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Kinetic and thermodynamic studies on the interaction between calf thymus DNA and food additive vanillin - electrochemical methods. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li M, Gu MM, Lang Y, Shi J, Chen BPC, Guan H, Yu L, Zhou PK, Shang ZF. The vanillin derivative VND3207 protects intestine against radiation injury by modulating p53/NOXA signaling pathway and restoring the balance of gut microbiota. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 145:223-236. [PMID: 31580946 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intestine is a highly radiosensitive tissue that is susceptible to structural and functional damage due to systemic as well as localized radiation exposure. Unfortunately, no effective prophylactic or therapeutic agents are available at present to manage radiation-induced intestinal injuries. We observed that the vanillin derivative VND3207 improved the survival of lethally irradiated mice by promoting intestinal regeneration and increasing the number of surviving crypts. Pre-treatment with VND3207 significantly increased the number of Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and their daughter cells, the transient Ki67+ proliferating cells. Mechanistically, VND3207 decreased oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation and maintained endogenous antioxidant status by increasing the level of superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity. In addition, VND3207 maintained appropriate levels of activated p53 that triggered cell cycle arrest but were not sufficient to induce NOXA-mediated apoptosis, thus ensuring DNA damage repair in the irradiated small intestinal crypt cells. Furthermore, VND3207 treatment restores the intestinal bacterial flora structures altered by TBI exposure. In conclusion, VND3207 promoted intestinal repair following radiation injury by reducing reactive oxygen species-induced DNA damage and modulating appropriate levels of activated p53 in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Meng-Meng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yue Lang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jianming Shi
- Suzhou Digestive Diseases and Nutrition Research Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215008, China
| | - Benjamin P C Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Hua Guan
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Lan Yu
- Suzhou Digestive Diseases and Nutrition Research Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215008, China.
| | - Ping-Kun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Zeng-Fu Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Overview of the Role of Vanillin on Redox Status and Cancer Development. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:9734816. [PMID: 28077989 PMCID: PMC5204113 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9734816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive natural products play critical roles in modern drug development, especially anticancer agents. It has been widely reported that various pharmacological activities of such compounds are related to their antioxidant properties. Vanillin is a natural substance widely found in many plant species and often used in beverages, foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. Antioxidant and anticancer potential have been described for this compound. Considering the importance of vanillin in the area of human health and food and pharmaceuticals sectors, in this review, we discuss the role of vanillin on redox status and its potential contribution to the prevention and the treatment of cancer.
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Analysis of transcriptional profiles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to bisphenol A. Curr Genet 2016; 63:253-274. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0633-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Taner G, Özkan Vardar D, Aydin S, Aytaç Z, Başaran A, Başaran N. Use of in vitro assays to assess the potential cytotoxic, genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of vanillic and cinnamic acid. Drug Chem Toxicol 2016; 40:183-190. [PMID: 27309403 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2016.1190740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vanillic acid (VA) found in vanilla and cinnamic acid (CA) the precursor of flavonoids and found in cinnamon oil, are natural plant phenolic acids which are secondary aromatic plant products suggested to possess many physiological and pharmacological functions. In vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that phenolic acids exhibit powerful effects on biological responses by scavenging free radicals and eliciting antioxidant capacity. In the present study, we investigated the antioxidant capacity of VA and CA by the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay, cytotoxicity by neutral red uptake (NRU) assay in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and also the genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of these phenolic acids using the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) and the alkaline comet assays in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. At all tested concentrations, VA (0.17-67.2 μg/ml) showed antioxidant activity but CA (0.15-59.2 μg/ml) did not show antioxidant activity against 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS). VA (0.84, 4.2, 8.4, 16.8, 84 and 168 μg/ml) and CA (0.74, 3.7, 7.4, 14.8, 74, 148 μg/ml) did not have cytotoxic and genotoxic effects alone at the studied concentrations as compared with the controls. Both VA and CA seem to decrease DNA damage induced by H2O2 in human lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökçe Taner
