determination of chlorpromazine hydrochloride in pure form or in pharmaceutical formulations was explored, considering the amperometric and the absorptiometric signal. The association of these two signals enhanced the selectivity of the analysis and proved decisive when other electroactive compounds or excipients like ascorbic acid were present in the formulation. The analytical parameters have been evaluated and the results obtained using standard additions are in agreement with the reference methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Daniel
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Le DC, Morin CJ, Beljean M, Siouffi AM, Desbène PL. Electrophoretic separations of twelve phenothiazines and N-demethyl derivatives by using capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography with non ionic surfactant. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1063:235-40. [PMID: 15700476 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We focused our work on the separation of phenothiazines that are important drugs used for the treatment of psychic diseases. For a better understanding of the metabolism of these solutes, we wanted to separate not only a mixture of 12 phenothiazines but also a mixture containing phenothiazines and their N-demethyl metabolites by capillary electrophoresis. Separations in capillary zone electrophoresis were performed using 3 x 10(-2) mol/L H3PO4 (pH 2.5) but the obtained resolutions were not entirely satisfactory especially with regard to phenothiazine -N-demethyl derivative pairs. To improve the obtained results, we have performed separations by using micellar electrokinetic chromatography. In this approach, we used a running electrolyte containing 3 x 10(-2) mol/L H3PO4 electrolyte (pH 2.5) and octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C12E8) as neutral surfactant. By introducing 2 x 10(-3) mol/L C12E8 in the electrolyte, 11 out of 12 phenothiazines have been baseline separated. With respect to the separation of a mixture containing 3 phenothiazines and their 3 demethyl derivatives, we obtained an excellent separation by using a running electrolyte prepared with 7.5 x 10(-4) mol/L C12E8 and 3 x 10(-2) mol/L H3PO4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Le
- UMR 6180 Chirotechnologies Catalyse et Biocatalyse, Université Aix-Marseille III, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques St Jérôme, 13397 Marseille Cedex 07, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mikus P, Valásková I, Havránek E. Chiral separation of dioxopromethazine in eye drops by CZE with charged cyclodextrin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 33:157-64. [PMID: 12972080 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with carboxyethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CE-beta-CD) dissolved in the operating buffer was used for the separation and determination of enantiomers of phenothiazine antihistaminic, dioxopromethazine, in commercial pharmaceutical preparation, eye drops. This chiral selector, negatively charged under given separating conditions (20 mmol/l epsilon -aminocaproic acid, acetic acid, pH 4.5), was effective in enantioresolution of the antihistamine even at its low concentrations (3-6 mg/ml) in the buffer solution. CZE identification and quantitation of the relevant constituents present in the preparation (dioxopromethazine enantiomers, phenylephrine) were based on the response of photometric absorbency detector, operating at a 275 nm detection wavelength. Changes in pH, type and concentration of chiral selector were studied in relation to chiral resolution. Acceptable validation criteria for sensitivity, precision, linearity and repeatability are included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mikus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen KH, Lin CE, Liao WS, Lin WY, Hsiao YY. Separation and migration behavior of structurally related phenothiazines in cyclodextrin-modified capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2002; 979:399-408. [PMID: 12498271 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01501-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The influences of buffer pH and the concentration of beta-cyclodextrins (beta-CDs) on the separation and migration behavior of 13 structurally related phenothiazines in CD-modified capillary zone electrophoresis (CD-CZE) using a phosphate background electrolyte at low pH were investigated. We focused on the separation of these phenothiazines, including the enantiomers of chiral analytes, with the use of beta-CD and hydroxypropyl-beta-CD (HP-beta-CD) as electrolyte modifiers or chiral selectors at concentrations less than 8 mM. The results indicate that the interactions of phenothiazines with beta-CDs are very strong and that effective separations of 13 analytes can be achieved with addition of 0.3 mM beta-CD or 0.5 mM HP-beta-CD in a phosphate buffer at pH 3.0. Binding constants of phenothiazines to beta-CDs were evaluated for a better understanding of the interactions of phenothiazines with beta-CDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, P.O. Box 23-34, 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei 10674, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lin CE, Chen KH, Hsiao YY, Liao WS, Chen CC. Enantioseparation of phenothiazines in cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 971:261-6. [PMID: 12350123 