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Zhang G, Luo H, Li X, Hu Z, Wang Q. The Dynamic Poly(A) Tail Acts as a Signal Hub in mRNA Metabolism. Cells 2023; 12:572. [PMID: 36831239 PMCID: PMC9954528 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, mRNA metabolism requires a sophisticated signaling system. Recent studies have suggested that polyadenylate tail may play a vital role in such a system. The poly(A) tail used to be regarded as a common modification at the 3' end of mRNA, but it is now known to be more than just that. It appears to act as a platform or hub that can be understood in two ways. On the one hand, polyadenylation and deadenylation machinery constantly regulates its dynamic activity; on the other hand, it exhibits the ability to recruit RNA-binding proteins and then interact with diverse factors to send various signals to regulate mRNA metabolism. In this paper, we outline the main complexes that regulate the dynamic activities of poly(A) tails, explain how these complexes participate polyadenylation/deadenylation process and summarize the diverse signals this hub emit. We are trying to make a point that the poly(A) tail can metaphorically act as a "flagman" who is supervised by polyadenylation and deadenylation and sends out signals to regulate the orderly functioning of mRNA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Zhang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Haolin Luo
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
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Roles of mRNA poly(A) tails in regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:93-106. [PMID: 34594027 PMCID: PMC7614307 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, poly(A) tails are present on almost every mRNA. Early experiments led to the hypothesis that poly(A) tails and the cytoplasmic polyadenylate-binding protein (PABPC) promote translation and prevent mRNA degradation, but the details remained unclear. More recent data suggest that the role of poly(A) tails is much more complex: poly(A)-binding protein can stimulate poly(A) tail removal (deadenylation) and the poly(A) tails of stable, highly translated mRNAs at steady state are much shorter than expected. Furthermore, the rate of translation elongation affects deadenylation. Consequently, the interplay between poly(A) tails, PABPC, translation and mRNA decay has a major role in gene regulation. In this Review, we discuss recent work that is revolutionizing our understanding of the roles of poly(A) tails in the cytoplasm. Specifically, we discuss the roles of poly(A) tails in translation and control of mRNA stability and how poly(A) tails are removed by exonucleases (deadenylases), including CCR4-NOT and PAN2-PAN3. We also discuss how deadenylation rate is determined, the integration of deadenylation with other cellular processes and the function of PABPC. We conclude with an outlook for the future of research in this field.
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Temme C, Wahle E. Assaying mRNA deadenylation in vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1125:313-24. [PMID: 24590799 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-971-0_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deadenylation is the removal of poly(A) tails from mRNA. Here, we present two methods for assaying deadenylation in vivo. The first is a method for measuring bulk poly(A) tail lengths. When combined with a block in transcription, the method can be used for measuring the rate of bulk poly(A) tail shortening. The second is an RT-PCR method to determine the poly(A) tail lengths of individual RNAs. Again in combination with a block of transcription, the method permits the rate of deadenylation of an individual RNA to be measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Temme
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 3, 06120, Halle, Germany
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Abstract
In this Reflections, I review a few early and very lucky events that gave me a running start for the rest of a long and wonderfully enjoyable career. For the main part, a discussion is provided of what I recall as the main illuminating results that my many dozens of students and postdoctoral fellows (approximately 140 in all) provided to our biochemical/molecular biological world.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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Darnell JE. Reflections on the history of pre-mRNA processing and highlights of current knowledge: a unified picture. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 19:443-60. [PMID: 23440351 PMCID: PMC3677254 DOI: 10.1261/rna.038596.