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Barjaktarović N, Savage JR. R.b.e. for d(42MeV)-Be Neutrons Based on Chromosome-type Aberrations Induced in Human Lymphocytes and Scored in Cells at First Division. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/09553008014550811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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ANDERSSON HC, KIHLMAN BA, PALITTI F. Production of sister chromatid exchanges by X-rays under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Hereditas 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1981.tb01729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Kim C, Choi JE. Effects of radioprotective ginseng protein on UV induced sister chromatid exchanges. Arch Pharm Res 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02857711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Takahashi K, Kaneko I, Date M, Fukada E. Influence of pulsing electromagnetic field on the frequency of sister-chromatid exchanges in cultured mammalian cells. EXPERIENTIA 1987; 43:331-2. [PMID: 3556530 DOI: 10.1007/bf01945573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposures of Chinese hamster cells to pulsing electromagnetic field (PEMF) with 0.18-2.5 mT did not influence the baseline frequency of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE). The results suggest that PEMF with the magnetic intensity examined does not interfere with DNA replication nor produce DNA lesions, thereby leading to an increased frequency of SCE.
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Ikushima T, Benz RD, Carsten AL. Sister chromatid exchanges in bone marrow cells of mice maintained on tritiated water. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RELATED STUDIES IN PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MEDICINE 1984; 45:251-6. [PMID: 6609138 DOI: 10.1080/09553008414550351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The ability of tritium to induce sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) has been investigated in male mice of the Hale-Stoner-Brookhaven strain maintained on drinking water containing 3.0 microCi/ml tritiated water (HTO). At selected intervals after 28-261 days of consuming HTO, the frequency of SCEs and the kinetics of cellular proliferation were measured in bone marrow cells of animals maintained on HTO, and in age-matched control groups, by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine labelling methods. A statistically significant (1 percent level) elevation of SCEs was observed after 81, 163, 192, 247 and 261 days of HTO ingestion. The frequency of induced SCEs increased linearly with the ingestion time. These results are of particular interest since ionizing radiation is generally not considered to be an efficient inducer of SCEs.
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Abstract
Isolabeling observed during sister chromatid differentiation (SCD) was studied from human skin fibroblasts by the fluorescence-plus-Giemsa (FPG) technique. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was fed to exponentially dividing cells for 52 h to enable completion of two consecutive cycles of DNA replication. During this period, the late-replicating regions of some chromosomes were able to go through three replication cycles. These chromosome regions had evidently incorporated BrdU bifiliarly in both chromatids and hence, on staining with FPG, appeared isostained (isolabeled). Thus, incubation of exponentially dividing cells with BrdU for a period longer than that required for two cell cycles appears to be a suitable method for revealing the late-replicating regions of the genome, such as the X chromosome in a human female, as isolabeled. In another experiment with Indian muntjac chromosomes, isolabeled segments were darkly stained, which suggested unifilar incorporation of BrdU. In this case, unequal crossing-over or an unequal distribution of thymine residues probably is responsible for the isolabel.
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Otter M, Palmer CG, Baehner RL. Sister chromatid exchange in lymphocytes from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hum Genet 1979; 52:185-92. [PMID: 292623 DOI: 10.1007/bf00271572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies were studied in peripheral lymphocytes from 16 patients with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) prior to the initiation of chemotherapy. The mean SCE frequency (mean +/- SE) for these patients was 12.2 +/- 0.2 per metaphase, which was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than the mean SCE score for 14 age-matched controls, 7.6 +/- 0.2. Five of these patients were studied again while they were receiving maintenance therapy consisting primarily of daily 6-mercaptopurine and weekly methotrexate. Their remission SCE levels remained significantly higher than controls (P less than 0.005). In addition, SCE levels were studied in 7 long-term survivors of ALL. Three of these patients had been receiving continuous maintenance therapy for at least 3 years. Their mean SCE scores were significantly greater than controls (P less than 0.005). The other 4 patients had finished their final course of chemotherapy at least 8 months prior to the time of sampling, and their mean SCE scores were not significantly different from controls (P greater than 0.10). These data indicate that untreated patients with ALL have increased SCE levels which remain elevated during periods of remission maintained with chemotherapy. However, long-term survivors of ALL who are in remission and off chemotherapy do not demonstrate significantly increased SCE frequencies.