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, enantioseparations of five phenothiazines in cyclodextrin (CD)-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) were investigated using a citrate buffer containing tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) as a cationic surfactant at low pH. Beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) and hydroxylpropyl-beta-CD (HP-beta-CD) were selected as chiral selectors. The results indicate that the separation window is greatly enlarged by beta-CD concentration and that the separability and selectivity of phenothiazines are remarkably influenced by the concentrations of both beta-CD and TTAB, as well as buffer pH. The interaction of thioridazine with beta-CDs is considerably reduced in the presence of TTAB micelles due to competitive complexation of thioridazine with TTAB micelles, which is pH-dependent. As a result, effective enantioseparation of thioridazine is simultaneously achievable with that of trimeprazine and promethazine or ethopropazine in MEKC with addition of either beta-CD or HP-beta-CD, respectively, to a micellar citrate buffer containing TTAB at pH 3.5. Better enantioresolution of thioridazine in MEKC than in capillary zone electrophoresis can be obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Erh Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lin CE, Chen KH. Enantioseparation of phenothiazines in capillary zone electrophoresis using cyclodextrins as chiral selectors. J Chromatogr A 2001; 930:155-63. [PMID: 11681573 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, enantioseparations of five phenothiazines, including promethazine, ethopropazine, trimeprazine, methotrimeprazine, and thioridazine, in cyclodextrin (CD)-modified capillary zone electrophoresis were investigated using a phosphate buffer (40 mM) at pH 3.0. We focussed on the separation of phenothiazines with the use of CDs at low concentrations. Three different CDs, including beta-CD, hydroxypropyl-beta-CD (HP-beta-CD) and gamma-CD, were chosen as chiral selectors. The results indicate that effective enantioseparation of phenothiazines, except for methotrimeprazine, is simultaneously achievable with addition of gamma-CD at a concentration of 2.5-6.0 mM. The enantiomers of ethopropazine and trimeprazine are effectively separated with addition of HP-beta-CD at low concentrations, in the range 0.4-6.0 mM, whereas those of promethazine and trimeprazine are baseline resolved with beta-CD at much lower concentrations (0.02-3.0 mM) than with HP-beta-CD. The results also confirm that the separation window is greatly enlarged at low CD concentrations. Moreover, the drastic variations of the electrophoretic mobility of phenothiazines as a function of CD concentration reveal that phenothiazines interact very strongly with CDs in the order gamma-CD<HP-beta-CD<beta-CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C E Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hilhorst MJ, Derksen AF, Steringa M, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. Towards a general approach for the impurity profiling of drugs by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:1337-44. [PMID: 11379956 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200105)22:7<1337::aid-elps1337>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A general micellar electrokinetic chromatographic (MEKC) strategy for the impurity profiling of drugs was developed involving a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) MEKC system. With this combination, in principle, each sample component passes the detector in at least one of the two MEKC systems provided that separation buffers of the same pH are used in both systems. In order to select the proper MEKC systems, the electroosmotic flow (EOF) and micelle migration time (t(mc)) were determined for separation buffers of several pH values, containing various amounts of surfactant and organic modifier. The selectivity of the MEKC systems was studied using a mixture of compounds with a wide range of physico-chemical properties. The final selection of two adequate MEKC systems for this approach was based on the requirements that the t(mc) (i.e., analysis time) of both systems was below 20 min and that the t(mc)/t(eof) ratio was above 3 or 2 for the SDS and CTAB system, respectively. Furthermore, the systems should provide high efficiency, exhibit differences in selectivity and use moderate concentrations of modifier and surfactant, so that, if needed, further optimization is possible. The selected MEKC systems contained 60 mM SDS or 10 mM CTAB, respectively, in a phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) with 10% acetonitrile. Some test compounds with extreme mobilities were used to demonstrate the suitability of the MEKC approach to detect each component of a sample. The potential of the proposed MEKC combination for impurity profiling was demonstrated by the analysis of fluvoxamine with several impurities at the 0.1% level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Hilhorst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University Centre for Pharmacy, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Karpińska J. Simultaneous quantification of promazine hydrochloride and its sulfoxide in pharmaceutical preparations. ANAL SCI 2001; 17:249-53. [PMID: 11990535 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.17.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of derivative UV-spectrophotometry is proposed for the simultaneous quantification of promazine hydrochloride in the presence of sulfoxide, and vice versa. For this purpose, mathematical parameters were established for generating derivative spectra of analytes. The determination of promazine was made using the first-order derivative (deltalambda = 10 nm, second polynomial degree) at 268 nm. The quantification of sulfoxide was achieved by applying third-derivative spectra (deltalambda = 14 nm, sixth polynomial degree) based on measurements of the amplitude at 342 - 344 nm. An elaborated method was successfully used to determine analytes in commercial promazine pharmaceuticals. The obtained results agreed well with those obtained by the HPLC method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Karpińska
