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Recent Advances in Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching for Decoupling Transport and Kinetics of Biomacromolecules in Cellular Physiology. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091913. [PMID: 35567083 PMCID: PMC9105003 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the new molecular tools available to scientists and engineers, some of the most useful include fluorescently tagged biomolecules. Tools, such as green fluorescence protein (GFP), have been applied to perform semi-quantitative studies on biological signal transduction and cellular structural dynamics involved in the physiology of healthy and disease states. Such studies focus on drug pharmacokinetics, receptor-mediated endocytosis, nuclear mechanobiology, viral infections, and cancer metastasis. In 1976, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), which involves the monitoring of fluorescence emission recovery within a photobleached spot, was developed. FRAP allowed investigators to probe two-dimensional (2D) diffusion of fluorescently-labelled biomolecules. Since then, FRAP has been refined through the advancements of optics, charged-coupled-device (CCD) cameras, confocal microscopes, and molecular probes. FRAP is now a highly quantitative tool used for transport and kinetic studies in the cytosol, organelles, and membrane of a cell. In this work, the authors intend to provide a review of recent advances in FRAP. The authors include epifluorescence spot FRAP, total internal reflection (TIR)/FRAP, and confocal microscope-based FRAP. The underlying mathematical models are also described. Finally, our understanding of coupled transport and kinetics as determined by FRAP will be discussed and the potential for future advances suggested.
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Abstract
To reach cancer cells in a tumor, a blood-borne therapeutic molecule or cell must make its way into the blood vessels of the tumor and across the vessel wall into the interstitium, and finally migrate through the interstitium. Unfortunately, tumors often develop in ways that hinder each of these steps. Our research goals are to analyze each of these steps experimentally and theoretically, and then integrate the resulting information in a unified theoretical framework. This paradigm of analysis and synthesis has allowed us to obtain a better understanding of physiological barriers in solid tumors, and to develop novel strategies to exploit and/or to overcome these barriers for improved cancer detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K. Jain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Li SK, Liddell MR, Wen H. Effective electrophoretic mobilities and charges of anti-VEGF proteins determined by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:603-7. [PMID: 21269789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecules such as therapeutic proteins currently serve an important role in the treatment of eye diseases such as wet age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Particularly, bevacizumab and ranibizumab have been shown to be effective in the treatment of these diseases. Iontophoresis can be employed to enhance ocular delivery of these macromolecules, but the lack of information on the properties of these macromolecules has hindered its development. The objectives of the present study were to determine the effective electrophoretic mobilities and charges of bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and model compound polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) using capillary zone electrophoresis. Salicylate, lidocaine, and bovine serum albumin (BSA), which have known electrophoretic mobilities in the literature, were also studied to validate the present technique. The hydrodynamic radii and diffusion coefficients of BSA, bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and PSS were measured by dynamic light scattering. The effective charges were calculated using the Einstein relation between diffusion coefficient and electrophoretic mobility and the Henry equation. The results show that bevacizumab and ranibizumab have low electrophoretic mobilities and are net negatively charged in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) of pH 7.4 and 0.16M ionic strength. PSS has high negative charge but the electrophoretic mobility in PBS is lower than that expected from the polymer structure. The present study demonstrated that capillary electrophoresis could be used to characterize the mobility and charge properties of drug candidates in the development of iontophoretic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kevin Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, 3225 Eden Ave, 136 HPB, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States.
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Estévez-Torres A, Gosse C, Le Saux T, Allemand JF, Croquette V, Berthoumieux H, Lemarchand A, Jullien L. Fourier analysis to measure diffusion coefficients and resolve mixtures on a continuous electrophoresis chip. Anal Chem 2007; 79:8222-31. [PMID: 17892271 DOI: 10.1021/ac070532z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a method to measure diffusion coefficients of fluorescent solutes in the 10(2)-10(6) Da molecular mass range in a glass-PDMS chip. Upon applying a permanent electric field, the solute is introduced through a narrow channel into a wide analysis chamber where it migrates along the injection axis and diffuses in two dimensions. The diffusion coefficient is extracted after 1D Fourier transform of the resulting stationary concentration pattern. Analysis is straightforward, requiring no numerical integration or velocity field simulation. The diffusion coefficients measured for fluorescein, rhodamine green-labeled oligonucleotides, and YOYO-1-stained dsDNA fragments agree with the literature values and with our own fluorescence correlation spectroscopy measurements. As shown for 151 and 1257 base pair dsDNA mixtures, the present method allows us to rely on diffusion to quantitatively characterize the nature and the composition of binary mixtures. In particular, we implement a DNA hybridization assay to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed protocol for library screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Estévez-Torres
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département de Chimie, UMR CNRS ENS Université Paris 6, 8640, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
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Abstract
Extraordinary advances in molecular biology and biotechnology have led to the development of a vast number of therapeutic anti-cancer agents. To reach cancer cells in a tumor, a blood-borne therapeutic molecule, particle, or cell must make its way into the blood vessels of the tumor and across the vessel wall into the interstitium, which it then must migrate through. Unfortunately, tumors often develop in ways that hinder these steps. The goal of research in this area is to analyze each of these steps experimentally and theoretically and integrate the resulting information into a unified theoretical framework. This paradigm of analysis and synthesis has fostered a better understanding of physiological barriers in solid tumors and aided in the development of novel strategies to exploit and/or overcome these barriers for improved cancer detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Jain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Jain RK. Delivery of molecular medicine to solid tumors: lessons from in vivo imaging of gene expression and function. J Control Release 2001; 74:7-25. [PMID: 11489479 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Extraordinary advances in molecular medicine and biotechnology have led to the development of a vast number of anti-cancer therapeutic agents. To reach cancer cells in a tumor, a blood-borne therapeutic molecule, particle or cell must make its way into the blood vessels of the tumor and across the vessel wall into the interstitium and finally migrate through the interstitium. Unfortunately, tumors often develop in ways that hinder each of these steps. Our research goals are to analyze each of these steps experimentally and theoretically and then integrate the resulting information in a unified theoretical framework. This paradigm of analysis and synthesis has allowed us to obtain a better understanding of microcirculatory barriers in solid tumors and to develop novel strategies to exploit and/or to overcome these barriers for improved cancer detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Jain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Abstract
