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Krogager ML, Mortensen RN, Lund PE, Bøggild H, Hansen SM, Kragholm K, Aasbjerg K, Søgaard P, Torp-Pedersen C. Risk of Developing Hypokalemia in Patients With Hypertension Treated With Combination Antihypertensive Therapy. Hypertension 2020; 75:966-972. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the occurrence of hypokalemia due to combination therapy for hypertension. Using data from Danish administrative registries, we investigated the association between different combinations of antihypertensive therapy and risk of developing hypokalemia. Using incidence density matching, 2 patients without hypokalemia were matched to a patient with hypokalemia (K, <3.5 mmol/L) on age, sex, renal function, and time between index date and date of potassium measurement. Combination therapies were subdivided into 10 groups including β-blockers (BB)+thiazides (BB+thiazides), calcium channel blockers (CCB)+renin angiotensin system inhibitors (RASi)+thiazides (CCB+RASi+Thiazides), calcium channel blockers+thiazides (CCB+thiazides), and β-blockers+renin angiotensin system inhibitors+thiazides (BB+RASi+thiazides). We used conditional logistic regression to estimate the odds of developing hypokalemia for different combinations of antihypertensive drugs within 90 days of combination therapy initiation. We matched 463 patients with hypokalemia to 926 patients with normal potassium concentrations. The multivariable analysis showed 5.82× increased odds of developing hypokalemia if administered CCB+thiazides (95% CI, 3.06–11.08) compared with CCB+RASi. Other combinations significantly associated with increased hypokalemia odds were BB+thiazides (odds ratio, 3.34 [95% CI, 1.67–6.66]), CCB+RASi+thiazides (odds ratio, 3.07 [95% CI, 1.72–5.46]), and BB+RASi+thiazides (odds ratio, 2.78 [95% CI, 1.41–5.47]). Combinations of thiazides with CCB, RASi, or BB were strongly associated with increased hypokalemia risk within 90 days of treatment initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lukács Krogager
- From the Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.L.K., R.N.M., P.E.L., H.B., S.M.H., K.K., K.A., P.S., C.T.-P.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology (M.L.K., S.M.H., K.K., C.T.-P.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Rikke Nørmark Mortensen
- From the Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.L.K., R.N.M., P.E.L., H.B., S.M.H., K.K., K.A., P.S., C.T.-P.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Peter Enemark Lund
- From the Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.L.K., R.N.M., P.E.L., H.B., S.M.H., K.K., K.A., P.S., C.T.-P.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Bøggild
- From the Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.L.K., R.N.M., P.E.L., H.B., S.M.H., K.K., K.A., P.S., C.T.-P.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg Øst, Denmark (H.B.)
| | - Steen Møller Hansen
- From the Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.L.K., R.N.M., P.E.L., H.B., S.M.H., K.K., K.A., P.S., C.T.-P.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology (M.L.K., S.M.H., K.K., C.T.-P.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kristian Kragholm
- From the Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.L.K., R.N.M., P.E.L., H.B., S.M.H., K.K., K.A., P.S., C.T.-P.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology (M.L.K., S.M.H., K.K., C.T.-P.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kristian Aasbjerg
- From the Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.L.K., R.N.M., P.E.L., H.B., S.M.H., K.K., K.A., P.S., C.T.-P.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology (K.A.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Peter Søgaard
- From the Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.L.K., R.N.M., P.E.L., H.B., S.M.H., K.K., K.A., P.S., C.T.-P.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Heart Centre and Clinical Institute (P.S.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Christian Torp-Pedersen
- From the Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.L.K., R.N.M., P.E.L., H.B., S.M.H., K.K., K.A., P.S., C.T.-P.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology (M.L.K., S.M.H., K.K., C.T.-P.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Research, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark (C.T.-P.)
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