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ten Hagen TLM, Seynhaeve ALB, Eggermont AMM. Tumor necrosis factor-mediated interactions between inflammatory response and tumor vascular bed. Immunol Rev 2009; 222:299-315. [PMID: 18364010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Solid tumor therapy with chemotherapeutics greatly depends on the efficiency with which drugs are delivered to tumor cells. The typical characteristics of the tumor physiology promote but also appose accumulation of blood-borne agents. The leaky tumor vasculature allows easy passage of drugs. However, the disorganized vasculature causes heterogeneous blood flow, and together with the often-elevated interstitial fluid pressure, this state results in poor intratumoral drug levels and failure of treatment. Manipulation of the tumor vasculature could overcome these barriers and promote drug delivery. Targeting the vasculature has several advantages. The endothelial lining is readily accessible and the first to be encountered after systemic injection. Second, endothelial cells tend to be more stable than tumor cells and thus less likely to develop resistance to therapy. Third, targeting the tumor vasculature can have dual effects: (i) manipulation of the vasculature can enhance concomitant chemotherapy, and (ii) subsequent destruction of the vasculature can help to kill the tumor. In particular, tumor necrosis factor alpha is studied. Its action on solid tumors, both directly through tumor cell killing and destruction of the tumor vasculature and indirectly through manipulation of the tumor physiology, is complex. Understanding the mechanism of TNF and agents with comparable action on solid tumors is an important focus to further develop combination immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo L M ten Hagen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Erasmus MC-Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Jiang Y, Wen K, Zhou X, Schwegler-Berry D, Castranova V, He P. Three-dimensional localization and quantification of PAF-induced gap formation in intact venular microvessels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H898-906. [PMID: 18515648 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00309.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Combining single-vessel perfusion technique with confocal microscopy, this study presents a new approach that allows three-dimensional visualization and quantification of endothelial gaps under experimental conditions identical to those used to measure permeability coefficients, endothelial calcium concentration, and nitric oxide production in individually perfused intact microvessels. This approach provides an efficient means for defining the transport pathways and cellular mechanisms of increased microvascular permeability during inflammation. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) was used to increase the permeability of individually perfused rat mesenteric venules. Fluorescent microspheres (FMs, 100 nm) were used as leakage markers, and confocal images were acquired at successive focal planes through the perfused microvessel. Perfusion of FMs under control conditions produced a thin, uniform layer of FMs in the vessel lumen, but in PAF-stimulated microvessels significant amounts of FMs accumulated at endothelial junctions. Reconstructed confocal images three-dimensionally delineated the temporal and spatial development of endothelial gaps in PAF-stimulated microvessels. The FM accumulation, quantified as the total fluorescence intensity per square micrometer of vessel wall, was 8.4 +/- 1.8 times the control value within 10 min of PAF perfusion and declined to 5.0 +/- 0.6 and 1.4 +/- 0.2 times the control value when FMs were applied 30 and 60 min after PAF perfusion. The changes in the magnitude of FM accumulation closely correlated with the time course of PAF-induced increases in hydraulic conductivity (L(p)), indicating that the opening and closing of endothelial gaps contributed to the transient increase in L(p) in PAF-stimulated microvessels. Electron microscopic evaluations confirmed PAF-induced gap formation and FM accumulation at endothelial clefts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Jiang
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV 26506-9229, USA
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Brunstein F, Rens J, van Tiel ST, Eggermont AMM, ten Hagen TLM. Histamine, a vasoactive agent with vascular disrupting potential, improves tumour response by enhancing local drug delivery. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:1663-9. [PMID: 17106443 PMCID: PMC2360755 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-based isolated limb perfusion (ILP) is an approved and registered treatment for sarcomas confined to the limbs in Europe since 1998, with limb salvage indexes of 76%. TNF improves drug distribution in solid tumours and secondarily destroys the tumour-associated vasculature (TAV). Here we explore the synergistic antitumour effect of another vasoactive agent, histamine (Hi), in doxorubicin (DXR)-based ILP and evaluate its antivascular effects on TAV. We used our well-established rat ILP model for in vivo studies looking at tumour response, drug distribution and effects on tumour vessels. In vitro studies explored drug interactions at cellular level on tumour cells (BN-175) and Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). There was a 17% partial response and a 50% arrest in tumour growth when Hi was combined to DXR, without important side effects, against 100% progressive disease with DXR alone and 29% arrest in tumour growth for Hi alone. Histology documented an increased DXR leakage in tumour tissue combined to a destruction of the TAV, when Hi was added to the ILP. In vitro no synergy between the drugs was observed. In conclusion, Hi is a vasoactive drug, targeting primarily the TAV and synergises with different chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Brunstein
