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Ohuma EO, Villar J, Feng Y, Xiao L, Salomon L, Barros FC, Cheikh Ismail L, Stones W, Jaffer Y, Oberto M, Noble JA, Gravett MG, Wu Q, Victora CG, Lambert A, Di Nicola P, Purwar M, Bhutta ZA, Kennedy SH, Papageorghiou AT, Katz M, Bhan M, Garza C, Zaidi S, Langer A, Rothwell P, Weatherall SD, Bhutta Z, Villar J, Kennedy S, Altman D, Barros F, Bertino E, Burton F, Carvalho M, Cheikh Ismail L, Chumlea W, Gravett M, Jaffer Y, Lambert A, Lumbiganon P, Noble J, Pang R, Papageorghiou A, Purwar M, Rivera J, Victora C, Villar J, Altman D, Bhutta Z, Cheikh Ismail L, Kennedy S, Lambert A, Noble J, Papageorghiou A, Villar J, Kennedy S, Cheikh Ismail L, Lambert A, Papageorghiou A, Shorten M, Hoch L, Knight H, Ohuma E, Cosgrove C, Blakey I, Altman D, Ohuma E, Villar J, Altman D, Roseman F, Kunnawar N, Gu S, Wang J, Wu M, Domingues M, Gilli P, Juodvirsiene L, Hoch L, Musee N, Al-Jabri H, Waller S, Cosgrove C, Muninzwa D, Ohuma E, Yellappan D, Carter A, Reade D, Miller R, Papageorghiou A, Salomon L, Leston A, Mitidieri A, Al-Aamri F, Paulsene W, Sande J, Al-Zadjali W, Batiuk C, Bornemeier S, Carvalho M, Dighe M, Gaglioti P, Jacinta N, Jaiswal S, Noble J, Oas K, Oberto M, Olearo E, Owende M, Shah J, Sohoni S, Todros T, Venkataraman M, Vinayak S, Wang L, Wilson D, Wu Q, Zaidi S, Zhang Y, Chamberlain P, Danelon D, Sarris I, Dhami J, Ioannou C, Knight C, Napolitano R, Wanyonyi S, Pace C, Mkrtychyan V, Cheikh Ismail L, Chumlea W, Al-Habsi F, Bhutta Z, Carter A, Alija M, Jimenez-Bustos J, Kizidio J, Puglia F, Kunnawar N, Liu H, Lloyd S, Mota D, Ochieng R, Rossi C, Sanchez Luna M, Shen Y, Knight H, Rocco D, Frederick I, Bhutta Z, Albernaz E, Batra M, Bhat B, Bertino E, Di Nicola P, Giuliani F, Rovelli I, McCormick K, Ochieng R, Pang R, Paul V, Rajan V, Wilkinson A, Varalda A, Eskenazi B, Corra L, Dolk H, Golding J, Matijasevich A, de Wet T, Zhang J, Bradman A, Finkton D, Burnham O, Farhi F, Barros F, Domingues M, Fonseca S, Leston A, Mitidieri A, Mota D, Sclowitz I, da Silveira M, Pang R, He Y, Pan Y, Shen Y, Wu M, Wu Q, Wang J, Yuan Y, Zhang Y, Purwar M, Choudhary A, Choudhary S, Deshmukh S, Dongaonkar D, Ketkar M, Khedikar V, Kunnawar N, Mahorkar C, Mulik I, Saboo K, Shembekar C, Singh A, Taori V, Tayade K, Somani A, Bertino E, Di Nicola P, Frigerio M, Gilli G, Gilli P, Giolito M, Giuliani F, Oberto M, Occhi L, Rossi C, Rovelli I, Signorile F, Todros T, Stones W, Carvalho M, Kizidio J, Ochieng R, Shah J, Vinayak S, Musee N, Kisiang’ani C, Muninzwa D, Jaffer Y, Al-Abri J, Al-Abduwani J, Al-Habsi F, Al-Lawatiya H, Al-Rashidiya B, Al-Zadjali W, Juangco F, Venkataraman M, Al-Jabri H, Yellappan D, Kennedy S, Cheikh Ismail L, Papageorghiou A, Roseman F, Lambert A, Ohuma E, Lloyd S, Napolitano R, Ioannou C, Sarris I, Gravett M, Batiuk C, Batra M, Bornemeier S, Dighe M, Oas K, Paulsene W, Wilson D, Frederick I, Andersen H, Abbott S, Carter A, Algren H, Rocco D, Sorensen T, Enquobahrie D, Waller S. Fetal growth velocity standards from the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study of the INTERGROWTH-21 st Project. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 224:208.e1-208.e18. [PMID: 32768431 PMCID: PMC7858163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human growth is susceptible to damage from insults, particularly during periods of rapid growth. Identifying those periods and the normative limits that are compatible with adequate growth and development are the first key steps toward preventing impaired growth. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to construct international fetal growth velocity increment and conditional velocity standards from 14 to 40 weeks' gestation based on the same cohort that contributed to the INTERGROWTH-21st Fetal Growth Standards. STUDY DESIGN This study was a prospective, longitudinal study of 4321 low-risk pregnancies from 8 geographically diverse populations in the INTERGROWTH-21st Project with rigorous standardization of all study procedures, equipment, and measurements that were performed by trained ultrasonographers. Gestational age was accurately determined clinically and confirmed by ultrasound measurement of crown-rump length at <14 weeks' gestation. Thereafter, the ultrasonographers, who were masked to the values, measured the fetal head circumference, biparietal diameter, occipitofrontal diameter, abdominal circumference, and femur length in triplicate every 5 weeks (within 1 week either side) using identical ultrasound equipment at each site (4-7 scans per pregnancy). Velocity increments across a range of intervals between measures were modeled using fractional polynomial regression. RESULTS Peak velocity was observed at a similar gestational age: 16 and 17 weeks' gestation for head circumference (12.2 mm/wk), and 16 weeks' gestation for abdominal circumference (11.8 mm/wk) and femur length (3.2 mm/wk). However, velocity growth slowed down rapidly for head circumference, biparietal diameter, occipitofrontal diameter, and femur length, with an almost linear reduction toward term that was more marked for femur length. Conversely, abdominal circumference velocity remained relatively steady throughout pregnancy. The change in velocity with gestational age was more evident for head circumference, biparietal diameter, occipitofrontal diameter, and femur length than for abdominal circumference when the change was expressed as a percentage of fetal size at 40 weeks' gestation. We have also shown how to obtain accurate conditional fetal velocity based on our previous methodological work. CONCLUSION The fetal skeleton and abdomen have different velocity growth patterns during intrauterine life. Accordingly, we have produced international Fetal Growth Velocity Increment Standards to complement the INTERGROWTH-21st Fetal Growth Standards so as to monitor fetal well-being comprehensively worldwide. Fetal growth velocity curves may be valuable if one wants to study the pathophysiology of fetal growth. We provide an application that can be used easily in clinical practice to evaluate changes in fetal size as conditional velocity for a more refined assessment of fetal growth than is possible at present (https://lxiao5.shinyapps.io/fetal_growth/). The application is freely available with the other INTERGROWTH-21st tools at https://intergrowth21.tghn.org/standards-tools/.
