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Zwicklbauer K, von la Roche D, Krentz D, Kolberg L, Alberer M, Zablotski Y, Hartmann K, von Both U, Härtle S. Adapting the SMART tube technology for flow cytometry in feline full blood samples. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1377414. [PMID: 38988976 PMCID: PMC11234156 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1377414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry of blood samples is a very valuable clinical and research tool to monitor the immune response in human patients. Furthermore, it has been successfully applied in cats, such as for infections with feline immune deficiency virus (FIV). However, if cells are not isolated and frozen, analysis of anticoagulated blood samples requires mostly prompt processing following blood collection, making later analysis of stored full blood samples obtained in clinical studies often impossible. The SMART Tube system (SMART TUBE Inc., California, United States; SMT) allows fixation and long-term preservation of whole blood samples at -80°C. However, this system has so far only been applied to human biological samples. In the present study, a new flow cytometry SMART Tube protocol adapted for feline whole blood samples was successfully established allowing quantification of T-helper cells, cytotoxic T-cells, B-cells, monocytes, and neutrophils up to 2 years post sampling. Results obtained from frozen stabilized and fresh blood samples were compared for validation purposes and correlated to differential blood counts from a conventional hematology analyzer. Clinical applicability of the new technique was verified by using samples from a treatment study for feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Using the new SMT protocol on retained samples, it could be demonstrated that long-term storage of these SMT tubes is also possible. In summary, the newly adapted SMT protocol proved suitable for performing flow cytometry analysis on stored feline whole blood samples, thus opening up new avenues for veterinary research on a variety of aspects of clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Zwicklbauer
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Krentz
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Kolberg
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Alberer
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich von Both
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja Härtle
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, AG Immunology, LMU Munich, Planegg, Germany
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2
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Morris KM, Kirby K, Beatty JA, Barrs VR, Cattley S, David V, O'Brien SJ, Menotti-Raymond M, Belov K. Development of MHC-Linked Microsatellite Markers in the Domestic Cat and Their Use to Evaluate MHC Diversity in Domestic Cats, Cheetahs, and Gir Lions. J Hered 2014; 105:493-505. [PMID: 24620003 PMCID: PMC4048552 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esu017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversity within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) reflects the immunological fitness of a population. MHC-linked microsatellite markers provide a simple and an inexpensive method for studying MHC diversity in large-scale studies. We have developed 6 MHC-linked microsatellite markers in the domestic cat and used these, in conjunction with 5 neutral microsatellites, to assess MHC diversity in domestic mixed breed (n = 129) and purebred Burmese (n = 61) cat populations in Australia. The MHC of outbred Australian cats is polymorphic (average allelic richness = 8.52), whereas the Burmese population has significantly lower MHC diversity (average allelic richness = 6.81; P < 0.01). The MHC-linked microsatellites along with MHC cloning and sequencing demonstrated moderate MHC diversity in cheetahs (n = 13) and extremely low diversity in Gir lions (n = 13). Our MHC-linked microsatellite markers have potential future use in diversity and disease studies in other populations and breeds of cats as well as in wild felid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Morris
- From the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia (Morris, Kirby, Beatty, Barrs, and Belov); the ANGIS, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia (Cattley); the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201 (David and Menotti-Raymond); the Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (O'Brien); and the Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314-7796 (O'Brien)
| | - Katherine Kirby
- From the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia (Morris, Kirby, Beatty, Barrs, and Belov); the ANGIS, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia (Cattley); the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201 (David and Menotti-Raymond); the Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (O'Brien); and the Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314-7796 (O'Brien)
| | - Julia A Beatty
- From the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia (Morris, Kirby, Beatty, Barrs, and Belov); the ANGIS, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia (Cattley); the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201 (David and Menotti-Raymond); the Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (O'Brien); and the Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314-7796 (O'Brien)
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- From the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia (Morris, Kirby, Beatty, Barrs, and Belov); the ANGIS, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia (Cattley); the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201 (David and Menotti-Raymond); the Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (O'Brien); and the Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314-7796 (O'Brien)
| | - Sonia Cattley
- From the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia (Morris, Kirby, Beatty, Barrs, and Belov); the ANGIS, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia (Cattley); the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201 (David and Menotti-Raymond); the Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (O'Brien); and the Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314-7796 (O'Brien)
| | - Victor David
- From the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia (Morris, Kirby, Beatty, Barrs, and Belov); the ANGIS, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia (Cattley); the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201 (David and Menotti-Raymond); the Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (O'Brien); and the Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314-7796 (O'Brien)
| | - Stephen J O'Brien
- From the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia (Morris, Kirby, Beatty, Barrs, and Belov); the ANGIS, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia (Cattley); the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201 (David and Menotti-Raymond); the Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (O'Brien); and the Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314-7796 (O'Brien)
| | - Marilyn Menotti-Raymond
- From the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia (Morris, Kirby, Beatty, Barrs, and Belov); the ANGIS, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia (Cattley); the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201 (David and Menotti-Raymond); the Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (O'Brien); and the Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314-7796 (O'Brien)
| | - Katherine Belov
- From the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia (Morris, Kirby, Beatty, Barrs, and Belov); the ANGIS, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia (Cattley); the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201 (David and Menotti-Raymond); the Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (O'Brien); and the Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314-7796 (O'Brien).