- a Department of Bioengineering , Faculty of Natural Sciences, Architecture and Engineering, Bursa Technical University , Bursa , Turkey
| | - Deniz Özkan Vardar
- b Sungurlu Vocational High School, Health Programs, Hitit University , Çorum , Turkey
| | - Sevtap Aydin
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Zeki Aytaç
- d Department of Biology , Faculty of Science, Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey , and
| | - Ahmet Başaran
- e Department of Pharmacognosy , Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Nurşen Başaran
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
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Durisova K, Salovska B, Pejchal J, Tichy A. Chemical inhibition of DNA repair kinases as a promising tool in oncology. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2016; 160:11-9. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2015.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Heger M, van Golen RF, Broekgaarden M, Michel MC. The molecular basis for the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of curcumin and its metabolites in relation to cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:222-307. [PMID: 24368738 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.004044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review addresses the oncopharmacological properties of curcumin at the molecular level. First, the interactions between curcumin and its molecular targets are addressed on the basis of curcumin's distinct chemical properties, which include H-bond donating and accepting capacity of the β-dicarbonyl moiety and the phenylic hydroxyl groups, H-bond accepting capacity of the methoxy ethers, multivalent metal and nonmetal cation binding properties, high partition coefficient, rotamerization around multiple C-C bonds, and the ability to act as a Michael acceptor. Next, the in vitro chemical stability of curcumin is elaborated in the context of its susceptibility to photochemical and chemical modification and degradation (e.g., alkaline hydrolysis). Specific modification and degradatory pathways are provided, which mainly entail radical-based intermediates, and the in vitro catabolites are identified. The implications of curcumin's (photo)chemical instability are addressed in light of pharmaceutical curcumin preparations, the use of curcumin analogues, and implementation of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics of curcumin and its most important degradation products are detailed in light of curcumin's poor bioavailability. Particular emphasis is placed on xenobiotic phase I and II metabolism as well as excretion of curcumin in the intestines (first pass), the liver (second pass), and other organs in addition to the pharmacokinetics of curcumin metabolites and their systemic clearance. Lastly, a summary is provided of the clinical pharmacodynamics of curcumin followed by a detailed account of curcumin's direct molecular targets, whereby the phenotypical/biological changes induced in cancer cells upon completion of the curcumin-triggered signaling cascade(s) are addressed in the framework of the hallmarks of cancer. The direct molecular targets include the ErbB family of receptors, protein kinase C, enzymes involved in prostaglandin synthesis, vitamin D receptor, and DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Heger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Erdem MG, Cinkilic N, Vatan O, Yilmaz D, Bagdas D, Bilaloglu R. Genotoxic and anti-genotoxic effects of vanillic acid against mitomycin C-induced genomic damage in human lymphocytes in vitro. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:4993-8. [PMID: 23244097 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.10.4993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanillic acid, a vegetable phenolic compound, is a strong antioxidant. The aim of the present study was to determine its effects on mitomycin C-induced DNA damage in human blood lymphocyte cultures in vitro, both alone and in combination with mitomycin C (MMC). The cytokinesis block micronucleus test and alkaline comet assay were used to determine genotoxic damage and anti-genotoxic effects of vanillic acid at the DNA and chromosome levels. MMC induced genotoxicity at a dose of 0.25 μg/ml. Vanillic acid (1 μg/ml) significantly reduced both the rates of DNA damaged cells and the frequency of micronucleated cells. A high dose of vanillic acid (2 μg/ml) itself had genotoxic effects on DNA. In addition, both test systems showed similar results when tested with the negative control, consisting of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in combination with vanillic acid (1 μg/ml) +MMC. In conclusion, vanillic acid could prevent oxidative damage to DNA and chromosomes when used at an appropriately low dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Guler Erdem
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Cell Culture and Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, Bursa, Turkey
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Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 20, Revision 4 (FGE.20Rev4): Benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids, and related esters from chemical groups 23 and 30. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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10
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Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 20, Revision 3(FGE.20Rev3): Benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids, and related esters from chemical groups 23 and 30. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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11