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Bartosch C, Vilar I, Rodrigues M, Costa L, Botelho N, Brandão O. Fetal autopsy parameters standards: biometry, organ weights, and long bone lengths. Virchows Arch 2019; 475:499-511. [PMID: 31420733 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fetal and perinatal growth charts and tables are essential for proper interpretation of autopsy anthropometric parameters. These parameters depend on factors that may vary between populations; thus, it is recommended that standards be developed from local target populations to ensure that they are truly representative. In this study, we established standards for a complete set of autopsy fetal parameters, including biometrical measurements, organ weights and long bone lengths, based on autopsy data collected retrospectively from a sample of Portuguese fetuses and neonates. Using a robust statistical regression methodology, to fit mean and standard deviation models, we constructed growth curves for gestational ages between 12 and 42 weeks, which aim to be useful for autopsy examination, particularly in the Portuguese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bartosch
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Vilar
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Rodrigues
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar S. João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Costa
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar S. João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Botelho
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar S. João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Otília Brandão
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar S. João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
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Baumgart M, Wiśniewski M, Grzonkowska M, Badura M, Szpinda M, Pawlak-Osińska K. Morphometric study of the primary ossification center of the fibular shaft in the human fetus. Surg Radiol Anat 2019; 41:297-305. [PMID: 30542927 PMCID: PMC6420470 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-018-2147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES Precise morphometric data on the development of ossification centers in human fetuses may be useful in the early detection of skeletal dysplasias associated with delayed ossification center development and mineralization. The present study was performed to quantitatively examine the primary ossification center of the fibular shaft with respect to its linear, planar and volumetric parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using methods of CT, digital-image analysis (Osirix 3.9 MD) and statistics (Student's t-test, Shapiro-Wilk, Fisher's test, Tukey's test, Kruskal-Wallis test, regression analysis), the size of the primary ossification center of the fibular shaft in 47 spontaneously aborted human fetuses (25 ♂ and 22 ♀) aged 17-30 weeks was studied. In each fetus, the assessment of linear dimensions (length, transverse diameters for: proximal end, middle part and distal end), projection surface area and volume of the fibular shaft ossification center was carried out. RESULTS With no sex and laterality differences, the best fit growth dynamics for the primary ossification center of the fibular shaft was modelled by the following functions: y = - 13.241 + 1.567 × age ± 1.556 (R2 = 0.94) for its length, y = - 0.091 + 0.063 × age ± 0.073 (R2 = 0.92) for its proximal transverse diameter, y = - 1.201 + 0.717 × ln(age) ± 0.054 (R2 = 0.83) for its middle transverse diameter, y = - 2.956 + 1.532 × ln(age) ± 0.090 (R2 = 0.89) for its distal transverse diameter, y = - 69.038 + 4.699 × age ± 4.055 (R2 = 0.95) for its projection surface area, and y = - 126.374 + 9.462 × age ± 8.845 (R2 = 0.94) for its volume. CONCLUSIONS The ossification center in the fibular shaft follows linear functions with respect to its length, proximal transverse diameter, projection surface area and volume, and natural logarithmic functions with respect to its middle and distal transverse diameters. The obtained morphometric data of the fibular shaft ossification center is considered normative for their respective prenatal weeks and may be of relevance in both the estimation of fetal age and the ultrasound diagnostics of congenital defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Baumgart
- Department of Normal Anatomy, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, The Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Marcin Wiśniewski
- Department of Normal Anatomy, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, The Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Magdalena Grzonkowska
- Department of Normal Anatomy, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, The Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Mateusz Badura
- Department of Normal Anatomy, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, The Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Michał Szpinda
- Department of Normal Anatomy, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, The Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Pawlak-Osińska
- Department of Otolaryngology and Oncology, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, The Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
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