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de la Fuente Revenga M, Pérez C, Morales-García JA, Alonso-Gil S, Pérez-Castillo A, Caignard DH, Yáñez M, Gamo AM, Rodríguez-Franco MI. Neurogenic Potential Assessment and Pharmacological Characterization of 6-Methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (Pinoline) and Melatonin-Pinoline Hybrids. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:800-10. [PMID: 25815906 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
6-Methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (pinoline) and N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (melatonin) are both structurally related to 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Here we describe the design, synthesis, and characterization of a series of melatonin rigid analogues resulting from the hybridization of both pinoline and melatonin structures. The pharmacological evaluation of melatonin-pinoline hybrids comprises serotonergic and melatonergic receptors, metabolic enzymes (monoamine oxidases), antioxidant potential, the in vitro blood-brain barrier permeability, and neurogenic studies. Pinoline at trace concentrations and 2-acetyl-6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (2) were able to stimulate early neurogenesis and neuronal maturation in an in vitro model of neural stem cells isolated from the adult rat subventricular zone. Such effects are presumably mediated via serotonergic and melatonergic stimulation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario de la Fuente Revenga
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Pérez
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Morales-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Científicas (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, 28031-Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Alonso-Gil
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Científicas (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, 28031-Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Científicas (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, 28031-Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel-Henri Caignard
- Institut
de Recherches
Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290-Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Matilde Yáñez
- Facultad
de Farmacia, Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, La Coruña, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana M. Gamo
- Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica
I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-Franco
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Drug discrimination has been an important technique in behavioural pharmacology for at least 40 years. The characteristics of drug-produced discriminative stimuli are influenced by behavioural and pharmacological variables, including the doses used to establish discriminations. This review covers studies on the effects of varying the training dose of a drug in a search for general principles that are applicable across different drug classes and methodological approaches. With respect to quantitative changes, relationships between training dose and the rate of acquisition or magnitude of stimulus control were found for most drug classes. Acquisition accelerated with dose up to a point beyond which drug-induced impairments of performance had a deleterious impact. Sensitivity to the training drug as measured by ED(50) values typically increased when the training dose was reduced. Qualitative changes were more complex and appeared to fall into three categories: (a) changes in profiles of generalization between partial and full agonists; (b) reduced specificity of some discriminations at small training doses; and (c) changes in the relative salience of actions mediated through different neurotransmitter systems or from central and peripheral sites. Three-lever discrimination procedures incorporating 'drug versus drug' or 'dose versus dose' contingencies enabled detection of more subtle differences than the simple 'drug versus no drug' approach when applied to the opioid, hallucinogen and barbiturate classes of drugs. These conclusions have implications for the interpretation of data from studies that use either within-subject or between-subject designs for studying the discriminative stimulus effects of drugs.
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Rabin RA, Regina M, Doat M, Winter JC. 5-HT2A receptor-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the stimulus effects of hallucinogens. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002; 72:29-37. [PMID: 11900766 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of 5-HT2A-mediated stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the discriminative effects of hallucinogens was investigated in PC12 cells stably expressing the rat 5-HT2A receptor (PC12-5-HT2A cells). The hallucinogenic compounds, D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), (-)2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), psilocybin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (MDMT) and N,N-diethyltryptamine (DET), all caused a concentration-dependent increase in the generation of [3H]inositol phosphates. The nonhallucinogenic compounds, 6-fluoro-N,N-diethyltryptamine (6-F-DET), lisuride and quipazine, also displayed significant efficacy in stimulating phosphoinositide hydrolysis, while 2-bromo-lysergic acid diethylamide (BOL), which is not a hallucinogen, did not alter inositol phosphate generation. The beta-carbolines, harmaline and harmane, also did not alter phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Comparison of these results with previous drug discrimination studies indicated the apparent lack of correlation between the degree of substitution in LSD- and DOM-trained animals and efficacy in stimulating phosphoinositide hydrolysis. The present study indicates that 5-HT2A-mediated stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis does not appear to be the sole critical signaling mechanism involved in the discriminative effects of hallucinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Rabin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 102 Farber Hall, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214-3000, USA.