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Hollstein M, McCann J, Angelosanto FA, Nichols WW. Short-term tests for carcinogens and mutagens. Mutat Res 1979; 65:133-226. [PMID: 159413 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1110(79)90014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Wolff S, Bodycote J, Rodin B. Chromosomal isolabelling caused by three rounds of synthesis in late replicating regions. Chromosoma 1978; 69:179-83. [PMID: 84735 DOI: 10.1007/bf00329916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Isolabelling only occurs in CHO cells that have been allowed to replicate for more than 2 but less than 3 cell divisions in the presence of BrdU. The isolabelling is confined to late replicating regions of the chromosomes. The staining patterns obtained indicate that BrdU was incorporated three times in these regions and that the isolabelling did not come from the segregation of label in polynemic chromosomes.
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Nakatsugawa S, Ishizaki K, Sugahara T. The reduction in frequency of X-ray-induced sister chromatid exchanges in cultured mammalian cells during post-irradiation incubation in Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RELATED STUDIES IN PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MEDICINE 1978; 34:489-92. [PMID: 313916 DOI: 10.1080/09553007814551161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Stetka DG, Minkler J, Carrano AV. Induction of long-lived chromosome damage, as manifested by sister-chromatid exchange, in lymphocytes of animals exposed to mitomycin-C. Mutat Res 1978; 51:383-96. [PMID: 714071 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(78)90126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cytogenetic effects of repeated vs. acute exposure to a chemical mutagen--carcinogen were determined with an in vivo system in which chemicals injected into rabbits induce sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs). SCE induction can be monitored when the animal's peripheral lymphocytes are cultured in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) and then scored for SCE frequency. Mitomycin-C (MMC), 0.5 mg/kg, was injected intraperitoneally once a week for 8 weeks. This treatment initially induced small increases in SCE frequency within one day of injection, followed by a return to control levels within 1 week. After the 4th injection, however, the frequency failed to return to normal. After the 5th injection, however it showed a 4-fold increase over the control which was sustained for the remaining 3 weeks of treatment and for an additional 2 weeks thereafter. The frequency then dropped to twice the control value and remained at this level for more than 4 months. All of the high SCE values after the first 4 weeks were due in part to the appearance and persistence of a population of cells with high SCE frequencies. Exposure to the same total dose given as a single injection resulted in a transient elevation in the SCE frequency and a subsequent return to lower values, with no evidence of a delayed effect such as the increase observed after 4 weeks in repeatedly exposed animals. Overall, repeated exposure is at least as effective as acute exposure in eliciting long-lived SCEs in vivo.
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De Weerd-Kastelein EA, Keijzer W, Rainaldi G, Bootsma D. Induction of sister chromatid exchanges in xeroderma pigmentosum cells after exposure to ultraviolet light. Mutat Res 1977; 45:253-61. [PMID: 593287 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(77)90025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of DNA repair mechanisms in the induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) after exposure to ultraviolet radiation was investigated in xeroderma pigmentosum cells. Cells from different excision-deficient XP strains, representing the 5 complementation groups in XP, A, B, C, D and E, and from excision-proficient XP variant strains were irradiated with low doses of UVR (0-3.5 J/m2). The number of SCE was counted after two cycles in the presence of BUdR. In cells of the complementation groups A, B, C and D the number of SCE was significantly higher than in UV-exposed control cells. The frequencies of SCE in group E cells and in XP varient cells were not different from those in control cells. Treatment with caffeine (0-200 microgram/ml) did not result in a different response of variant cells compared with normal cells. A simple correlation between SCE frequency and residual excision-repair activity was not observed. The response of the excision-repair deficient cells suggest that unrepaired damage, produced by UVR is involved in the production of SCE.
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Abstract
Human lymphocytes were incubated during two mitotic cycles in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine and differentiation between chromatids was obtained with combined "Hoechst 33258" and azur-eosine staining. Analysis of non-irradiated cells revealed numerous sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and no abnormalities of "harlequine" appearance of chromosomes. When, however, the cells were irradiated, an identical staining (IS, isostaining) of some chromosomes or chromosome segments were observed. Production of IS was accompanied by decrease of the frequency of SCE, the total frequency of SCE+IS remained, however, the same as in control. An antagonism between SCE and IS was established: the frequency of SCE decreased in the cells with multiple IS, and chromosomes with both SCE and IS were only rarely observed. Thus, IS is neither an artifact nor a physiologic event but a phenomenon induced by radiation. The reliable existence of IS is considered as an evidence for binemic structure of chromatid. It is suggested that some mechanism of lateral spread of genetic information is involved in the production of SCE. If delayed by radiation, the spread could be restricted only to a fraction of chromosome cross-section resulting in IS.