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Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 20, Revision 2 (FGE.20Rev2): Benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids, and related esters from chemical groups 23 and 30. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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12
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Microarray analysis of p-anisaldehyde-induced transcriptome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 37:313-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-009-0676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Flavouring Group Evaluation 54, Revision 1 (FGE.54Rev1): Consideration of benzyl derivatives evaluated by JECFA (57th meeting) structurally related to benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids and related esters evaluated by EFSA in. EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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14
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Flavouring Group Evaluation 20, Revision 1 (FGE.20Rev1): Benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids and related esters from chemical group 23. EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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15
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Flavouring Group Evaluation 54 (FGE.54) ‐ Consideration of benzyl derivatives evaluated by JECFA (57th meeting) structurally related to benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids and related esters evaluated by EFSA in FGE.20 (2005) ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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16
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Flavouring Group Evaluation 52 (FGE.52): Consideration of hydroxy‐ and alkoxy‐substituted benzyl derivatives evaluated by JECFA (57th meeting) structurally related to benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids, and related esters evaluated by EFSA in FGE.20 (2005) (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) ‐ Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC). EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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King AA, Shaughnessy DT, Mure K, Leszczynska J, Ward WO, Umbach DM, Xu Z, Ducharme D, Taylor JA, DeMarini DM, Klein CB. Antimutagenicity of cinnamaldehyde and vanillin in human cells: Global gene expression and possible role of DNA damage and repair. Mutat Res 2006; 616:60-9. [PMID: 17178418 PMCID: PMC1955325 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Vanillin (VAN) and cinnamaldehyde (CIN) are dietary flavorings that exhibit antimutagenic activity against mutagen-induced and spontaneous mutations in bacteria. Although these compounds were antimutagenic against chromosomal mutations in mammalian cells, they have not been studied for antimutagenesis against spontaneous gene mutations in mammalian cells. Thus, we initiated studies with VAN and CIN in human mismatch repair-deficient (hMLH1(-)) HCT116 colon cancer cells, which exhibit high spontaneous mutation rates (mutations/cell/generation) at the HPRT locus, permitting analysis of antimutagenic effects of agents against spontaneous mutation. Long-term (1-3 weeks) treatment of HCT116 cells with VAN at minimally toxic concentrations (0.5-2.5mM) reduced the spontaneous HPRT mutant fraction (MF, mutants/10(6) survivors) in a concentration-related manner by 19-73%. A similar treatment with CIN at 2.5-7.5microM yielded a 13-56% reduction of the spontaneous MF. Short-term (4-h) treatments also reduced the spontaneous MF by 64% (VAN) and 31% (CIN). To investigate the mechanisms of antimutagenesis, we evaluated the ability of VAN and CIN to induce DNA damage (comet assay) and to alter global gene expression (Affymetrix GeneChip) after 4-h treatments. Both VAN and CIN induced DNA damage in both mismatch repair-proficient (HCT116+chr3) and deficient (HCT116) cells at concentrations that were antimutagenic in HCT116 cells. There were 64 genes whose expression was changed similarly by both VAN and CIN; these included genes related to DNA damage, stress responses, oxidative damage, apoptosis, and cell growth. RT-PCR results paralleled the Affymetrix results for four selected genes (HMOX1, DDIT4, GCLM, and CLK4). Our results show for the first time that VAN and CIN are antimutagenic against spontaneous mutations in mammalian (human) cells. These and other data lead us to propose that VAN and CIN may induce DNA damage that elicits recombinational DNA repair, which reduces spontaneous mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey A. King
- The Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987
| | - Daniel T. Shaughnessy
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Kanae Mure
- The Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987
- Department of Public Health, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama City, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Joanna Leszczynska
- The Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987
| | - William O. Ward
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - David M. Umbach
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Zongli Xu
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Danica Ducharme
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Jack A. Taylor
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - David M. DeMarini
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Catherine B. Klein
- The Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987
- **Corresponding author: Tel: +1 845 731 3510; fax: +1 845 351 2058. e-mail:
