1
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Quijada P, Park S, Zhao P, Kolluri KS, Wong D, Shih KD, Fang K, Pezhouman A, Wang L, Daraei A, Tran MD, Rathbun EM, Burgos Villar KN, Garcia-Hernandez ML, Pham TT, Lowenstein CJ, Iruela-Arispe ML, Carmichael ST, Small EM, Ardehali R. Cardiac pericytes mediate the remodeling response to myocardial infarction. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e162188. [PMID: 37183820 PMCID: PMC10178847 DOI: 10.1172/jci162188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of pericytes in the microvasculature of the heart, their role during ischemia-induced remodeling remains unclear. We used multiple lineage-tracing mouse models and found that pericytes migrated to the injury site and expressed profibrotic genes, coinciding with increased vessel leakage after myocardial infarction (MI). Single-cell RNA-Seq of cardiac pericytes at various time points after MI revealed the temporally regulated induction of genes related to vascular permeability, extracellular matrix production, basement membrane degradation, and TGF-β signaling. Deleting TGF-β receptor 1 in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4-expressing (Cspg4-expressing) cells reduced fibrosis following MI, leading to a transient improvement in the cardiac ejection fraction. Furthermore, genetic ablation of Cspg4-expressing cells resulted in excessive vascular permeability, a decline in cardiac function, and increased mortality in the second week after MI. These data reveal an essential role for cardiac pericytes in the control of vascular homeostasis and the fibrotic response after acute ischemic injury, information that will help guide the development of novel strategies to preserve vascular integrity and attenuate pathological cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Quijada
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology
- Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Research Center
- Molecular Biology Institute
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, and
| | - Shuin Park
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, and
- Cardiology, Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Research Center
- Cardiology, Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kamal S.S. Kolluri
- Cardiology, Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Wong
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, and
| | | | - Kai Fang
- Cardiology, Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arash Pezhouman
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- The Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lingjun Wang
- Cardiology, Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ali Daraei
- Cardiology, Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Elle M. Rathbun
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kimberly N. Burgos Villar
- Department of Pathology
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, and
| | | | - Thanh T.D. Pham
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Charles J. Lowenstein
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Maryland, USA
| | - M. Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - S. Thomas Carmichael
- Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Research Center
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eric M. Small
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, and
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Reza Ardehali
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- The Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
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2
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Zhang ZS, Zhou HN, He SS, Xue MY, Li T, Liu LM. Research advances in pericyte function and their roles in diseases. Chin J Traumatol 2020; 23:89-95. [PMID: 32192909 PMCID: PMC7156959 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pericyte, a kind of pluripotent cell, may regulate the irrigation flow and permeability of microcirculation. Pericytes are similar to the smooth muscle cells, which express several kinds of contractile proteins and have contractility. The dysfunction of pericytes is related to many microvascular diseases, including hypoxia, hypertension, diabetic retinopathy, fibrosis, inflammation, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and tumor formation. For a long time, their existence and function have been neglected. The distribution, structure, biomarker, related signaling pathways as well as the roles of pericytes on vascular diseases will be introduced in this review.