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgical Oncology, Erasmus MC, Department of Surgical Oncology, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Centre, Room Ee 0175, PO Box 1738-3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Su G, Hodnett M, Wu N, Atakilit A, Kosinski C, Godzich M, Huang XZ, Kim JK, Frank JA, Matthay MA, Sheppard D, Pittet JF. Integrin alphavbeta5 regulates lung vascular permeability and pulmonary endothelial barrier function. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 36:377-86. [PMID: 17079779 PMCID: PMC1899321 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0238oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased lung vascular permeability is an important contributor to respiratory failure in acute lung injury (ALI). We found that a function-blocking antibody against the integrin alphavbeta5 prevented development of lung vascular permeability in two different models of ALI: ischemia-reperfusion in rats (mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) and ventilation-induced lung injury (VILI) in mice (mediated, at least in part, by transforming growth factor-beta [TGF-beta]). Knockout mice homozygous for a null mutation of the integrin beta5 subunit were also protected from lung vascular permeability in VILI. In pulmonary endothelial cells, both the genetic absence and blocking of alphavbeta5 prevented increases in monolayer permeability induced by VEGF, TGF-beta, and thrombin. Furthermore, actin stress fiber formation induced by each of these agonists was attenuated by blocking alphavbeta5, suggesting that alphavbeta5 regulates induced pulmonary endothelial permeability by facilitating interactions with the actin cytoskeleton. These results identify integrin alphavbeta5 as a central regulator of increased pulmonary vascular permeability and a potentially attractive therapeutic target in ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Su
- Lung Biology Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Laboratory of Surgical Research, Department of Anesthesia, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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Victorino GP, Chong TJ, Curran B. Endothelin-1 decreases postcapillary fluid efflux via prostacyclin release. Surgery 2004; 136:473-7. [PMID: 15300217 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2004.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelin-1 (ET-1) decreases water efflux across the endothelial barrier (Lp). ET-1 may exert this permeability-decreasing effect by stimulating prostacyclin (PGI2) release. The purposes of this study were to (1) examine the effect of PGI2 on Lp, (2) measure Lp after inhibition of PGI(2) synthesis, and (3) determine the effect of ET-1 on Lp during inhibition of PGI2 production. METHODS After microscopic cannulation of mesenteric venules, Lp was measured during PGI2 infusion (0.1 micromol/L, 1 micromol/L, and 10 micromol/L; n = 6 in each group). Lp was also measured after 100 micromol/L of the PGI2 synthase inhibitor, tranylcypromine (TCPN) (n = 6). Finally, the influence of ET-1 on Lp during PGI2 synthase inhibition was assessed (n = 6). RESULTS Compared to baseline Lp of 1.05 +/- 0.06, PGI2 decreased Lp at 1 micromol/L (Lp = 0.63 +/- 0.03, P < .003) and 10 micromol/L (Lp = 0.52 +/- 0.04, P < .0001). TCPN increased Lp compared to baseline (P < .0001). Compared to ET-1 alone, venules perfused with TCPN + ET-1 increased Lp (P < .005). Units for Lp ) are 10(-7) cm x sec(-1) x cmH2O(-1). CONCLUSIONS We found that (1) PGI2 decreases Lp, (2) inhibition of PGI2 synthesis increases Lp, and (3) permeability-decreasing effects of ET-1 can be blocked by inhibiting PGI2 synthesis. These data suggest that constitutive production of PGI2 modulates basal microvessel permeability and that ET-1 may exert its permeability-decreasing effect via the stimulation of PGI2 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Victorino
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco-East Bay, Alameda County Medical Center, Oakland, CA 94602, USA