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Shaughnessy DT, Schaaper RM, Umbach DM, DeMarini DM. Inhibition of spontaneous mutagenesis by vanillin and cinnamaldehyde in Escherichia coli: Dependence on recombinational repair. Mutat Res 2006; 602:54-64. [PMID: 16999979 PMCID: PMC2099251 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Vanillin (VAN) and cinnamaldehyde (CIN) are dietary antimutagens that effectively inhibit both induced and spontaneous mutations. We have shown previously that VAN and CIN reduced the spontaneous mutant frequency in Salmonella TA104 (hisG428, rfa, DeltauvrB, pKM101) by approximately 50% and that both compounds significantly reduced mutations at GC sites but not at AT sites. Previous studies have suggested that VAN and CIN may reduce mutations in bacterial model systems by modulating DNA repair pathways, particularly by enhancing recombinational repair. To further explore the basis for inhibition of spontaneous mutation by VAN and CIN, we have determined the effects of these compounds on survival and mutant frequency in five Escherichia coli strains derived from the wild-type strain NR9102 with different DNA repair backgrounds. At nontoxic doses, both VAN and CIN significantly reduced mutant frequency in the wild-type strain NR9102, in the nucleotide excision repair-deficient strain NR11634 (uvrB), and in the recombination-proficient but SOS-deficient strain NR11475 (recA430). In contrast, in the recombination-deficient and SOS-deficient strain NR11317 (recA56), both VAN and CIN not only failed to inhibit the spontaneous mutant frequency but actually increased the mutant frequency. In the mismatch repair-defective strain NR9319 (mutL), only CIN was antimutagenic. Our results show that the antimutagenicity of VAN and CIN against spontaneous mutation required the RecA recombination function but was independent of the SOS and nucleotide excision repair pathways. Thus, we propose the counterintuitive notion that these antimutagens actually produce a type of DNA damage that elicits recombinational repair (but not mismatch, SOS, or nucleotide excision repair), which then repairs not only the damage induced by VAN and CIN but also other DNA damage-resulting in an antimutagenic effect on spontaneous mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Shaughnessy
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Roel M. Schaaper
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - David M. Umbach
- Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - David M. DeMarini
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
- * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 919 541 1510; fax: +1 919 541 0694. E-mail address: (D.M. DeMarini)
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to Flavouring Group Evaluation 20 (FGE.20): Benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal,. EFSA J 2006. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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20
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The effect of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds on the development of drug resistance. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2005; 149:405-7. [PMID: 16601799 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2005.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of two phenolic compounds vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) and lignin on the development of drug/antibiotic resistance in Salmonella typhimurium was studied. Using the modified Ames test we have shown that vanillin alone has negligible effect on spontaneous mutability to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin resistance. At the tested concentrations vanillin reduces the toxicity of 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4NQO) and reduces the ability of this compound to induce mutations leading to ciprofloxacin but not to gentamicin resistance. Lignin at higher concentrations increases mutagenicity to ciprofloxacin resistance and possess considerable inhibition effect on the spontaneous and 4NQO induced mutability to gentamicin resistance.
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Panoutsopoulos GI, Beedham C. Enzymatic oxidation of vanillin, isovanillin and protocatechuic aldehyde with freshly prepared Guinea pig liver slices. Cell Physiol Biochem 2005; 15:89-98. [PMID: 15665519 DOI: 10.1159/000083641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The oxidation of xenobiotic-derived aromatic aldehydes with freshly prepared liver slices has not been previously reported. The present investigation compares the relative contribution of aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidase and aldehyde dehydrogenase activities in the oxidation of vanillin, isovanillin and protocatechuic aldehyde with freshly prepared liver slices. METHODS Vanillin, isovanillin or protocatechuic aldehyde was incubated with liver slices in the presence/absence of specific inhibitors of each enzyme, followed by HPLC. RESULTS Vanillin was rapidly converted to vanillic acid. Vanillic acid formation was completely inhibited by isovanillin (aldehyde oxidase inhibitor), whereas disulfiram (aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor) inhibited acid formation by 16% and allopurinol (xanthine oxidase inhibitor) had no effect. Isovanillin was rapidly converted to isovanillic acid. The formation of isovanillic acid was not altered by allopurinol, but considerably inhibited by disulfiram. Protocatechuic aldehyde was converted to protocatechuic acid at a lower rate than that of vanillin or isovanillin. Allopurinol only slightly inhibited protocatechuic aldehyde oxidation, isovanillin had little effect, whereas disulfiram inhibited protocatechuic acid formation by 50%. CONCLUSIONS In freshly prepared liver slices, vanillin is rapidly oxidized by aldehyde oxidase with little contribution from xanthine oxidase or aldehyde dehydrogenase. Isovanillin is not a substrate for aldehyde oxidase and therefore it is metabolized to isovanillic acid predominantly by aldehyde dehydrogenase. All three enzymes contribute to the oxidation of protocatechuic aldehyde to its acid.