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3
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Lee LL, Chintalgattu V. Pericytes in the Heart. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1122:187-210. [PMID: 30937870 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11093-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mural cells known as pericytes envelop the endothelial layer of microvessels throughout the body and have been described to have tissue-specific functions. Cardiac pericytes are abundantly found in the heart, but they are relatively understudied. Currently, their importance is emerging in cardiovascular homeostasis and dysfunction due to their pleiotropism. They are known to play key roles in vascular tone and vascular integrity as well as angiogenesis. However, their dysfunctional presence and/or absence is critical in the mechanisms that lead to cardiac pathologies such as myocardial infarction, fibrosis, and thrombosis. Moreover, they are targeted as a therapeutic potential due to their mesenchymal properties that could allow them to repair and regenerate a damaged heart. They are also sought after as a cell-based therapy based on their healing potential in preclinical studies of animal models of myocardial infarction. Therefore, recognizing the importance of cardiac pericytes and understanding their biology will lead to new therapeutic concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Lee
- Department of CardioMetabolic Disorders, Amgen Research and Discovery, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vishnu Chintalgattu
- Department of CardioMetabolic Disorders, Amgen Research and Discovery, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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4
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Perbellini F, Watson SA, Bardi I, Terracciano CM. Heterocellularity and Cellular Cross-Talk in the Cardiovascular System. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:143. [PMID: 30443550 PMCID: PMC6221907 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular specialization and interactions with other cell types are the essence of complex multicellular life. The orchestrated function of different cell populations in the heart, in combination with a complex network of intercellular circuits of communication, is essential to maintain a healthy heart and its disruption gives rise to pathological conditions. Over the past few years, the development of new biological research tools has facilitated more accurate identification of the cardiac cell populations and their specific roles. This review aims to provide an overview on the significance and contributions of the various cellular components: cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and inflammatory cells. It also aims to describe their role in cardiac development, physiology and pathology with a particular focus on the importance of heterocellularity and cellular interaction between these different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Perbellini
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Myocardial Function, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Cesare M. Terracciano
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Myocardial Function, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Zakharova IS, Zhiven' MK, Saaya SB, Shevchenko AI, Smirnova AM, Strunov A, Karpenko AA, Pokushalov EA, Ivanova LN, Makarevich PI, Parfyonova YV, Aboian E, Zakian SM. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells derived from human cardiac explants demonstrate angiogenic potential and suitable for design of cell-containing vascular grafts. J Transl Med 2017; 15:54. [PMID: 28257636 PMCID: PMC5336693 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial and smooth muscle cells are considered promising resources for regenerative medicine and cell replacement therapy. It has been shown that both types of cells are heterogeneous depending on the type of vessels and organs in which they are located. Therefore, isolation of endothelial and smooth muscle cells from tissues relevant to the area of research is necessary for the adequate study of specific pathologies. However, sources of specialized human endothelial and smooth muscle cells are limited, and the search for new sources is still relevant. The main goal of our study is to demonstrate that functional endothelial and smooth muscle cells can be obtained from an available source—post-surgically discarded cardiac tissue from the right atrial appendage and right ventricular myocardium. Methods Heterogeneous primary cell cultures were enzymatically isolated from cardiac explants and then grown in specific endothelial and smooth muscle growth media on collagen IV-coated surfaces. The population of endothelial cells was further enriched by immunomagnetic sorting for CD31, and the culture thus obtained was characterized by immunocytochemistry, ultrastructural analysis and in vitro functional tests. The angiogenic potency of the cells was examined by injecting them, along with Matrigel, into immunodeficient mice. Cells were also seeded on characterized polycaprolactone/chitosan membranes with subsequent analysis of cell proliferation and function. Results Endothelial cells isolated from cardiac explants expressed CD31, VE-cadherin and VEGFR2 and showed typical properties, namely, cytoplasmic Weibel-Palade bodies, metabolism of acetylated low-density lipoproteins, formation of capillary-like structures in Matrigel, and production of extracellular matrix and angiogenic cytokines. Isolated smooth muscle cells expressed extracellular matrix components as well as α-actin and myosin heavy chain. Vascular cells derived from cardiac explants demonstrated the ability to stimulate angiogenesis in vivo. Endothelial cells proliferated most effectively on membranes made of polycaprolactone and chitosan blended in a 25:75 ratio, neutralized by a mixture of alkaline and ethanol. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells retained their functional properties when seeded on the blended membranes. Conclusions We established endothelial and smooth muscle cell cultures from human right atrial appendage and right ventricle post-operative explants. The isolated cells revealed angiogenic potential and may be a promising source of patient-specific cells for regenerative medicine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-017-1156-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Zakharova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology And Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation. .,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation. .,Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Health Care of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