To reach cancer cells in a tumor, a blood-borne therapeutic molecule or cell must make its way into the blood vessels of the tumor and across the vessel wall into the interstitium, and finally migrate through the interstitium. Unfortunately, tumors often develop in ways that hinder each of these steps. Our research goals are to analyze each of these steps experimentally and theoretically, and then integrate the resulting information in a unified theoretical framework. This paradigm of analysis and synthesis has allowed us to obtain a better understanding of physiological barriers in solid tumors, and to develop novel strategies to exploit and/or to overcome these barriers for improved cancer detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Jain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Meyvis TK, De Smedt SC, Van Oostveldt P, Demeester J. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching: a versatile tool for mobility and interaction measurements in pharmaceutical research. Pharm Res 1999; 16:1153-62. [PMID: 10468014 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011924909138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This review introduces the basics of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) from a theoretical and an instrumentational approach. The most interesting and innovative applications with a pharmaceutical point of view are briefly discussed and possible future applications are suggested. These future applications include research on the mobility of macromolecular drugs in macro- or microscopic pharmaceutical dosage forms, mobility, and binding of antitumor drugs in tumor tissue, intracellular trafficking of gene complexes and mobility of drugs in membranes prior to transmembrane penetration. The paper is also intended to be an introductory guideline to those who would like to get involved in FRAP related experimental techniques. Therefore, comprehensive details on different setups and data analysis are given, as well as a brief outline of the problems that may be encountered when performing FRAP. Overall, this review shows the great potential of FRAP in pharmaceutical research. This is complemented by our own results illustrating the possibility of performing FRAP in microscopic dosage forms (microspheres) using a high resolution variant of FRAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Meyvis
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, University of Gent, Belgium.
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Abstract
To reach cancer cells in a tumor, a blood-borne therapeutic molecule or cell must make its way into the blood vessels of the tumor and across the vessel wall into the interstitium, and finally migrate through the interstitium. Unfortunately, tumors often develop in ways that hinder each of these steps. Our research goals are to analyze each of these steps experimentally and theoretically, and then integrate the resulting information in a unified theoretical framework. This paradigm of analysis and synthesis has allowed us to obtain a better understanding of physiological barriers in solid tumors, and to develop novel strategies to exploit and/or to overcome these barriers for improved cancer detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Jain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA.
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Abstract
To reach cancer cells in a tumor, a blood-borne therapeutic molecule or cell must make its way into the blood vessels of the tumor and across the vessel wall into the interstitium, and finally migrate through the interstitium. Unfortunately, tumors often develop in ways that hinder each of these steps. Our research goals are to analyze each of these steps experimentally and theoretically, and then integrate the resulting information in a unified theoretical framework. This paradigm of analysis and synthesis has allowed us to obtain a better understanding of physiological barriers in solid tumors, and to develop novel strategies to exploit and/or to overcome these barriers for improved cancer detection and treatment.
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Berk DA, Yuan F, Leunig M, Jain RK. Direct in vivo measurement of targeted binding in a human tumor xenograft. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:1785-90. [PMID: 9050856 PMCID: PMC19994 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.5.1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding is crucial to the function of most biologically active molecules, but difficult to quantify directly in living tissue. To this end, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching was used to detect the immobilization of fluorescently labeled ligand caused by binding to receptors in vivo. Measurements of mAb affinity to target antigen within human tumor xenografts revealed a saturable binding isotherm, from which an in vivo carcinoembryonic antigen density of 0.56 nmol/g (5.0 x 10(5)/cell) and an association constant of Ka < or = 4 x 10(7) M(-1) were estimated. The present method can be adapted for in vivo studies of cell signaling, targeted drugs, gene therapy, and other processes involving receptor-ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Berk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
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Jain RK. 1995 Whitaker Lecture: delivery of molecules, particles, and cells to solid tumors. Ann Biomed Eng 1996; 24:457-73. [PMID: 8841721 DOI: 10.1007/bf02648108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To reach cancer cells in a tumor, a blood-borne therapeutic agent must make its way into the blood vessels of the tumor and across the vessel wall into the interstitium, and finally migrate through the interstitium. Unfortunately, tumors often develop in ways that hinder each of these steps. Our research goals are to analyze each of these steps experimentally and theoretically, and then to integrate the resulting information in a unified theoretical framework. This paradigm of analysis and synthesis has allowed us to obtain a better understanding of physiological barriers in solid tumors, and to develop novel strategies to exploit and/or to overcome these barriers for improved cancer detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Jain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
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Nygren H. Real-time recording of antigen-antibody reactions at surfaces: interpretation of data and a statistical model. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0927-7765(94)01173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Panfili PR, Dill K, Olson JD. Immunochemical detection using the light-addressable potentiometric sensor. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1994; 5:60-4. [PMID: 7764645 DOI: 10.1016/s0958-1669(05)80071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, sensitive and flexible assay systems are needed for immunoassays, receptor-ligand binding studies and DNA probe assays. Filtration capture and sensor detection offer several advantages to these areas. Although dependent on the affinity of the specific binders employed, the sensitivity of these techniques can be in the order of 10(-12) M, and total assay time can be less than 15 minutes.
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