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Adams TB, Cohen SM, Doull J, Feron VJ, Goodman JI, Marnett LJ, Munro IC, Portoghese PS, Smith RL, Waddell WJ, Wagner BM. The FEMA GRAS assessment of hydroxy- and alkoxy-substituted benzyl derivatives used as flavor ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 43:1241-71. [PMID: 15950816 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Revised: 12/09/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This publication is the ninth in a series of safety evaluations performed by the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA). In 1993, the Panel initiated a comprehensive program to re-evaluate the safety of more than 1700 GRAS flavoring substances under conditions of intended use. Elements that are fundamental to the safety evaluation of flavor ingredients include exposure, structural analogy, metabolism, pharmacokinetics and toxicology. Flavor ingredients are evaluated individually and in the context of the available scientific information on the group of structurally related substances. Scientific data relevant to the safety evaluation of the use of hydroxy- and alkoxy-substituted benzyl derivatives as flavoring ingredients is evaluated. The group of hydroxy- and alkoxy-benzyl derivatives was reaffirmed as GRAS (GRASr) based, in part, on their self-limiting properties as flavoring substances in food; their rapid absorption, metabolic detoxication, and excretion in humans and other animals; their low level of flavor use; the wide margins of safety between the conservative estimates of intake and the no-observed-adverse effect levels determined from subchronic and chronic studies and the lack of significant genotoxic and mutagenic potential. This evidence of safety is supported by the fact that the intake of hydroxy- and alkoxy-substituted benzyl derivatives as natural components of traditional foods is greater than their intake as intentionally added flavoring substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Adams
- FEMA Expert Panel, Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1620 I Street, N.W. Suite 925, Washington, DC 20006, USA
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Barik A, Priyadarsini K, Mohan H. Redox reactions of 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (o-vanillin) in aqueous solution. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2003.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kumar SS, Priyadarsini KI, Sainis KB. Inhibition of peroxynitrite-mediated reactions by vanillin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:139-45. [PMID: 14709027 DOI: 10.1021/jf030319d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzeimer's and Parkinson's as well as septic shock and inflammation involve formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that include peroxynitrite (PON). PON can also react with endogenous antioxidants. Therefore, dietary supplementation with antioxidants may help in these diseases. An exogenous antioxidant, vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde), used widely as a food flavoring agent, was evaluated for its ability to scavenge PON and inhibit PON-mediated reactions. Nitration of tyrosine by PON was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This reaction was inhibited by vanillin. The oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123 to fluorescent rhodamine 123 was also inhibited by vanillin. The kinetics of reaction between PON and vanillin was studied by stopped-flow technique. The products of this reaction were analyzed by HPLC, and hydroxyvanillin was identified as one of the five products with absorption at 350 nm. These data demonstrate that vanillin effectively scavenges PON in cell-free systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Santosh Kumar
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bioscience Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
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Sinigaglia M, Reguly ML, de Andrade HHR. Effect of vanillin on toxicant-induced mutation and mitotic recombination in proliferating somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2004; 44:394-400. [PMID: 15515154 DOI: 10.1002/em.20067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Vanillin (VA; C8H8O3) is a flavoring agent that in previous studies has both increased and decreased the genotoxicity of chemical agents, depending on the nature of both the agent and the genetic event measured. The ability of VA to modulate the mutagenicity and recombinogenicity of three different monoalkylating agents, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and the intercalating agent bleomycin (BLEO) was examined using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in Drosophila melanogaster. While neither the mutagenicity nor the recombinagenicity of ENU or MNU was modified by posttreatment with VA, EMS-induced genetic toxicity was enhanced by as much as 30%. This overall enhancement included a synergistic increase in mitotic recombination and a lesser decrease in mutation. Posttreatment with VA also produced an increase in the genotoxicity of BLEO, which was characterized by increases of 120% and 180% for 0.5% and 1% VA, respectively. This enhancement was restricted to an increase in recombinational events, since no alteration in BLEO-induced mutation was observed. The data suggest that the major VA-modulatory action on genotoxicity in D. melanogaster is related to its synergistic effects on somatic recombination, which has a greater consequence on overall genotoxicity than its antimutagenic effects. Since the SMART assay is specifically sensitive to mitotic crossing-over, our data suggest that VA promotes toxicant-induced homologous recombination, at least in the proliferative cells of Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialva Sinigaglia