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Several strong conclusions emerge concerning pre-mRNA processing from both old and newer experiments. The RNAPII complex is involved with pre-mRNA processing through binding of processing proteins to the CTD (carboxyl terminal domain) of the largest RNAPII subunit. These interactions are necessary for efficient processing, but whether factor binding to the CTD and delivery to splicing sites is obligatory or facilitatory is unsettled. Capping, addition of an m(7)Gppp residue (cap) to the initial transcribed residue of a pre-mRNA, occurs within seconds. Splicing of pre-mRNA by spliceosomes at particular sites is most likely committed during transcription by the binding of initiating processing factors and ∼50% of the time is completed in mammalian cells before completion of the primary transcript. This fact has led to an outpouring in the literature about "cotranscriptional splicing." However splicing requires several minutes for completion and can take longer. The RNAPII complex moves through very long introns and also through regions dense with alternating exons and introns at an average rate of ∼3 kb per min and is, therefore, not likely detained at each splice site for more than a few seconds, if at all. Cleavage of the primary transcript at the 3' end and polyadenylation occurs within 30 sec or less at recognized polyA sites, and the majority of newly polyadenylated pre-mRNA molecules are much larger than the average mRNA. Finally, it seems quite likely that the nascent RNA most often remains associated with the chromosomal locus being transcribed until processing is complete, possibly acquiring factors related to the transport of the new mRNA to the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Karpetsky TP, Boguski MS, Levy CC. Structures, properties, and possible biologic functions of polyadenylic acid. Subcell Biochem 1979; 6:1-116. [PMID: 377581 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-7945-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Müller WE, Arendes J, Zahn RK, Schröder HC. Control of enzymic hydrolysis of polyadenylate segment of messenger RNA: role of polyadenylate-associated proteins. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 86:283-90. [PMID: 658043 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Ron A, Horovitz O, Sarov I. Fractionation of RNA from tetahymena by affinity chromatography on poly-U-Sepharose. J Mol Evol 1976; 8:137-42. [PMID: 823341 DOI: 10.1007/bf01739099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exponential growing Tetrahymena pyriformis organisms were labelled with (3H) uridine or (3H) adenosine. The labelled RNA was extracted and isolated by affinity chromatography on poly-uridylic-acid sepharose and further analysed by means of sucrose gradient centrifugation and RNase digestion. Experimental evidence proved the existence of RNase resistant poly adenylic-acid fragments in the RNA of Tetrahymena cells. This poly adenylic-acid segment has a sedimentation rate of 4-5 S and would be localised in the 10-12S region of the RNA which is probably the m-RNA.
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Carter BJ. Intracellular distribution and polyadenylate content of adeno-associated virus RNA sequences. Virology 1976; 73:273-85. [PMID: 960561 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Salles JM, Sonohara S, Brentani R. Further studies on collagen mRNA: partial chemical characterization and polyadenylic acid sequence. Mol Biol Rep 1976; 2:517-23. [PMID: 958218 DOI: 10.1007/bf00356941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Collagen mRNA has already been purified and characterized by us. Its purity has now been enhanced by two different methods. Gel electrophoresis shows in either method, a single peak with the same mobility already reported: 1.05 X 10(6) daltons. Base composition analyses of collagen mRNA purified by either method were almost identical. Chemical analyses of the isolated polyadenylic acid stretch show that it is, 0.48 X 10(5) daltons-long, (about 140 nucleotides-long), contains 75% AMP, and is located at the 3' end of the polymer.
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Ouellette AJ, Kumar A, Malt RA. Physical aspects and cytoplasmic distribution of messenger RNA in mouse kidney. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 425:384-95. [PMID: 1259978 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(76)90002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As a prerequisite to examining mRNA metabolism in compensatory renal hypertrophy, polyadenylated RNA has been purified from normal mouse kidney polysomal RNA by selection on oligo(dT)-cellulose. Poly(A)-containing RNA dissociated from polysomes by treatment with 10 mM EDTA and sedimented heterogeneously in dodecyl sulfate-containing sucrose density gradients with a mean sedimentation coefficient of 20 S. Poly(A) derived from this RNA migrated at the rate of 6-7 S RNA in dodecyl sulfate-containing 10% polyacrylamide gels. Coelectrophoresis of poly(A) labeled for 90 min with poly(A) labeled for 24 h indicated the long-term labeled poly(A) migrated faster than pulse-labeled material. Twenty percent of the cytoplasmic poly(A)-containing mRNA was not associated with the polysomes, but sedimented in the 40-80 S region (post-polysomal). Messenger RNA from the post-polysomal region had sedimentation properties similar to those of mRNA prepared from polysomes indicating post-polysomal mRNA was not degraded polysomal mRNA. Preliminary labeling experiments indicated a rapid equilibration of radioactivity between the polysomal and post-polysomal mRNA populations, suggesting the post-polysomal mRNA may consist of mRNA in transit to the polysomes.