| | - M K Zhiven'
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology And Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Health Care of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sh B Saaya
- Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Health Care of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - A I Shevchenko
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology And Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Health Care of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - A M Smirnova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology And Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Health Care of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - A Strunov
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology And Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - A A Karpenko
- Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Health Care of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - E A Pokushalov
- Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Health Care of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - L N Ivanova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology And Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - P I Makarevich
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of gene and cell therapy, Institute of regenerative medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Y V Parfyonova
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - E Aboian
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Burlingame, USA
| | - S M Zakian
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology And Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Health Care of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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6
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Tyagi SC, Rodriguez W, Patel AM, Roberts AM, Falcone JC, Passmore JC, Fleming JT, Joshua IG. Hyperhomocysteinemic Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Oxidative Stress, Remodeling, and Endothelial-Myocyte Uncoupling. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2016; 10:1-10. [PMID: 15821833 DOI: 10.1177/107424840501000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of oxidized-matrix (fibrosis) between the endothelium (the endothelial cells embedded among the myocytes) and cardiomyocytes is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus and causes diastolic impairment. In diabetes mellitus, elevated levels of homocysteine activate matrix metalloproteinase and disconnect the endothelium from myocytes. Extracellular matrix functionally links the endothelium to the cardiomyocyte and is important for their synchronization. However, in diabetes mellitus, a disconnection is caused by activated metalloproteinase, with subsequent accumulation of oxidized matrix between the endothelium and myocyte. This contributes to endothelial-myocyte uncoupling and leads to impaired diastolic relaxation of the heart in diabetes mellitus. Elevated levels of homocysteine in diabetes are attributed to impaired homocysteine metabolism by glucose and insulin and decreased renal clearance. Homocysteine induces oxidative stress and is inversely related to the expression of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor (PPAR). Several lines of evidence suggest that ablation of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) gene ameliorates the endothelial-myocyte uncoupling in diabetes mellitus. Homocysteine competes for, and decreases the PPARγ activity. In diabetes mellitus, endothelial-myocyte uncoupling is associated with matrix metalloproteinase activation and decreased PPARγ activity. The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of endothelial-myocyte uncoupling in diabetes mellitus and increased levels of homocysteine, causing activation of latent metalloproteinases, decreased levels of thioredoxin and peroxiredoxin, and cardiac tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (CIMP) in response to antagonizing PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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7
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Durham JT, Dulmovits BM, Cronk SM, Sheets AR, Herman IM. Pericyte chemomechanics and the angiogenic switch: insights into the pathogenesis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:3441-59. [PMID: 26030100 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish the regulatory roles that pericytes have in coordinating retinal endothelial cell (EC) growth and angiogenic potential. METHODS Pericytes were derived from donor diabetic (DHuRP) or normal (NHuRP) human retinae, and characterized using vascular markers, coculture, contraction, morphogenesis, and proliferation assays. To investigate capillary "cross-talk," pericyte-endothelial coculture growth, and connexin-43 (Cx43) expression assays were performed. Paracrine effects were examined via treating EC with pericyte-derived conditioned media (CM) in proliferation, angiogenesis, and angiocrine assays. The effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) were assessed using receptor antagonists. RESULTS The DHuRP exhibit unique proliferative and morphologic properties, reflecting distinctive cytoskeletal and isoactin expression patterns. Unlike NHuRP, DHuRP are unable to sustain EC growth arrest in coculture and display reduced Cx43 expression. Further, CM from DHuRP (DPCM) markedly stimulates EC proliferation and tube formation. Treatment with S1P receptor antagonists mitigates DPCM growth-promotion in EC and S1P-mediated pericyte contraction. Angiocrine assays on normal and diabetic pericyte secretomes reveal factors involved in angiogenic control, inflammation, and metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Effects from the diabetic microenvironment appear sustainable in cell culture: pericytes derived from diabetic donor eyes seemingly possess a "metabolic memory" in vitro, which may be linked to original donor health status. Diabetes- and pericyte-dependent effects on EC growth and angiogenesis may reflect alterations in bioactive lipid, angiocrine, and chemomechanical signaling. Altogether, our results suggest that diabetes alters pericyte contractile phenotype and cytoskeletal signaling, which ultimately may serve as a key, initiating event required for retinal endothelial reproliferation, angiogenic activation, and the pathological neovascularization accompanying proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
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8