- Laboratório de Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Abstract
Non-homologous DNA end-joining (NHEJ) is a major pathway of double strand break (DSB) repair in human cells. Here we show that vanillin (3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde)--a naturally occurring food component and an acknowledged antimutagen, anticlastogen and anticarcinogen--is an inhibitor of NHEJ. Vanillin blocked DNA end-joining by human cell extracts by directly inhibiting the activity of DNA-PK, a crucial NHEJ component. Inhibition was selective and vanillin had no detectable effect on other steps of the NHEJ process, on an unrelated protein kinase or on DNA mismatch repair by cell extracts. Subtoxic concentrations of vanillin did not affect the ATM/ATR-dependent phosphorylation of Chk2 or the S-phase checkpoint response after ionising radiation. They significantly potentiated the cytotoxicity of cisplatin, but did not affect sensitivity to UVC. A limited screen of structurally related compounds identified two substituted vanillin derivatives that were 100- and 50-fold more potent than vanillin as DNA-PK inhibitors. These compounds also sensitised cells to cisplatin. The inhibition of NHEJ is consistent with the antimutagenic and other biological properties of vanillin, possibly altering the balance between DSB repair by NHEJ and homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Durant
- Mammalian DNA Repair, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3LD, UK.
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Santosh Kumar S, Priyadarsini KI, Sainis KB. Free radical scavenging activity of vanillin and o-vanillin using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Redox Rep 2002; 7:35-40. [PMID: 11981453 DOI: 10.1179/135100002125000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanillin, a plant derived natural product, used as food flavoring agent and its positional isomer o-vanillin, have been tested for their ability to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Trolox, a water-soluble analogue of vitamin E and a well-known antioxidant was used as a reference compound. The DPPH radical was monitored at 517 nm and its retention time was 8.6 min. From the decrease in optical density of DPPH radical in the presence of the test compounds, it was observed that o-vanillin was a more effective scavenger than vanillin. At equimolar concentrations (1 mM), vanillin and o-vanillin exhibited 22.9% and 66.4% DPPH radical scavenging activity, respectively. The kinetics of the reaction of vanillin and o-vanillin with DPPH radical was studied using stopped flow spectrophotometry and their rate constants were estimated to be 1.7 +/- 0.1 M(-1)s(-1) and 10.1 +/- 0.8 M(-1)s(-1), respectively. In comparison, the rate constant for the reaction of trolox with DPPH was estimated to be 360.2 +/- 10.1 M(-1)s(-1). These scavenging reactions involve electron/H-atom transfer from antioxidant to DPPH. To confirm this, one electron reduction potentials of these compounds were estimated using cyclic voltammetry which showed that o-vanillin was more easily oxidized than vanillin. The reduction potential for o-vanillin was about 1.5 times that of trolox. These results demonstrate that o-vanillin is a more potent antioxidant than vanillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Santosh Kumar
- Cell Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Modular Laboratories, Trombay, Mumbai, India
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Kumar SS, Ghosh A, Devasagayam TP, Chauhan PS. Effect of vanillin on methylene blue plus light-induced single-strand breaks in plasmid pBR322 DNA. Mutat Res 2000; 469:207-14. [PMID: 10984681 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(00)00074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability of vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde), a naturally occurring food flavouring agent, in inhibiting photosensitization-induced single-strand breaks (ssbs) in plasmid pBR322 DNA has been examined in an in vitro system, independent of DNA repair/replication processes. Photosensitization of DNA with methylene blue, visible light and oxygen, induced ssbs resulting in the production of open circular form (OC form) in a concentration-dependent manner. The yield of OC form induced by photosensitization was increased several-fold by deuteration of the buffer and was found to be inhibited by sodium azide, a scavenger of singlet oxygen (1O(2)). Vanillin, per se, did not induce but inhibited photosensitization-induced ssbs in plasmid DNA, at millimolar concentrations. The inhibitory effect of vanillin was both concentration- and time-dependent. On a molar basis, vanillin was, however, less effective than trolox, a water-soluble analogue of alpha-tocopherol. Photosensitization by methylene blue system generates singlet oxygen, as one of the major components of ROS. Therefore, interaction of singlet oxygen with vanillin was investigated. The rate constant of vanillin with 1O(2) was estimated to be 5.93x10(7)M(-1)s(-1) and that of sodium azide as 2. 