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12
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Brawerman G. Characteristics and significance of the polyadenylate sequence in mammalian messenger RNA. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1976; 17:117-48. [PMID: 778919 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Edmonds M, Winters MA. Polyadenylate polymerases. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1976; 17:149-79. [PMID: 778920 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Villee CA, Grigorescu A, Reddy PR. Androgen regulation of RNA synthesis in target tissues. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 6:561-5. [PMID: 1102799 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(75)90035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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16
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Greenberg JR. Messenger RNA metabolism of animal cells. Possible involvement of untranslated sequences and mRNA-associated proteins. J Cell Biol 1975; 64:269-88. [PMID: 1090629 PMCID: PMC2109501 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.64.2.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The past several years have seen a virtual revolution in the study of eukaryotic mRNA. Among the notable recent achievements are the positive identification of mRNA precursors in HnRNA, the enumeration of the DNA sequences from which mRNA is transcribed, and the finding that mRNA in cultured cells is much more stable than was previously believed. One of most far-reaching discoveries has been the finding that mRNA in eukaryotes contains poly A. This discovery, aside from providing a powerful tool for mRNA isolation, has generated a large body of research into the properties and metabolism of poly A itself. In addition, the finding of a poly A-associated protein has given a renewed stimulus to the study of proteins associated with mRNA. This review is devoted to a discussion of these and related achievements, and some of their implications
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Abstract
Total RNA from hen oviduct has been hydrolysed with a mixture of T(1) and pancreatic ribonucleases. Poly(A) tracts in the digestion product have been isolated by binding to oligo(dT) cellulose. Of the four major ribonucleotides, the product has been shown to contain only adenylic acid. When separated on polyacrylamide gels, the poly(A) gave two peaks corresponding to average apparent lengths of 270-280 and 540-550 nucleotides.
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19
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Greene RF, Fausto N. Studies on poly(A) sequences associated with regenerating liver RNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 366:23-34. [PMID: 4421170 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(74)90314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Fouquet H, Böhme R, Wick R, Sauer HW, Braun R. Isolation of adenylate-rich RNA from Physarum polycephalum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 353:313-22. [PMID: 4859376 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(74)90024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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21
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Kaufman SJ, Gross KW. Quantitation and size determination of poly(A) by hybridization to (3H)poly(dT). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 353:133-45. [PMID: 4842657 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(74)90180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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22
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Hill M, Hillova J. RNA and DNA forms of the genetic material of C-type viruses and the integrated state of the DNA form in the cellular chromosome. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 355:7-48. [PMID: 4138122 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(74)90006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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Whitlock, JP, Gelboin HV. Aryl Hydrocarbon (Benzo[a]pyrene) Hydroxylase Induction in Rat Liver Cells in Culture. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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24
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Mainwaring WI, Wilce PA, Smith AE. Studies on the form and synthesis of messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat ventral prostate gland, including its tissue-specific stimulation by androgens. Biochem J 1974; 137:513-24. [PMID: 4421176 PMCID: PMC1166151 DOI: 10.1042/bj1370513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. When prostate polyribosomes are labelled with radioactive precursors in vivo and subsequently dissociated with sodium dodecyl sulphate, a heterogeneous 6-15S RNA species may be identified that possesses all of the distinctive properties of mRNA. 2. Apart from the selective incorporation of 5'-fluoro-orotic acid into this 6-15S RNA component, it is bound by nitrocellulose filters under experimental conditions where only poly(A)-rich species of RNA are specifically retained. Most importantly, however, only the 6-15S RNA fraction is capable of promoting the incorporation of amino acids into peptide linkage in an mRNA-depleted cell-free system derived from ascites-tumour cells. 3. With the development of a simpler method for labelling the total RNA fraction of the prostate gland in vitro, the poly(A)-enriched RNA fraction may be readily isolated by adsorption and elution from oligo(dT)-cellulose. The synthesis of the poly(A)-enriched 6-15S RNA fraction is stringently controlled by androgens in a highly tissue- and steroid-specific manner. 4. From an analysis of the proteins synthesized in the ascites cell-free system in the presence of the poly(A)-rich RNA fraction, it appears that protein synthesis in the prostate gland is stimulated in a rather general way, even during the earliest phases of the androgenic response. This conclusion may require modification when more specific means of analysis are available than those used in the present investigation. 5. The implications of these findings to the mechanism of action of androgens are discussed.