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van Dijk CGM, Nieuweboer FE, Pei JY, Xu YJ, Burgisser P, van Mulligen E, el Azzouzi H, Duncker DJ, Verhaar MC, Cheng C. The complex mural cell: pericyte function in health and disease. Int J Cardiol 2015; 190:75-89. [PMID: 25918055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pericytes are perivascular cells that can be distinguished from vascular smooth muscle cells by their specific morphology and expression of distinct molecular markers. Found in the microvascular beds distributed throughout the body, they are well known for their regulation of a healthy vasculature. In this review, we examine the mechanism of pericyte support to vasomotion, and the known pathways that regulate pericyte response in angiogenesis and neovascular stabilization. We will also discuss the role of pericytes in vascular basement membrane and endothelial barrier function regulation. In contrast, recent findings have indicated that pericyte dysfunction, characterized by changes in pericyte contractility or pericyte loss of microvascular coverage, plays an important role in onset and progression of vascular-related and fibrogenic diseases. From a therapeutic point of view, pericytes have recently been identified as a putative pool of endogenous mesenchymal stem cells that could be activated in response to tissue injury to contribute to the regenerative process on multiple levels. We will discuss the mechanisms via which pericytes are involved in disease onset and development in a number of pathophysiological conditions, as well as present the evidence that supports a role for multipotent pericytes in tissue regeneration. The emerging field of pericyte research will not only contribute to the identification of new drug targets in pericyte dysfunction associated diseases, but may also boost the use of this cell type in future cell-based regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G M van Dijk
- Laboratory of Renal and Vascular Biology, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederieke E Nieuweboer
- Laboratory of Renal and Vascular Biology, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jia Yi Pei
- Laboratory of Renal and Vascular Biology, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yan Juan Xu
- Laboratory of Renal and Vascular Biology, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Burgisser
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elise van Mulligen
- Laboratory of Renal and Vascular Biology, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hamid el Azzouzi
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Laboratory of Renal and Vascular Biology, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Cheng
- Laboratory of Renal and Vascular Biology, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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9
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Bei Y, Zhou Q, Fu S, Lv D, Chen P, Chen Y, Wang F, Xiao J. Cardiac telocytes and fibroblasts in primary culture: different morphologies and immunophenotypes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115991. [PMID: 25693182 PMCID: PMC4333820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are a peculiar type of interstitial cells with very long prolongations termed telopodes. TCs have previously been identified in different anatomic structures of the heart, and have also been isolated and cultured from heart tissues in vitro. TCs and fibroblasts, both located in the interstitial spaces of the heart, have different morphologies and functionality. However, other than microscopic observation, a reliable means to make differential diagnosis of cardiac TCs from fibroblasts remains unclear. In the present study, we isolated and cultured cardiac TCs and fibroblasts from heart tissues, and observed their different morphological features and immunophenotypes in primary culture. Morphologically, TCs had extremely long and thin telopodes with moniliform aspect, stretched away from cell bodies, while cell processes of fibroblasts were short, thick and cone shaped. Furthermore, cardiac TCs were positive for CD34/c-kit, CD34/vimentin, and CD34/PDGFR-β, while fibroblasts were only vimentin and PDGFR-β positive. In addition, TCs were also different from pericytes as TCs were CD34 positive and α-SMA weak positive while pericytes were CD34 negative but α-SMA positive. Besides that, we also showed cardiac TCs were homogenously positive for mesenchymal marker CD29 but negative for hematopoietic marker CD45, indicating that TCs could be a source of cardiac mesenchymal cells. The differences in morphological features and immunophenotypes between TCs and fibroblasts will provide more compelling evidence to differentiate cardiac TCs from fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Bei
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qiulian Zhou
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Siyi Fu
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Dongchao Lv
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
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10
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Isolation, characterization, and transplantation of cardiac endothelial cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:359412. [PMID: 24282814 PMCID: PMC3825130 DOI: 10.1155/2013/359412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Isolation and ex vivo expansion of cardiac endothelial cells have been a recurrent challenge due to difficulties in isolation, cell heterogeneity, lack of specific markers to identify myocardial endothelial cells, and inadequate conditions to maintain long-term cultures. Herein, we developed a method for isolation, characterization, and expansion of cardiac endothelial cells applicable to study endothelial cell biology and clinical applications such as neoangiogenesis. First, we dissociated the cells from murine heart by mechanical disaggregation and enzymatic digestion. Then, we used flow cytometry coupled with specific markers to isolate endothelial cells from murine hearts. CD45+ cells were gated out to eliminate the hematopoietic cells. CD31+/Sca-1+ cells were isolated as endothelial cells. Cells isolated from atrium grew faster than those from ventricle. Cardiac endothelial cells maintain endothelial cell function such as vascular tube formation and acetylated-LDL uptake in vitro. Finally, cardiac endothelial cells formed microvessels in dorsal matrigel plug and engrafted in cardiac microvessels following intravenous and intra-arterial injections. In conclusion, our multicolor flow cytometry method is an effective method to analyze and purify endothelial cells from murine heart, which in turn can be ex vivo expanded to study the biology of endothelial cells or for clinical applications such as therapeutic angiogenesis.