7x10(8)M(-1)s(-1). The present investigations show that vanillin can protect against photosensitization-induced ssbs in the plasmid pBR322 DNA, and this effect may partly be due to its ability to scavenge 1O(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Kumar
- Cell Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 400 085, Mumbai, India
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Santos JH, Graf U, Reguly ML, Rodrigues de Andrade HH. The synergistic effects of vanillin on recombination predominate over its antimutagenic action in relation to MMC-induced lesions in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat Res 1999; 444:355-65. [PMID: 10521675 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(99)00101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The wing Somatic Mutation And Recombination Test (SMART) in Drosophila melanogaster was used to study the modulating action of vanillin (VA) in combination with the alkylating agents mitomycin C (MMC), methylmethanesulphonate (MMS) and the bifunctional nitrogen mustard (HN2). Two types of treatments with VA and each of the three genotoxins were performed: chronic co-treatments of three-day-old larvae of the standard cross as well as post-treatments after acute exposure with the genotoxins. This allowed the study of the action of VA not only in the steps that precede the induction of DNA lesions but also in the repair processes. The overall findings from the co-treatment series suggest that ingestion of VA with MMS or MMC can lead to significant protection against genotoxicity; but this is not the case with HN2. Antioxidant activity, suppression of metabolic activation or interaction with the active groups of these two alkylating agents could be mechanisms by means of which VA exerts its desmutagenic action. In contrast, when evaluated in the post-treatment procedure, VA causes two antagonistic effects on the genotoxicity of MMC: (i) synergism on recombination (172.8%) and (ii) protection against mutation (79.0%). Consequently, both activities together lead to a considerable increase in mitotic recombination. In spite of being separate events, recombination and gene mutation are correlated during mitosis since the fate of a DNA lesion depends on the repair pathway followed. Our results may suggest that VA is a modifying factor that blocks the mutagenic pathway and consequently directs the MMC-induced lesions into a recombinational repair. Furthermore, VA did not modify the genotoxicity when administered after treatments with HN2 or MMS. Therefore, the major finding of the present study, namely the co-recombinagenic activity of VA on MMC-induced lesions, seems to be related to the type of induced lesion and consequently to the repair processes involved in its correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Santos
- Laboratório de Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, CP 15053,91501-970, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Keshava C, Keshava N, Ong TM, Nath J. Protective effect of vanillin on radiation-induced micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations in V79 cells. Mutat Res 1998; 397:149-59. [PMID: 9541639 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(97)00203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vanillin (VA), an anticlastogen, has been demonstrated to inhibit gene mutations in both bacterial and mammalian cells. However, the data on its effect against radiation-induced cytogenetic damage are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of VA on radiation-induced chromosomal damage in V79 cells. Exponentially growing cells were exposed to five doses of X-rays (1-12 Gy) and UV radiation (50-800 microJ x 10(2) cm-2 and posttreated with 3 concentrations of VA (5, 50 or 100 micrograms ml-1 for 16 h for micronucleus (MN) and 18 h for structural chromosomal aberration (SCA) analyses. MN and SCA assays were performed concurrently according to standard procedures. Results indicate that there was a dose related increase in the percent of micronucleated binucleated cells (MNBN) (5.6 to 79.6) and percent of aberrant cells (Abs) (12 to 98) with X-ray treatment alone. Inhibition studies showed that the addition of VA at 100 micrograms ml-1 significantly reduced the percent of MNBN (21 to 48) induced by X-ray at 1, 2, and 4 Gy. There was a slight decrease in percent MNBN at 5 and 50 micrograms VA ml-1. All three concentrations of VA decreased percent Abs (15.7 to 57.1) induced by X-rays at all doses. UV radiation alone significantly increased percent MNBN (3.5 to 14.8) and percent Abs (17 to 29). Addition of 50 or 100 micrograms VA ml-1, significantly decreased percent MNBN (31.7 to 86.2) and percent Abs (54.5 to 90.9) at all doses of UV radiation. A decrease in percent MNBN (2.8 to 72.4) and percent Abs (34.8 to 66.7) was also noted at 5 micrograms VA ml-1. These data clearly indicate the protective effect of VA on radiation-induced chromosomal damage, suggesting that VA is an anticlastogenic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Keshava