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Villarreal LP, Holland JJ. Synthesis of poly(A) in vitro by purified virions of vesicular stomatitis virus. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1973; 246:17-9. [PMID: 4357167 DOI: 10.1038/newbio246017a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Sippel AE. Purification and characterization of adenosine triphosphate: ribonucleic acid adenyltransferase from Escherichia coli. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 37:31-40. [PMID: 4580885 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb02953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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28
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Sasaki K, Tazawa T. Polyriboadenylate synthesizing activity in chromatin of wheat seedlings. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1973; 52:1440-9. [PMID: 4352243 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)90662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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29
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Galet H, Prevec L. Polyadenylate synthesis by extracts from L cells infected with vesicular stomatitis virus. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1973; 243:200-3. [PMID: 4351755 DOI: 10.1038/newbio243200a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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31
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Sheiness D, Darnell JE. Polyadenylic acid segment in mRNA becomes shorter with age. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1973; 241:265-8. [PMID: 4511912 DOI: 10.1038/newbio241265a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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32
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Faust CH, Diggelmann H, Mach B. Isolation of poly(adenylic acid)-rich ribonucleic acid from mouse myeloma and synthesis of complementary deoxyribonucleic acid. Biochemistry 1973; 12:925-31. [PMID: 4119795 DOI: 10.1021/bi00729a021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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35
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See YP, Fitt PS. A study of the localization of polynucleotide phosphorylase within rat liver cells and of its distribution among rat tissues and diverse animal species. Biochem J 1972; 130:355-62. [PMID: 4664569 PMCID: PMC1174414 DOI: 10.1042/bj1300355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
1. Rat liver polynucleotide phosphorylase was localized in the mitochondrion, but may also occur in the nucleus. 2. The mitochondrial enzyme was found in rat heart, kidney, liver, muscle and spleen. 3. Mitochondrial polynucleotide phosphorylase is also present in calf, chicken, guinea-pig and rabbit liver and in goldfish muscle. 4. A possible physiological role for the enzyme in the control of the intramitochondrial ADP concentration is suggested.
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Abstract
Virus-specific complementary ribonucleic acid (RNA) from cells infected with Sendai virus was isolated by a procedure involving hybridization with virion RNA and isopycnic centrifugation of the RNA hybrids. The complementary RNA contained adenylate-rich sequences which sedimented at about 4S.
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37
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Eaton BT, Donaghue TP, Faulkner P. Presence of poly (A) in the polyribosome-associated RNA of Sindbis-infected BHK cells. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1972; 238:109-11. [PMID: 4505424 DOI: 10.1038/newbio238109a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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38
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Jacob ST, Schindler DG. Polyriboadenylate polymerase solubilized from rat liver mitochondria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 48:126-34. [PMID: 5041872 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(72)90353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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39
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Abstract
Poliovirus RNA that has been derivatized at the 3'-end with NaIO(4)-NaB(3)H(4) yields, after hydrolysis with alkali or RNase T2, predominantly labeled residues of modified adenosine; no labeled nucleoside derivative is produced by digestion with RNase A or RNase T1. The 3'-terminal bases of the RNA are, therefore,...ApA(OH). Hydrolyzates of poliovirus [(32)P]RNA, after exhaustive digestion with RNase T1 or RNase A, contain, besides internal oligonucleotides, polynucleotides resistant to further action of ribonucleases T1 and A, respectively; these polynucleotides were isolated by membrane-filter binding or ion-exchange chromatography. The sequence of the T1-resistant polynucleotide was determined to be (Ap)(n)A(OH), that of the RNase A-resistant polynucleotide was GpGp(Ap)(n)A(OH). The chain length (n) of the polyadenylic acid, as analyzed by different methods, averages 89 nucleotides. Gel electrophoresis revealed heterogeneity of the size of poly(A). Poliovirus RNA, when labeled in vitro at the 3'-end, contains [3'-(3)H]poly(A); when labeled in vivo with [(3)H]A, it contains [(3)H](Ap)(n)A(OH). The data establish that... YpGpGp(Ap)([unk])A(OH) is the 3'-terminal sequence of poliovirus RNA, Type 1 (Mahoney). Since this mammalian virus reproduces in the cell cytoplasm, these observations may modify prior interpretations of the function of polyadenylate ends on messenger RNAs.