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11
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Rutkovskiy A, Stensløkken KO, Mariero LH, Skrbic B, Amiry-Moghaddam M, Hillestad V, Valen G, Perreault MC, Ottersen OP, Gullestad L, Dahl CP, Vaage J. Aquaporin-4 in the heart: expression, regulation and functional role in ischemia. Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 107:280. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-012-0280-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Sen U, Tyagi N, Moshal KS, Kartha GK, Rosenberger D, Henderson BC, Joshua IG, Tyagi SC. Cardiac synchronous and dys-synchronous remodeling in diabetes mellitus. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:971-8. [PMID: 17508918 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-mediated impairment of homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism and decrease in renal clearance contribute to hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) in diabetes. The Hcy induces oxidative stress, inversely relates to the expression of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor (PPAR), and contributes to diabetic complications. Extracellular matrix (ECM) functionally links the endothelium to the myocyte and is important for cardiac synchronization. However, in diabetes and hyperhomocysteinemia, a "disconnection" is caused by activated matrix metalloproteinase with subsequent accumulation of oxidized matrix (fibrosis) between the endothelium and myocyte (E-M). This contributes to "endothelial-myocyte uncoupling," attenuation of cardiac synchrony, leading to diastolic heart failure (DHF), and cardiac dys-synchronizatrion. The decreased levels of thioredoxin and peroxiredoxin and cardiac tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase are in response to antagonizing PPARgamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Sen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Camp TM, Tyagi SC, Senior RM, Hayden MR, Tyagi SC. Gelatinase B(MMP-9) an apoptotic factor in diabetic transgenic mice. Diabetologia 2003; 46:1438-45. [PMID: 12928773 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-003-1200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2003] [Revised: 05/05/2003] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Although matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is specifically induced and apoptosis of endothelial cells is evidenced in diabetes mellitus, the mechanism of endocardial endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus is not clear. The increase in MMP-9 activity is associated with endocardial endothelial apoptosis and dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. METHODS Diabetes was created by injecting 65 mg/kg alloxan in tail vein of MMP-9 knockout (-/-) and wild-type (WT, C57BL/J6) mice. At 8 weeks mice were grouped: (i) WT+saline; (ii) WT+alloxan; (iii) MMP+saline; (iv) MMP+alloxan. The MMP-9 genotype was determined by observing single PCR product of different mobility than the PCR product from wild-type in blood from tail vein. RESULTS MMP-9 activity, measured by zymography, increased in plasma and in the left ventricle of alloxan-induced diabetic wild-type mice. The concentrations of cardiac inhibitor of metalloproteinase, that blocks MMP-9 activity, were decreased in diabetic MMP-9 knockouts as well as in wild-type mice. Diabetes induced apoptosis, detected by TUNEL assays, in wild-type but not in MMP-9 knockouts. Endocardial endothelial function was severely impaired in diabetic wild-type mice compared with normoglycaemic animals, while non-diabetic MMP-9 knockout mice showed partial endocardial endothelial dysfunction which was not further exacerbated by the developments of diabetes. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION The results suggest an association between increased MMP-9 activity and endocardial endothelial apoptosis in diabetic mice, while genetic ablation of MMP-9 correlated with amelioration of endocardial endothelial dysfunction and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Camp
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, 500 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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14
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Abstract
Accumulation of oxidized-matrix between the endothelium and myocytes is associated with endocardial endothelial (EE) dysfunction in diabetes and heart failure. High levels of circulating homocysteine (Hcy) have been demonstrated in diabetes mellitus (DM). These high levels of Hcy (hyperhomocysteinemia, HHcy) have a negative correlation with peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) expression. Studies have demonstrated that Hcy decreases bioavailability of endothelial nitric oxide (eNO), generates nitrotyrosine, and activates latent matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), instigating EE dysfunction. PPAR ligands ameliorate endothelial dysfunction and DM. In addition Hcy competes with PPAR ligands. The understanding of molecular, cellular, and extracellular mechanisms by which Hcy amplifies DM will have therapeutic ramifications for diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA.