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Ginsburg MI, Baldwin AL. Disodium cromoglycate stabilizes mast cell degranulation while reducing the number of hemoglobin-induced microvascular leaks in rat mesentery. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 286:H1750-6. [PMID: 14704234 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00605.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Blood substitutes, such as diaspirin cross-linked Hb (DBBF-Hb), have been considered for use during blood transfusions. Unfortunately, bolus injection of modified Hb has been shown to rapidly increase the leakage of microvessels to plasma albumin. This effect may result from production of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and could be linked to the observed increase in degranulated mast cells (DMC). Disodium cromoglycate (cromolyn) stabilizes mast cells and therefore might minimize the venular permeability in the rat mesentery. In 10 anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats, the mesenteric preparation was continuously suffused with cromolyn while the microvasculature was filled with DBBF-Hb solution (10 mg/ml) for 10 min. Six animals received cromolyn pretreatment [two intravascular injections over 30 min (experiment A)] and four animals received pretreatment with 2% HEPES-buffered saline (HBS)-BSA (experiment B). Two more animals were pretreated with HBS-BSA without DBBF-Hb infusion but with cromolyn suffusion (experiment C). Another set of experiments was performed on five animals without cromolyn suffusion or any pretreatment but with DBBF-Hb infusion (experiment D). All groups then received a 1-min perfusion of FITC-albumin, fixation for 60 min, and microscopic examination. Experiments A and B demonstrated a significant reduction in the number of venular leaks and DMC compared with experiment D, but not in the area of venular leaks. These results suggest mast cell degranulation is not a major contributor to microvascular leakage induced by DBBF-Hb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell I Ginsburg
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5051, USA
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Bentzer P, Venturoli D, Carlsson O, Grände PO. Low-dose prostacyclin improves cortical perfusion following experimental brain injury in the rat. J Neurotrauma 2003; 20:447-61. [PMID: 12803977 DOI: 10.1089/089771503765355522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently shown that prostacyclin at a low dose reduces cortical cell death following brain trauma in the rat. Conceivably, prostacyclin with its vasodilatory, anti-aggregatory, anti-adhesive and permeability-reducing properties improved a compromised perfusion caused by post-traumatic vasoconstriction, microthrombosis and increased microvascular permeability. The objective of the present study was therefore to investigate the hemodynamic effects of low-dose prostacyclin in the traumatized rat cortex. Following a fluid percussion brain injury or a sham procedure, animals were treated with a continuous intravenous infusion of prostacyclin of 1 or 2 ng x kg(-1) x min(-1), or vehicle. Blood flow ([(14)C]-iodoantipyrine), the permeability-surface area product (PS) for [(51)Cr]-EDTA, and brain water content were measured after 3 or 48 h of treatment. Blood flow values in the injured cortex were transiently reduced to 0.42 +/- 0.2 mL x min(-1) in the vehicle group 3 h following trauma from a corresponding value of about 1.6 mL x min(-1) in the sham group, with recovery of blood flow after 48 h. Prostacyclin treatment caused a dose-dependent increase in blood flow which reached statistical significance 48 h following trauma. Brain water content and PS increased in the injured cortex post trauma and the higher dose of prostacyclin increased these parameters further at 48 h compared to the vehicle group (p < 0.05). The latter effects of prostacyclin cannot be attributed to an increase in permeability, as prostacyclin did not influence PS or brain water content following sham trauma. In fact prostacyclin has been shown to have permeability-decreasing properties. We conclude that prostacyclin improves cortical perfusion following brain trauma. The simultaneous aggravation of brain edema can be explained by an increased surface area, perhaps in combination with increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bentzer
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Lund and Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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Al-Naemi H, Baldwin AL. Nitric oxide: role in venular permeability recovery after histamine challenge. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:H2010-6. [PMID: 10564158 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.5.h2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Histamine is an inflammatory mediator produced by mast cells that reside close to blood vessels. It causes a transient increase in venular permeability and stimulates endothelial production of nitric oxide (NO). In this study, we investigated the role that NO plays in the permeability recovery and evaluated the response of mast cells. The mesenteric microvasculature of anesthetized rats was suffused with 10(-3) M histamine for 3 min and then perfused with the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 10(-6) M), the NO inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA; 10(-5) M), its enantiomer (D-NMMA; 10(-5) M), or HEPES-buffered saline containing 0.5% BSA for 15 min. This was replaced by FITC-albumin for 3 min, followed by fixative. The vasculature was visualized using epifluorescence microscopy and was stained for mast cells. Preparations treated with histamine only showed discrete FITC-albumin leaks. Subsequent inhibition of NO increased venular FITC-albumin leaks and prevented permeability recovery, whereas subsequent treatment with SNP decreased the histamine-induced venular leaks. Mast cells degranulated due to histamine and the other treatment combinations. In conclusion, inhibition of NO prevented permeability recovery and depleted mast cells of their histamine content.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Al-Naemi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5051, USA