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GILLESPIE DAVID, MARSHALL SERGIO, GALLO ROBERTC. RNA of RNA Tumour Viruses contains Poly A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1038/newbio236227a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Mendecki J, Lee SY, Brawerman G. Characteristics of the polyadenylic acid segment associated with messenger ribonucleic acid in mouse sarcoma 180 ascites cells. Biochemistry 1972; 11:792-8. [PMID: 4536742 DOI: 10.1021/bi00755a018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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42
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Sheldon R, Jurale C, Kates J. Detection of polyadenylic acid sequences in viral and eukaryotic RNA(polu(U)-cellulose columns-poly(U) filters-fiberglass-HeLa cells-bacteriophage T4). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1972; 69:417-21. [PMID: 4501121 PMCID: PMC426470 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.69.2.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid and specific technique to detect polyriboadenylic acid sequences in RNA is described. The method depends upon the ability of RNAs that contain poly(A) sequences to associate specifically with poly(U) that has been immobilized on fiberglass filters by ultraviolet irradiation. A high proportion of the transcripts synthesized in vivo and in vitro from the vaccinia virus genome contain poly(A) sequences and bind to the poly(U) filters. Similarly, DNA-like RNA from the nucleus and from the cytoplasmic polyribosomes of HeLa cells is rich in species that bind to poly(U) filters. Poly(U) immobilized on cellulose powder is useful to make columns with a high capacity for the binding and purification of poly(A)-containing RNAs.
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Lee SY, Mendecki J, Brawerman G. A polynucleotide segment rich in adenylic acid in the rapidly-labeled polyribosomal RNA component of mouse sarcoma 180 ascites cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1971; 68:1331-5. [PMID: 5288382 PMCID: PMC389183 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.68.6.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapidly-labeled polyribosomal RNA component from mouse sarcoma 180 cells is retained on nitrocellulose (Millipore) membrane-filters at high ionic strength. This property is due to the presence of a polynucleotide sequence rich in adenylic acid that resists both T(1) and pancreatic RNase digestion. The resistant material shows sedimentation characteristics close to those of transfer RNA. The RNA molecules that contain this material can be separated from the rest of the polysomal RNA by differential phenol extraction with neutral and alkaline Tris buffers. Synthetic poly(A) exhibits the same behavior as the rapidly-labeled polysomal RNA with respect to Millipore binding and phenol fractionation. The characteristics of the rapidly-labeled polysomal RNA component permit its isolation free of ribosomal RNA.
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Twu JS, Bretthauer RK. Properties of a polyriboadenylate polymerase isolated from yeast ribosomes. Biochemistry 1971; 10:1576-82. [PMID: 5103999 DOI: 10.1021/bi00785a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Duda C, Cherry J. Cytidine Triphosphate Polymerase Activity Associated with Isolated Chromatin of Sugar Beets. J Biol Chem 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)62314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Dravid AR, Pete N, Mandel P. An enzyme system in rat brain nuclei incorporating AMP into polyadenylate. J Neurochem 1971; 18:299-306. [PMID: 4104374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1971.tb11959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Edmonds M, Kopp DW. The occurrence of polyadenylate sequences in bacteria and yeast. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1970; 41:1531-7. [PMID: 4922633 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(70)90561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Matsuhisa T, Higashi K, Gotoh S, Sakamoto Y. Properties of polyriboadenylic acid from rat liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 1970; 141:241-6. [PMID: 5480113 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(70)90128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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