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Stoll C, Borgaonkar DS, Bigel P. Sister chromatid exchanges in balanced translocation carriers and in patients with unbalanced karyotypes. Hum Genet 1977; 37:27-32. [PMID: 881193 DOI: 10.1007/bf00293768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) were studied in peripheral human leukocytes from 16 patients with balanced translocations or with unbalanced karyotypes, and from 4 controls. No difference was seen between these two groups of people in the mean number of SCEs per cell, or in the total number of SCEs observed for each pair of autosomes involved in the translocations studied. With this last number no difference from the expected number of SCEs, if one supposes that SCEs follow a random distribution, was seen.
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Evans HJ. Some facts and fancies relating to chromosome structure in man. ADVANCES IN HUMAN GENETICS 1977; 8:347-438. [PMID: 71848 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8267-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Kato H. Spontaneous and induced sister chromatid exchanges as revealed by the BUdR-labeling method. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1977; 49:55-97. [PMID: 324942 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61947-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Stetka DG, Wolff S. Sister chromatid exchange as an assay for genetic damage induced by mutagen-carcinogens. II. In vitro test for compounds requiring metabolic activation. Mutat Res 1976; 41:343-50. [PMID: 796721 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(76)90107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sister chromatid exchanges (SCE's) which are easily seen by "harlequin chromosome" techniques can be readily induced in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by low concentrations of mutagen-carcinogens that do not require metabolic activation. If the cells are simultaneously treated with cyclophosphamide which does require metabolic activation before it becomes mutagenic, and an activating system consisting of an extract of rat liver containing microsomes (S-9 Mix) then numerous SCE's are induced by the compound. This indicates that the induction of sister chromatid exchanges in such cells can be used as an in vitro assay for mutagens that require activation as well as those that do not. The method, which is very simple and quick, is more sensitive than is the usual cytogenetic assay in which chromosome aberrations are assayed.
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Stetka DG, Wolff S. Sister chromatid exchange as an assay for genetic damage induced by mutagen-carcinogens. I. In vivo test for compounds requiring metabolic activation. Mutat Res 1976; 41:333-42. [PMID: 796720 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(76)90106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An in vivo system has been devised in which chemical mutagen-carcinogens injected into an animal induce sister chromatid exchanges that can be observed when the animal's peripheral lymphocytes are subsequently cultured and then stained with the FPG technique. Chemicals requiring metabolic activation, as well as those that do not, produce significant increases in SCE frequency one day after exposure. The frequency then returns to control level within two weeks. This in vivo system is a highly sensitive assay for the ability of chemical agents to damage chromosomes.
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Moore PD, Holliday R. Evidence for the formation of hybrid DNA during mitotic recombination in Chinese hamster cells. Cell 1976; 8:573-9. [PMID: 954106 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(76)90225-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Direct evidence is provided for the formation of hybrid DNA during mitotic recombination in CHO cells. The cells were labeled for one round of replication in medium containing BUdR, so that the density of the DNA was heavy light (HL) and then returned to light medium. Further DNA synthesis, during either repair or chromosome replication, can only result in HL or fully light (LL) DNA; however, the formation of hybrid DNA as part of the process of recombinational repair will produce some fully heavy (HH) DNA. A small fraction of DNA containing regions of HH DNA has been detected on neutral CsC1 gradients, and the amount of this DNA is increased by treatment of the cells with mitomycin C. Increasing doses of mitomycin C produce smimlar increases in both the amount of HH DNA and the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges measured cytologically. This correlation provides evidence that the HH DNA is hybrid DNA, formed as an intermediate in recombinational repair.
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Kato H, Stich HF. Sister chromatid exchanges in ageing and repair-deficient human fibroblasts. Nature 1976; 260:447-8. [PMID: 1256589 DOI: 10.1038/260447a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Miller RC, Aronson MM, Nichols WW. Effects of treatment on differential staining of BrdU labeled metaphase chromosomes: three-way differentiation of M3 chromosomes. Chromosoma 1976; 55:1-11. [PMID: 1253645 DOI: 10.1007/bf00288322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this paper methodology is described which yields three-way Giemsa differentiation (light-medium-dark) in human metaphase chromosomes exposed to 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for 3 DNA synthetic periods (or exposed for 2 DNA synthetic periods and removed from exposure for the third) by means of which all of the sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) occurring during (or shortly after) S1, S2 and S3 can be accurately counted and distinguished from one another. Using these methods it has been demonstrated that approximately twice as many SCEs occur during the first S-period in the presence of the drug (labeling=B1T0XT0B1)1 as occur during the second S-period (labeling=B2B1XT0B2)1. The three-way differentiation pattern is thought to result from a stepwise decrease in the amount of BrdU incorporated during the first, second and third DNA synthetic periods. These methods can also be used to differentiate between unlabeled (T2T0) and unifilarly labeled (B1T2) sister chromatids and are potentially useful in the detection of sub-chromatid exchanges (none were detected).