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kojło A, Michałowski J, Wołyniec E. Chemiluminescence determination of thioridazine hydrochloride by flow-injection analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2000; 22:85-91. [PMID: 10727126 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, potassium hexacyanoferrate(III), cerium(IV) sulphate and sodium peroxidisulphate have been tested as potential reagents for chemiluminescence generation from the oxidation of phenothiazine derivatives. Only with potassium permanganate in acidic medium were satisfying results achieved. A total of 13 different phenothiazine derivatives produce luminescence of different intensities on oxidation. Thioridazine hydrochloride was chosen to develop a rapid and simple method for its determination in pharmaceutical formulations. The limit of detection is 1.2 x 10(-6) mol l(-1), and 110 samples per hour can be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Kojło
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang R, Lu X, Xin H, Wu M. Separation of phenothiazines in aqueous and non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
28
|
Hilhorst MJ, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. Choice of capillary electrophoresis systems for the impurity profiling of drugs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1998; 16:1251-60. [PMID: 9571543 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(97)00205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop a strategy for the impurity profiling of drugs, the possibilities of some capillary electrophoresis systems were investigated. A mixture containing a drug and some of its possible impurities has been used as a model problem. The test compounds were investigated by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). The pH of the CZE buffer was varied, but the two stereoisomers could not be separated. Moreover, CZE is not suitable for neutral compounds. In MEKC, two different types of surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), have been used and the effect of type and concentration modifier on the separation and the elution window was studied. In the SDS system, both the resolution and the elution window could be increased considerably by the addition of modifier. The use of two MEKC systems of different selectivity seems to be a combination with high potential for the impurity profiling of drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Hilhorst
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Selectivity of polymeric and polymer-supported pseudo-stationary phases in micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00870-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
31
|
Muijselaar PG, Otsuka K, Terabe S. Micelles as pseudo-stationary phases in micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1997; 780:41-61. [PMID: 9335128 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This review article describes some general comments on micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) from the viewpoint of pseudo-stationary phases and presents a compiled list of surfactants used for MEKC, prepared from published papers. We tried to give comments on some typical surfactants from the practical point of view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P G Muijselaar
- Faculty of Science, Himeji Institute of Technology, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shihabi ZK, Friedberg MA. Analysis of small molecules for clinical diagnosis by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 1997; 18:1724-32. [PMID: 9372263 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150181005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the analysis of small molecules in clinical research is growing steadily. Initial studies have dealt with separations of standards or compounds in clean matrices. However, later studies dealt with analysis of those compounds in serum, urine or tissues. Great progress has been accomplished in three areas of clinical interest: organic acids, amino acids and drug analysis. The analysis of these compounds by capillary electrophoresis has several distinct advantages: high resolution, simplicity, versatility and especially low operating costs. In many cases, the sample can be injected directly without complex pretreatment. Most of the described methods have been validated for their precision, linearity and accuracy. In forensic toxicology, the CE has been used for drug identification and as a complementary analytical method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z K Shihabi
- Department of Pathology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|