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McDONALD DONALDM, THURSTON GAVIN, BALUK PETER. Endothelial Gaps as Sites for Plasma Leakage in Inflammation. Microcirculation 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.1999.tb00084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The microvessel wall is a barrier for the delivery of various therapeutic agents to tumor cells. Tumor microvessels are, in general, more permeable to macromolecules than normal vessels. The hyperpermeability is presumably due to the existence of large pore structures in the vessel wall, induced by various cytokines. The cutoff pore size is tumor dependent, as determined by transport studies of nanoparticles. The vascular permeability is heterogeneous in tumors and dependent on physicochemical properties of molecules as well as the ultrastructure of the vessel wall. The ultrastructure is dynamic and can be modulated by the tumor microenvironment. The microenvironment itself can be altered by the transvascular transport because the transport may facilitate angiogenesis, reduce blood flow, and induce interstitial hypertension in tumors. Future studies of transport need to address mechanisms of the barrier formation and emphasize development of novel strategies for circumventing or exploiting the vascular barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Baldwin AL, Thurston G, al Naemi H. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis increases venular permeability and alters endothelial actin cytoskeleton. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 274:H1776-84. [PMID: 9612390 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1998.274.5.h1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis using NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) increases venular permeability in the rat mesentery (I. Kurose, R. Wolf, M. B. Grisham, T. Y. Aw, R. D. Specian, and D. N. Granger. Circ. Res. 76: 30-39, 1995), but the cellular mechanisms of this response are not known. This study was performed to determine whether such venular leaks are associated with changes in the endothelial actin cytoskeleton. In anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats, the microvasculature of a mesenteric window was perfused with buffered saline, with or without 10(-5) M L-NAME, L-NMMA, or the inactive enantiomer NG-nitro-D-arginine methyl ester for 3 or 30 min. FITC-albumin was added to the perfusate for the last 3 min. The vasculature was perfusion fixed, stained for filamentous actin and for mast cells, and viewed microscopically. In control preparations, venules showed few FITC-albumin leaks and the endothelial actin cytoskeleton consisted of a peripheral rim along the cell-cell junctions. Preparations treated with L-NAME or L-NMMA showed significantly more leakage, the actin rims in leaky venules were discontinuous, and short, randomly oriented fibers appeared within the cells. In nonleaky venules, the peripheral actin rims sometimes contained small, equally spaced discontinuities not seen in control preparations. Although a mast cell stabilizer was used, 27-70% of the mast cells were degranulated in the presence of L-NMMA. Thus inhibition of NO synthesis alters the endothelial cytoskeleton and increases albumin leakage from mesenteric venules, either directly or indirectly via the involvement of mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Baldwin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724-5051, USA
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Northover AM, Northover BJ. Involvement of protein kinase C in the control of microvascular permeability to colloidal carbon. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1993; 39:132-6. [PMID: 8304240 DOI: 10.1007/bf01998965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The vasculature of the rat small intestine and attached mesentery was perfused in vitro with a gelatin-containing physiological salt solution (GPSS). The inclusion of colloidal carbon (CC) in the perfusate towards the end of the experimental period enabled the "leakiness" of microvessels in the villi to be determined, since "leaky" vessels trap CC in their walls. Addition to the perfusate of the inflammatory agonists platelet-activating factor (PAF, 5 x 10(-6) M) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, 1 x 10(-4) M), or the microtubule-disrupting agents podophyllotoxin (5 x 10(-5) M), or colcemid (5 x 10(-5) M), or the protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PDB, 1 x 10(-6) M), caused significantly increased microvascular "blackening" as assessed by image analysis. 4 alpha-phorbol 12, 13-didecanoate (PDD, 1 x 10(-6) M) had no effect. Pretreatment with the PKC inhibitor Ro 31-8220 [corrected] (1 x 10(-6) M) significantly reduced the effects of PAF, 5-HT and PDB, but not those of podophyllotoxin or colcemid. These results suggest, therefore, that PKC is involved in the permeability-enhancing effects of PAF, 5-HT and PDB. Pretreatment with indomethacin (1 x 10(-6) M) as a cyclooxygenase inhibitor did not reduce the response to PDB, indicating that prostaglandin release is of minor importance in the PDB-induced increase in microvascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Northover
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
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