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Carrano AV, Wolff S. Distribution of sister chromatid exchanges in the euchromatin and heterochromatin of the Indian muntjac. Chromosoma 1975; 53:361-9. [PMID: 1212902 DOI: 10.1007/bf00294083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was determined for the chromosomes (except Y2) of the Indian muntjac stained by the fluorescence plus Giemsa (FPG) or harlequin chromosome technique. The relative DNA content of each of the chromosomes was also measured by scanning cytophotometry. After growth in bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for two DNA replication cycles. SCEs were distributed according to the Poisson formula in each of the chromosomes. The frequency of SCE in each of the chromosomes was directly proportional to DNA content. A more detailed analysis of SCEs was performed for the three morphologically distinguishable regions of the X-autosome composite chromosome. The SCE frequency in the euchromatic long arm and short arm were proportional to the amount of DNA. In contrast, the constitutive heterochromatin in the neck of this chromosome contained far fewer SCEs than expected on the basis of the amount of DNA in this region. A high frequency of SCE, however, was observed at the point junctions between the euchromatin and heterochromatin.
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Rommelaere J, Miller-Faurès A. Detection by density equilibrium centrifugation of recombinant-like DNA molecules in somatic mammalian cells. J Mol Biol 1975; 98:195-218. [PMID: 1195379 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Beek B, Obe G. The human leukocyte test system. VI. The use of sister chromatid exchanges as possible indicators for mutagenic activities. HUMANGENETIK 1975; 29:127-34. [PMID: 1176134 DOI: 10.1007/bf00430349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The trifunctional alkylating chemical mutagen trenimon increases the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in human leukocyte chromosomes in vitro, as revealed by a BUdR-Giemsa method. Treatment with lead acetate exhibited negative results in this respect. The use of sister chromatid exchanges as possible indicators for mutagenic activities is discussed.
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Wolff SH, Perry P. Insights on chromosome structure from sister chromatid exchange ratios and the lack of both isolabelling and heterolabelling as determined by the FPG technique. Exp Cell Res 1975; 93:23-30. [PMID: 49271 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(75)90418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kato H, Shimada H. Sister chromatid exchanges induced by mitomycin C: a new method of detecting DNA damage at chromosomal level. Mutat Res 1975; 28:459-64. [PMID: 49018 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(75)90240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Lin MS, Davidson RL. Centromeric asymmetry and induction of translocations and sister chromatid exchanges in mouse chromosomes. Nature 1975; 254:354-6. [PMID: 47151 DOI: 10.1038/254354a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Sister chromatid exchanges in Vicia faba. Chromosoma 1975. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00285802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wolff S, Bodycote J, Painter RB. Sister chromatid exchanges induced in Chinese hamster cells by UV irradiation of different stages of the cell cycle: the necessity for cells to pass through S. Mutat Res 1974; 25:73-81. [PMID: 4473707 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(74)90220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Latt SA. Sister chromatid exchanges, indices of human chromosome damage and repair: detection by fluorescence and induction by mitomycin C. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:3162-6. [PMID: 4137928 PMCID: PMC388642 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.8.3162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sister chromatid exchanges in chromosomes from human lymphocytes grown two replication cycles in medium containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine can be detected by fluorescence microscopy after staining with the bisbenzimidazole dye 33258 Hoechst. These exchanges are much more frequent than chromosome or chromatid breaks and appear to be partly but not entirely due to 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. Sister chromatid exchanges are extremely sensitive indicators of chromosome damage produced by DNA cross-linking agents such as mitomycin C. Significant increases in the sister chromatid exchange frequency occur with 3 ng/ml of mitomycin C; higher concentrations of mitomycin C induce further sister chromatid exchanges. Comparatively few gross chromosomal aberrations are seen in cells exhibiting as many as one hundred or more sister chromatid exchanges. Most of the damage caused by mitomycin C to chromosomal DNA is apparently repaired without detectable changes in chromosome morphology. Analysis of sister chromatid exchanges may permit more sensitive detection of damage to DNA caused by other agents than has previously been possible by classical cytological techniques.
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Gatti M, Pimpinelli S, Olivieri G. The frequency and distribution of isolabelling in Chinese hamster chromosomes after exposure to x-rays. Mutat Res 1974; 23:229-38. [PMID: 4836308 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(74)90143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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34
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Wolff S, Perry P. Differential Giemsa staining of sister chromatids and the study of chromatid exchanges without autoradiography. Chromosoma 1974; 48:341-53. [PMID: 4141298 DOI: 10.1007/bf00290991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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