- Genetics and Developmental Biology Program, College of Agriculture and Forestry, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26506-6108, USA
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Kitahara J, Yamanaka K, Kato K, Lee YW, Klein CB, Costa M. Mutagenicity of cobalt and reactive oxygen producers. Mutat Res 1996; 370:133-40. [PMID: 8917658 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1218(96)00042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in carcinogenesis yet there are chemicals that produce oxidative stress that are not carcinogenic. Mutations are the inherited results of DNA damage and are critical events in carcinogenesis. The mutagenicity of oxidative stress induced by peroxide, paraquat and cobalt compounds was examined in transgenic gpt+ Chinese hamster cell lines (G12 and G10). These two cell lines are known to be more sensitive to mutagens such as X-rays and UV than their parental V-79 cells. In these studies, the mutagenic activity of cobalt chloride, a metal that induces oxidative stress but is not carcinogenic, was measured to be 7.7 times higher than the spontaneous mutant frequency in G12, but was only 1.5 to 2.5 times higher than spontaneous mutant frequency in G10 cells. The mutant frequency of cobalt sulfide was somewhat lower. Hydrogen peroxide was found to be only weakly mutagenic in G12 cells, and treatment of cells with a combination of hydrogen peroxide and cobalt did not alter the mutation frequency induced by cobalt sulfide alone. Paraquat did not elicit mutagenesis in either cell line. These results indicate that agents producing oxidative stress are not necessarily mutagenic and these results are discussed in the context of the oxidative stress produced by other carcinogens such as nickel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kitahara
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine and Kaplan Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016, USA
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Babich H, Borenfreund E, Stern A. Comparative cytotoxicities of selected minor dietary non-nutrients with chemopreventive properties. Cancer Lett 1993; 73:127-33. [PMID: 8221624 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(93)90254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The comparative acute cytotoxicities were determined for a varied spectrum of minor dietary non-nutrients that have been implicated as chemopreventive agents. Cytotoxicity was determined with the neutral red (NR) assay, using BALB/c mouse 3T3 fibroblasts as the bioindicators. Based on midpoint cytotoxicity (NR50) values, the range of cytotoxicity for the different chemicals varied by 1000 times. The sequence of potency was tannic acid, tamoxifen citrate, quercetin, benzyl and phenethyl isothiocyanate > glycyrrhetinic acid > indole-3-carbinol > caffeic acid > phytic acid > vanillin > ellagic acid > D-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone. Vanillin, at slight to moderately toxic concentrations, was the only test agent that induced multinucleation in the 3T3 fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Babich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stern College, Yeshiva University, New York, NY 10016
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Ohta T. Modification of genotoxicity by naturally occurring flavorings and their derivatives. Crit Rev Toxicol 1993; 23:127-46. [PMID: 8329113 DOI: 10.3109/10408449309117114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The number of studies in the research field of antimutagenesis is increasing. The aims of many of these studies are preventing genetic hazards from environmental mutagens and elucidating the process of mutagenesis. Some naturally occurring flavorings such as vanillin, cinnamaldehyde, and coumarin have been reported to inhibit mutagenesis induced by mutagens in bacterial and mammalian cells. These flavorings are considered to act as antimutagens by modifying DNA replication and/or DNA repair systems after cellular DNA was damaged by mutagens. A factor that suppresses mutagenicity in a given situation, however, sometimes exerts enhancing effects when the endpoints investigated or the test conditions used are varied. This makes the evaluation of antimutagenic factors complicated. Different modifying effects of the above-mentioned flavorings observed in various test systems for genotoxicity are discussed, based on their proposed mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ohta
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Kodaira, Tokyo
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