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Helsley S, Fiorella D, Rabin RA, Winter JC. A comparison of N,N-dimethyltryptamine, harmaline, and selected congeners in rats trained with LSD as a discriminative stimulus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1998; 22:649-63. [PMID: 9682278 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(98)00031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
1. A series of N-substituted tryptamines was compared with a series of beta-carbolines in rats trained to discriminate LSD (0.1 mg/kg) from saline. 2. Intermediate levels of substitution were elicited by MDMT (76.4%), DMT (77.9%), and DET (48.7%). 6-F-DET produced 41.3% LSD-appropriate responding at a dose of 6.0 mg/kg but only 4 of 8 subjects completed the test session thus precluding statistical analysis. Bufotenine (25.8%) also failed to substitute. Although none of the tryptamines substituted completely for LSD, the pattern of substitution is consonant with what is known of their activity in humans. MDMT, DMT, and DET are well established in the literature as hallucinogens but the same cannot be said for 6-F-DET and bufotenine. 3. Of the beta-carbolines tested, none substituted for LSD completely and only harmane elicited intermediate substitution (49.5%). No significant generalization of the LSD stimulus to 6-methoxyharmalan, harmaline, or THBC was observed. Thus, in contrast to the tryptamines, scant ability to substitute for LSD was observed in the beta-carbolines tested. 4. Taken together, the present data indicate that the representative tryptamines employed in the present study exhibit greater similarity to the LSD stimulus than do representative beta-carbolines. The receptor interactions responsible for these differences remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Helsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA
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Grella B, Dukat M, Young R, Teitler M, Herrick-Davis K, Gauthier CB, Glennon RA. Investigation of hallucinogenic and related beta-carbolines. Drug Alcohol Depend 1998; 50:99-107. [PMID: 9649961 DOI: 10.1016/s0376-8716(97)00163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Certain beta-carbolines are known to be hallucinogenic in humans, and several produce stimulus effects in animals similar to those of the classical hallucinogen 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOM). Classical hallucinogens bind at 5-HT2 serotonin receptors and these receptors are thought to play a role in their mechanism of action. In the present study, we examined the binding of 15 beta-carbolines at rat 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. Affinities (Ki values) of the beta-carbolines ranged from about 100 nM to greater than 10,000 nM depending upon the degree of saturation of the pyridyl ring, and upon the presence and location of methoxy substituents in the benzenoid ring. In a further study, six rats were trained to discriminate the hallucinogenic beta-carboline harmaline (3.0 mg/kg, i.p.) from vehicle using a VI-15s schedule of reinforcement. This represents the first time a hallucinogenic beta-carboline has been used as a training drug in a drug discrimination study. Administration of DOM to the harmaline-trained animals resulted in 76% harmaline-appropriate responding at 1.25 mg/kg DOM and disruption of behavior at a higher dose. Taken together, the results of the present investigation demonstrate that: (a) certain beta-carbolines bind at 5-HT2 receptors; (b) that harmaline serves as a training drug at 3.0 mg/kg in drug discrimination studies with rats as subjects; and that (c) there is some similarity between the stimulus effects produced by harmaline and DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Grella
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Medical College of Virginia Campus/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0540, USA
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Helsley S, Rabin RA, Winter JC. The effects of noribogaine and harmaline in rats trained with ibogaine as a discriminative stimulus. Life Sci 1997; 60:PL147-53. [PMID: 9048970 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(96)00703-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present investigation, Fischer-344 rats were trained to discriminate 10.0 mg/kg of ibogaine from water using a pretreatment time of 60 minutes. Analysis of dose response data generated an ED50 of 4.6 mg/kg. The time course of the ibogaine (10.0 mg/kg) cue was also determined. The stimulus reached a maximum level of 94% ibogaine-appropriate responding at the 60-min pretreatment time. This was followed by a time-dependent decrease in ibogaine-appropriate responding. At a pretreatment time of 8 hrs only 6.4% drug-appropriate responding was observed. In substitution experiments, intermediate generalization was observed with a metabolite of ibogaine, 12-hydroxyibogamine [noribogaine] (71.6%) whereas complete generalization was seen with harmaline (83.5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Helsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo 14214-3000, USA
