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Honig ML, Haba A, O'Leary KMF, Robinson EEA, Madungwe KV, Lin Y, McGuire C, Bühlmann P. Improvement of the Upper Detection Limit of Ionophore-Based H +-Selective Electrodes: Explanation and Elimination of Apparently Super-Nernstian Responses. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9901-9908. [PMID: 38850234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The response range of an ion-selective electrode (ISE) has been described by counterion interference at the lower and Donnan failure at the upper detection limit. This approach fails when the potentiometric response at the upper detection limit exhibits an apparently super-Nernstian response, as has been reported repeatedly for H+-selective electrodes. While also observed when samples contain other anions, super-Nernstian responses at low pH are a problem in particular for samples that contain phthalate, a common component of commercial pH calibration solutions. This work shows that coextraction of H+ and a sample anion into the sensing membrane alone does not explain these super-Nernstian responses, even when membrane-internal diffusion potentials are taken into account. Instead, these super-Nernstian responses are explained by the formation of complexes between that anion and at least two protonated ionophore molecules. As demonstrated by experiments and explained with quantitative phase boundary models, the apparently super-Nernstian responses at low pH can be eliminated by restricting the molecular ratio of ionophore and ionic sites. Notably, this conclusion results in recommendations for the optimization of sensing membranes that, in some instances, will conflict with previously reported recommendations from the ionic site theory for the optimization of the lower detection limit. This mechanistic insight is key to maximizing the response range of these ionophore-based ISEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline L Honig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ariki Haba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Katie M F O'Leary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Emily E A Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kuzivakwashe V Madungwe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ye Lin
- Emerson Automation Solutions, 6021 Innovation Boulevard, Shakopee, Minnesota 55379, United States
| | - Chad McGuire
- Emerson Automation Solutions, 6021 Innovation Boulevard, Shakopee, Minnesota 55379, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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2
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Chen XV, Mousavi MP, Bühlmann P. Fluorous-Phase Ion-Selective pH Electrodes: Electrode Body and Ionophore Optimization for Measurements in the Physiological pH Range. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:13621-13629. [PMID: 32566827 PMCID: PMC7301372 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Because of their low polarity and polarizability, fluorous sensing membranes are both hydrophobic and lipophobic and exhibit very high ion selectivities. Here, we report on a new fluorous-membrane ion-selective electrode (ISE) with a wide sensing range centered around physiologically relevant pH values. The fluorophilic tris[perfluoro(octyl)butyl]amine (N[(CH2)4Rf8]3) was synthesized and tested as a new H+ ionophore using a redesigned electrode body that provides excellent mechanical sealing and much improved measurement reliability. In a challenging 1 M KCl background, these fluorous-phase ISEs exhibit a sensing range from pH 2.2 to 11.2, which is one of the widest working ranges reported to date for ionophore-based H+ ISEs. High selectivities against common interfering ions such as K+, Na+, and Ca2+ were determined (selectivity coefficients: logK H, K pot = - 11.6; logK H, Na pot = - 12.4; logK H, Ca pot < - 10.2). The use of the N[(CH2)4Rf8]3 ionophore with its -(CH2)4- spacers separating the amino group from the strongly electron-withdrawing perfluorooctyl groups improved the potentiometric selectivity as compared to the less basic tris[perfluoro(octyl)propyl]amine ionophore. The use of N[(CH2)4Rf8]3 also made the ISE less prone to counter anion failure (i.e., Donnan failure) at low pH than the use of tris[perfluoro(octyl)pentyl]amine with its longer -(CH2)5- spacers, which more effectively shield the amino center from the perfluorooctyl groups. In addition, we exposed both conventional plasticized PVC-phase pH ISEs and fluorous-phase pH ISEs to 10% serum for 5 days. Results show that the PVC-phase ISEs lost selectivity while their fluorous-phase counterparts did not.