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Sundberg C, Kowanetz M, Brown LF, Detmar M, Dvorak HF. Stable expression of angiopoietin-1 and other markers by cultured pericytes: phenotypic similarities to a subpopulation of cells in maturing vessels during later stages of angiogenesis in vivo. J Transl Med 2002; 82:387-401. [PMID: 11950897 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes have been difficult cells to study because they do not maintain their characteristic phenotype in vitro, and they begin to express fibroblast markers after only a few days in culture. We now report methods for the isolation, purification, culture, and repurification of human dermal pericytes from mixed cell populations using an immunoaffinity-magnetic bead approach coupled with the 3G5 IgM monoclonal antibody that is specific for a pericyte surface ganglioside. These purified cells could be expanded in culture, and they maintained their pericyte phenotype for up to 8 days. In addition, they strongly expressed angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) but not angiopoietin-2, Tie-1, or Tie-2; in contrast, dermal microvascular endothelial cells exhibited a reciprocal expression pattern. These findings are important because the close proximity of endothelial cells and pericytes has often made it difficult to determine with certainty the specific cell type(s) that expressed each of these proteins in situ. Extending our in vitro findings to two models of angiogenesis in vivo, we demonstrated a subpopulation of Ang-1-expressing cells that appeared in maturing microvessels during later stages of cutaneous wound healing and vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis. Our results provide strong evidence that Ang-1 is expressed by pericytes in vitro and in vivo and that the role proposed for Ang-1 in vessel maturation in development can be extended to vessel maturation after angiogenesis in adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sundberg
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Wakisaka M, Yoshinari M, Yamamoto M, Nakamura S, Asano T, Himeno T, Ichikawa K, Doi Y, Fujishima M. Na+-dependent glucose uptake and collagen synthesis by cultured bovine retinal pericytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1362:87-96. [PMID: 9434103 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(97)00071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to clarify the presence of sodium-dependent glucose uptake and its role in the synthesis of type IV and type VI collagen by cultured bovine retinal pericytes. The glucose uptake by retinal pericytes and retinal endothelial cells was measured using 3H-D-glucose in the presence or absence of sodium. Glucose uptake in the presence of sodium was twice as high as that observed in the presence of phlorizin and sodium or in the absence of sodium. Sodium-dependent glucose uptake was observed at different sodium concentrations, and its half-maximal stimulation occurred at 48 mM. These findings were not observed in retinal endothelial cells. Levels of type IV and type VI collagen produced by retinal pericytes were significantly increased at glucose concentrations higher than 20 mM. Phlorizin decreased both collagen synthesis and glucose consumption by retinal pericytes incubated with 30 mM of glucose to the levels observed with 5 mM of glucose. These data suggest that sodium-dependent glucose uptake is present in retinal pericytes and that excessive glucose entry into the cell is an important factor for overproduction of collagen. Phlorizin normalized the synthesis of type IV and type VI collagen with decreasing glucose consumption under high glucose conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wakisaka
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka City, Japan
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