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Leidenheimer NJ, Schechter MD. Inverse agonist properties of the THBC discriminative stimulus: asymmetrical generalization with FG 7142. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1991; 38:519-25. [PMID: 1648746 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(91)90007-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Male rats were trained to discriminate the stimulus properties of the beta-carbolines 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (THBC) (15.0 mg/kg) or FG 7142 (5.0 mg/kg) from vehicle in a two-lever, food-motivated operant task. Consistent with the serotonergic properties of THBC, administration of the 5HT1B agonists TFMPP and mCPP to THBC-trained rats resulted in THBC-appropriate responding. Norharmane, a beta-carboline metabolite of THBC, also mimicked the THBC discriminative stimulus. In contrast, the benzodiazepine receptor partial inverse agonist FG 7142, the anxiogenic/convulsant pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), two physiological stressors and the alpha 2 adrenergic antagonists yohimbine and idazoxan failed to produce THBC-appropriate responding. In the FG 7142-trained rats, THBC and norharmane dose-dependently mimicked the FG 7142 discriminative stimulus. This generalization was not based upon the serotonergic properties of THBC and norharmane since administration of the serotonin agonist mCPP to FG 7142-trained rats failed to produce FG 7142-appropriate responding. The ability of THBC to substitute for the FG 7142 discriminative stimulus was antagonized by the benzodiazepine receptor mixed agonist/antagonist CGS 9896 and the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist RO 15-1788, indicating that THBC produces an inverse agonist stimulus in FG 7142-trained rats. These results suggest that THBC produces a discriminative stimulus which consists of both serotonergic and inverse agonist components.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Leidenheimer
- Department of Pharmacology, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown 44272
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The Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of Serotonin Receptor Agonists and Antagonists. ADVANCES IN DRUG RESEARCH 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-013317-8.50008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Pranzatelli MR, Snodgrass SR. Harmala alkaloids and related beta-carbolines: a myoclonic model and antimyoclonic drugs. Exp Neurol 1987; 96:703-19. [PMID: 3495451 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(87)90231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The neuropharmacologic profile of intraperitoneally injected harmala alkaloids and related beta-carbolines was evaluated in the rat. All drugs induced central effects (convulsions, catalepsy, or altered startle), but only harmaline and harmine were tremorogenic at low doses. Methoxylation of the carboline 7 position was requisite for this effect. Coadministration of harmaline (but not harmine) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (tryptamine or m-chlorophenyl-piperazine) induced a lethal convulsive myoclonic syndrome which could not be evoked by either drug separately. Compared with the myoclonic-serotonergic syndrome evoked by 5-hydroxytryptophan in rats with 5.7-dihydroxytryptamine lesions, harmaline+5-hydroxytryptophan-treated rats displayed more continuous and greater axial myoclonic jerks and some postural differences. Clorgyline or tranylcypromine but not pargyline could be substituted for harmaline. The harmaline syndrome was blocked by the benzodiazepine agonists, physostigmine and verapamil. The harmaline+5-hydroxytryptophan syndrome was blocked by drugs acting at benzodiazepine receptors (CL 218,872 greater than ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate, clonazepam, diazepam, Ro 15-1788, pentobarbital), and baclofen. Naloxone, benztropine, quipazine, and apomorphine had partial effects, and calcium channel blockers prevented death but did not prevent convulsions. 5-Hydroxytryptamine antagonists were poor blockers, although cyproheptadine and ketanserin significantly reduced mortality. Phenobarbital was more effective than other anticonvulsants. Lesion studies suggested a role for monoaminergic neurons and the inferior olive in the expression of the harmaline+5-hydroxytryptophan syndrome. These data describe a complex convulsive myoclonic syndrome that is behaviorally related to but pharmacologically distinct from the serotonin syndrome, which may be useful in studying serotonergic-benzodiazepine interactions in the pathophysiology of myoclonus.
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Abstract
Rats were trained to discriminate between the stimulus properties of tetrahydro-beta-carboline (THBC) and its vehicle in a two-lever, food-motivated operant task. By steadily increasing the training dose, the discrimination was attained at 20.0 mg/kg THBC. Dose-response experiments subsequently indicated that decreasing doses of THBC produced decreased discrimination and generated an ED50 = 3.63 mg/kg. Administration of the serotonergically-active drug, fenfluramine, produced THBC-appropriate responding in a dose-responsive manner. In addition, LSD and yohimbine produced partial generalizations in the THBC-trained rats. These data suggest that the discriminative stimulus properties of THBC are mediated by serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system.
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Arvidsson LE, Hacksell U, Glennon RA. Recent advances in central 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonists and antagonists. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1986; 30:365-471. [PMID: 3544048 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-9311-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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