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Yilmaz I, Chen LD, Chen XV, Anderson EL, da Costa RC, Gladysz JA, Bühlmann P. Potentiometric Selectivities of Ionophore-Doped Ion-Selective Membranes: Concurrent Presence of Primary Ion or Interfering Ion Complexes of Multiple Stoichiometries. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2409-2417. [PMID: 30609363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The selectivities of ionophore-doped ion-selective electrode (ISE) membranes are controlled by the stability and stoichiometry of the complexes between the ionophore, L, and the target and interfering ions (I zi and J zj, respectively). Well-accepted models predict how these selectivities can be optimized by selection of ideal ionophore-to-ionic site ratios, considering complex stoichiometries and ion charges. These models were developed for systems in which the target and interfering ions each form complexes of only one stoichiometry. However, for a few ISEs, the concurrent presence of two primary ion complexes of different stoichiometries, such as IL zi and IL2 zi, was reported. Indeed, similar systems were probably often overlooked and are, in fact, more common than the exclusive formation of complexes of higher stoichiometry unless the ionophore is used in excess. Importantly, misinterpreted stoichiometries misguide the design of new ionophores and are likely to result in the formulation of ISE membranes with inferior selectivities. We show here that the presence of two or more complexes of different stoichiometries for a given ion may be inferred experimentally from careful interpretation of the potentiometric selectivities as a function of the ionophore-to-ionic site ratio or from calculations of complex concentrations using experimentally determined complex stabilities. Concurrent formation of JL zj and JL2 zj complexes of an interfering ion is shown here to shift the ionophore-to-ionic site ratio that provides the highest selectivities. Formation of IL n-1 zi and IL n zi complexes of a primary ion is less of a concern because an optimized membrane typically contains an excess of ionophore, but lower than expected selectivities may be observed if the stepwise complex formation constant, KILn, is not sufficiently large and the ionophore-to-ionic site ratio does not markedly exceed n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Kamil Ozdag Science Faculty , Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University , 70100 Karaman , Turkey.,Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street Southeast , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Li D Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street Southeast , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Xin V Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street Southeast , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Evan L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street Southeast , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Rosenildo Correa da Costa
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , P.O. Box 30012, College Station , Texas 77842 , United States.,School of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science , University of South Wales , Cemetery Road , Glyntaff , CF37 4DB , United Kingdom
| | - John A Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , P.O. Box 30012, College Station , Texas 77842 , United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street Southeast , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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Golcs Á, Horváth V, Huszthy P, Tóth T. Fast Potentiometric Analysis of Lead in Aqueous Medium under Competitive Conditions Using an Acridono-Crown Ether Neutral Ionophore. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18051407. [PMID: 29751498 PMCID: PMC5982464 DOI: 10.3390/s18051407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lead is a particularly toxic heavy metal that is present above acceptable levels in the water of many countries. This article describes a quick detection method of lead(II) ions using a polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-based ion-selective membrane electrode containing an acridono-crown ether ionophore by potentiometry. The electrochemical cell exhibits a Nernstian response for lead(II) ions between the concentration range of 10−4 to 10−2 M, and can be used in the pH range of 4⁻7. The applicability of this sensor was verified by measuring a multicomponent aqueous sample. Under the given conditions, this electrode is suitable for the selective quantitative analysis of lead(II) ions in the presence of many additional metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Golcs
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, P.O. Box 91, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Viola Horváth
- MTA-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, P.O. Box 91, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Péter Huszthy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, P.O. Box 91, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Tünde Tóth
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, P.O. Box 91, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary.
- Institute for Energy Security and Environmental Safety, Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary.
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Ogawara S, Carey JL, Zou XU, Bühlmann P. Donnan Failure of Ion-Selective Electrodes with Hydrophilic High-Capacity Ion-Exchanger Membranes. ACS Sens 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5b00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Ogawara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jesse L. Carey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Xu U. Zou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Xie X, Zhai J, Bakker E. Potentiometric Response from Ion-Selective Nanospheres with Voltage-Sensitive Dyes. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:16465-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5107578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Inorganic,
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jingying Zhai
- Department of Inorganic,
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic,
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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Makra I, Jágerszki G, Bitter I, Gyurcsányi RE. Nernst–Planck/Poisson model for the potential response of permselective gold nanopores. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Miyake M, Chen LD, Pozzi G, Bühlmann P. Ion-selective electrodes with unusual response functions: simultaneous formation of ionophore-primary ion complexes with different stoichiometries. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1104-11. [PMID: 22128799 PMCID: PMC3264767 DOI: 10.1021/ac202761x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that the selectivity of an ion-selective electrode (ISE) depends on the stoichiometry of the complexes between its ionophore and the target and interfering ions. It is all the more surprising that the possibility for the simultaneous occurrence of multiple target ion complexes with different complex stoichiometries was mostly ignored in the past. Here, we report on the simultaneous formation of 1:1 and 1:2 complexes of a fluorophilic crown ether in fluorous ISE membranes and how this results in what looks like super-Nernstian responses. These increased response slopes are not caused by mass transfer limitations and can be readily explained with a phase boundary model, a finding that is supported by experimentally determined complex formation constants and excellent fits of response curves. Not only Cs(+) but also the smaller ions Li(+), Na(+), K(+), and NH(4)(+) form 1:1 and 1:2 complexes with the fluorophilic crown ether, with cumulative formation constants of up to 10(15.0) and 10(21.0) for of the 1:1 and 1:2 complexes, respectively. Super-Nernstian responses of the type observed with these electrodes are probably not particularly rare but have lacked in the past an adequate discussion in the literature, remaining ignored or misinterpreted. Preliminary calculations also predict sub-Nernstian responses and potential dips of a similar origin. The proper understanding of such phenomena will facilitate the development of new ISEs based on ionophores that form complexes of higher stoichiometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Li D. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Gianluca Pozzi
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze Tecnologie Molecolari, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
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10
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Lindner E, Tóth K. To the Memory of Ernő Pungor: A Subjective View on the History of Ion-Selective Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200904624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Performance evaluation criteria for preparation and measurement of macro- and microfabricated ion-selective electrodes (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1351/pac200880010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, IUPAC published several documents with the goal of achieving standardized nomenclature and methodology for potentiometric ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). The ISE vocabulary was formulated, measurement protocols were suggested, and the selectivity coefficients were compiled. However, in light of new discoveries and experimental possibilities in the field of ISEs, some of the IUPAC recommendations have become outdated. The goal of this technical report is to direct attention to ISE practices and the striking need for updated or refined IUPAC recommendations which are consistent with the state of the art of using macro- and microfabricated planar microelectrodes. Some of these ISE practices have never been addressed by IUPAC but have gained importance with the technological and theoretical developments of recent years. In spite of its recognized importance, a generally acceptable revision of the current IUPAC recommendations is far beyond the scope of this work.
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Gyurcsányi RE, Lindner E. Multispectral imaging of ion transport in neutral carrier-based cation-selective membranes. Cytometry A 2006; 69:792-804. [PMID: 16969802 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-resolution spectroscopic imaging of the cross section of ion-selective membranes during real-time electrochemical measurements is termed spectroelectrochemical microscopy (SpECM). SpECM is aimed for optimizing the experimental conditions in mass transport controlled ion-selective electrode (ISE) membranes for improved detection limit. METHODS The SpECM measurements are performed in a thin layer electrochemical cell. The key element of the cell is a membrane strip spacer ring assembly which forms a two compartment electrochemical cell. The cell is placed onto the stage of a microscope and the membrane strip is positioned in the center of the field of view. A slice of the image is focused onto the entrance slit of the imaging spectrometer. RESULTS SpECM has been used for the determination of the diffusion coefficients of different membrane ingredients and for the quantitative assessment of the charged site concentrations in ISE membranes and membrane plasticizers. In addition, changes in the concentration profiles of the ionophore (free and complexed) and charged mobile sites inside the ISE membranes are documented upon the application of large external voltages. CONCLUSIONS This account demonstrates the power and advantages of SpECM, a multispectral imaging method for investigations of mass transport processes in ISE membranes during electrochemical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Gyurcsányi
- Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
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13
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Gabrielli C, Hemery P, Letellier P, Masure M, Perrot H, Rahmi MI, Turmine M. Investigation of ion-selective electrodes with neutral ionophores and ionic sites by EIS. I. Theory. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Johnson RD, Bachas LG. Ionophore-based ion-selective potentiometric and optical sensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 376:328-41. [PMID: 12734632 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-003-1931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2002] [Revised: 03/15/2003] [Accepted: 03/20/2003] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) and optodes with a focus on the fundamental mechanisms, response characteristics, and recognition elements (ionophores) described to date for these sensors. The topics covered review the most frequently encountered ideas about ionophore-based sensors, including the theoretical and experimental parameters that influence response, typical ionophore structures, useful membrane compositions, and applications. Since these sensors are applicable in a number of fields, such as clinical, environmental, and process monitoring, as well as more novel approaches such as microfluidic-based systems and micro/nanoprobes, this article provides descriptions that are oriented toward a more general audience. Furthermore, a large portion of this review describes the ionophore component itself in hopes of inspiring ideas in readers of how novel molecular architectures with new ionic targets or improved selectivity can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Daniel Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40505-0055, USA
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15
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Lo CK, Choi MM. Symmetrical electrochemical cell for determination of coextraction constants of metal salts for ion-selective polymeric membranes. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Qin Y, Bakker E. Evaluation of the separate equilibrium processes that dictate the upper detection limit of neutral ionophore-based potentiometric sensors. Anal Chem 2002; 74:3134-41. [PMID: 12141674 DOI: 10.1021/ac0156159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The upper detection limit of polar ionophore-based ion-selective electrode membranes is predicted by utilizing the coextraction constant of dissociated electrolyte, the stability constant of the ionophore, and the membrane composition. The coextraction constant of dissociated electrolytes into the polar poly(vinyl chloride) membrane plasticized with o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (PVC-NPOE) is here measured by a novel approach. The sandwich membrane technique is utilized, with one membrane segment containing a lipophilic cation exchanger and the other containing an anion exchanger. This yields information about the coextraction constant and the free ion concentrations of the electrolyte in the two segments. Predictions correlate quantitatively with the upper detection limit observed for ion-selective electrodes based on the ionophores valinomycin, tert-butylcalix[4]arene tetraethyl ester, and calcimycin. The difficulties of the prediction of the upper detection limit for nonpolar poly(vinyl chloride) membranes plasticized with bis(2-ethylhexyl sebacate) (PVC-DOS) due to ion association are discussed in detail. A thermodynamic cycle experiment with a series of sandwich membranes shows that the principal processes governing the upper detection limit of PVC-DOS membranes are identical to those for the PVC-NPOE membranes. However, the stability of the ion pairs between the ionophore-metal ion complexes and the extracted anion are different from that of ion pairs formed between the same anion and the lipophilic anion exchanger. This makes it difficult to quantitatively predict the upper detection limit on the basis of simple apparent coextraction and complexation data alone. The approach reported herein is useful not only for mechanistic purposes but also to shed light onto the many cases where coextraction effects need to be understood but are not directly experimentally accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Alabama 36849, USA
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17
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Radecka H, Tohda K, Umezawa Y. Optimum concentration of anionic sites in lipophilic macrocyclic pentaamine-based liquid membranes for potentiometric responses to anionic analytes. ANAL SCI 2001; 17:1221-4. [PMID: 11990601 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.17.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Radecka
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Science, Division of Food Research, Olsztyn
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18
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Pendley BD, Gyurcsányi RE, Buck RP, Lindner E. A chronoamperometric method to estimate changes in the membrane composition of ion-selective membranes. Anal Chem 2001; 73:4599-606. [PMID: 11605836 DOI: 10.1021/ac010007e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new chronoamperometric method is used to estimate changes in the membrane composition of mobile-site, ionophore-based membranes. The characteristic features of the chronoamperometric curves (initial current, slope, break time) of valinomycin-based, potassium-selective membranes loaded with potassium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate are correlated with the mobile-site and free ionophore concentration in the membrane. limiting cases for strong and negligible ion pair formation are distinguished. Replicate measurements indicate a relative standard deviation in the calculated values less than 10%. The practical applicability of the method was tested with membranes incorporated into conventional ion-selective electrode bodies or cast onto microfabricated planar sensor structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Pendley
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes College, Memphis, Tennessee 38112, USA
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Tohda K, Higuchi T, Dragoe D, Umezawa Y. Threshold ionic site concentrations required for Nernstian potentiometric responses of neutral ionophore-incorporated ion-selective liquid membranes. ANAL SCI 2001; 17:833-9. [PMID: 11708115 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.17.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An equation that can describe the concentrations of ionic sites required for a Nernstian potentiometric response slope of neutral ionophore-incorporated ion-selective liquid membranes is presented. This equation is derived from a model based on electrical diffuse layers on both the membrane and the aqueous sides of the interface, in which the phase boundary potential is correlated to the surface charge density as well as the salt concentrations in the bulk membrane and aqueous solution. To experimentally and accurately confirm the validity of this equation, response characteristics of field effect transistors covered by neutral ionophore-based liquid membranes with varying concentrations of a derivative of tetraphenylborate as an anionic site but free of ionic impurities were examined. The observed membrane potentials and the response slopes for membranes with various concentrations of anionic sites were in good agreement with the values calculated from the theory presented in this paper with the measured complexation stability constants for the relevant systems. This result indicates that the theoretical prediction based on the proposed equation for the anionic site concentration is accessible for the preparation of neutral ionophore-incorporated ion-selective liquid membranes, which show Nernstian response slopes for the primary ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tohda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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White CC, Schrag JL. Theoretical predictions for the mechanical response of a model quartz crystal microbalance to two viscoelastic media: A thin sample layer and surrounding bath medium. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Canet L, Vanel P, Aouad N, Tronel-Peyroz E, Palmeri J, Seta P. Impedance and electrical potential across supported liquid membranes: role of interfacial potentials on the active transport of a metal cation. J Memb Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0376-7388(99)00160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Lindner E, Gyurcsányi RE, Buck RP. Tailored Transport Through Ion-Selective Membranes for Improved Detection Limits and Selectivity Coefficients. ELECTROANAL 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4109(199907)11:10/11<695::aid-elan695>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Saleh M. Cationic Surfactant Ion-Selective PVC Membrane Electrode Containing Macrocyclic Diimine Crown Ether. ANAL LETT 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719908542964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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WAKIDA SI, MASADOME T, IMATO T, SHIBUTANI Y, YAKABE K, SHONO T, ASANO Y. Additive-Salt Effect on Low Detection Limit and Slope Sensitivity in Response of Potassium- and Sodium-Selective Neutral Carrier Based Electrodes and Their Liquid-Membrane Based Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor. ANAL SCI 1999. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.15.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi WAKIDA
- Department of Energy and the Environment, Osaka National Research Institute, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Ministry of International Trade and Industry
| | - Takashi MASADOME
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Ariake National College of Technology
| | - Toshihiko IMATO
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University
| | | | - Kenji YAKABE
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Technology
| | - Toshiyuki SHONO
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Technology
| | - Yasukazu ASANO
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of General Education, Ariake National College of Technology
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Bühlmann P, Amemiya S, Yajima S, Umezawa Y. Co-Ion Interference for Ion-Selective Electrodes Based on Charged and Neutral Ionophores: A Comparison. Anal Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9805145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Setsuko Yajima
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshio Umezawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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26
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Mathison S, Bakker E. Effect of Transmembrane Electrolyte Diffusion on the Detection Limit of Carrier-Based Potentiometric Ion Sensors. Anal Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ac970690y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Mathison
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
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27
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Bakker E, Bühlmann P, Pretsch E. Carrier-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes and Bulk Optodes. 1. General Characteristics. Chem Rev 1997; 97:3083-3132. [PMID: 11851486 DOI: 10.1021/cr940394a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1528] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bakker
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Sánchez-Pedreño C, Ortuño JA, Hernández J. Determination of chlorine and dissolved oxygen in waters and of ascorbic acid in pharmaceuticals by iodimetric potentiometric titration using a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membrane electrode. Anal Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(96)00140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Liu D, Meruva RK, Brown RB, Meyerhoff ME. Enhancing EMF stability of solid-state ion-selective sensors by incorporating lipophilic silver-ligand complexes within polymeric films. Anal Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(95)00583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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EMF response of neutral-carrier based ion-sensitive field effect transistors with membranes free of ionic sites. Electrochim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(95)00237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bakker E, Nägele M, Schaller U, Pretsch E. Applicability of the phase boundary potential model to the mechanistic understanding of solvent polymeric membrane-based ion-selective electrodes. ELECTROANAL 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140070906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Demoz A, Verpoorte EM, Harrison DJ. An equivalent circuit model of ion-selective membrane|insulator|semiconductor interfaces used for chemical sensors. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(95)03836-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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34
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New method for determining the concentration of ionic impurities in solvent polymeric membranes. Mikrochim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01248256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cobben PL, Egberink RJ, Bomer JG, Bergveld P, Reinhoudt DN. Chemically modified field effect transistors: The effect of ion-pair association on the membrane potentials. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(93)03114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Verpoorte EMJ, Chan ADC, Harrison DJ. Ion pairing and acid dissociation constants in poly(vinyl chloride)-based ion-selective electrode membranes. ELECTROANAL 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140050920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Anion effects on Donnan failure of aminated-poly(vinyl chloride)-based and neutral-carrier-based pH sensors. Anal Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)80211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Buck RP. Current time responses and impedances of model thin layer and membrane cells with steady state current. Electrochim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(93)80305-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Nahir TM, Buck RP. Modified Cottrell behavior in thin layers: Applied voltage steps under diffusion control for constant-resistance systems. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(92)80471-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Verpoorte EM, Harrison D. Calibration of anion permeation in K+ ion-selective electrode membranes using impedance methods. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(92)80109-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dulic N, Horváth L, Horvai G, Tóth K, Pungor E. Dielectric behavior of PVC membranes plasticized with dioctyl sebacate oro-nitrophenyl-octyl ether. ELECTROANAL 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140020706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Harrison D. Effect of blood on K+ion sensitive membrane electrode performance and bulk resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(90)85133-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Morf WE, Simon W. Influence of Anionic Sites In Solvent Polymeric Membranes On Potential Response and Ion-Selectivity Behavior. ANAL LETT 1989. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718908051399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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