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Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Evaluation of 53 Cases of Feline Lymphoplasmacytic Enteritis and Low-Grade Alimentary Lymphoma. J Comp Pathol 2011; 145:187-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Harley R, Gruffydd-Jones T, Day M. Immunohistochemical Characterization of Oral Mucosal Lesions in Cats with Chronic Gingivostomatitis. J Comp Pathol 2011; 144:239-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.09.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Reggeti F, Bienzle D. Alloimmunity does not protect from challenge with the feline immunodeficiency virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 124:152-62. [PMID: 18471896 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses against polymorphic host molecules incorporated into lentiviral envelopes during cell budding have induced protection against primate immunodeficiency virus infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) express high levels of MHC molecules and are infectable by lentiviruses. Therefore, in this pilot study we addressed the hypothesis that immunization of cats with allogeneic DC would induce immune responses that protect against challenge with the feline immunodeficiency virus. Two groups of 3 cats each received 3 subcutaneous injections of allogeneic or autologous DC, and were then challenged with viruses propagated in the immunizing DC. Infection status and lymphocyte parameters of cats were assessed during 6 weeks after challenge. MHC II antigens were incorporated into viral particles as identified by Western blot; and antibodies reactive with MHC class II antigens were detected in the serum of cats immunized with allogeneic but not autologous DC. After challenge, all cats had proviral DNA in blood leukocytes from 2 weeks post-challenge onward and seroconverted. Cats immunized with allogeneic DC maintained higher total and CD21(+) lymphocyte concentrations, and higher CD4(+)/CD8(+) lymphocyte ratios; however, these differences were not significantly different from cats that received autologous DC immunizations. Plasma viral load was not significantly different between groups of cats (p=0.204). These results suggest that immunization of cats with allogeneic DC does not induce protective immunity against FIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Reggeti
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- M.J. Day
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK
| | | | - V.M. Lucke
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK
| | - T.J. Whitbread
- Abbey Veterinary Services, 14 Oak Place, Newton Abbot TQ12 2HW, UK
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7
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Bienzle D, Reggeti F, Clark ME, Chow C. Immunophenotype and functional properties of feline dendritic cells derived from blood and bone marrow. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004; 96:19-30. [PMID: 14522131 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(03)00132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells of fundamental importance in initiating innate as well as specific immune responses. The identity and function of DCs in the cat are unknown, although they are likely pivotal in the response to infection. In this study, feline DCs were derived by 3-10-day culture of adherent blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) in the presence of IL 4 and GM-CSF. BMMC consistently yielded a greater number of DCs than PBMC, and there were fewer macrophages than DC from both compartments. DCs expressed a distinct constellation of surface molecules, which included CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c, CD11b, CD14, and 2-3-fold higher levels of MHC class I and II molecules than co-cultured macrophages or fresh blood monocytes. DCs displayed typical cytoplasmic processes, limited non-specific esterase activity, and acquired antigen by phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and binding to specific receptors. Cytokine-exposed cells induced proliferation of allogeneic lymphocytes. Thus, the cells derived by these culture conditions had markers and functions analogous to immature myeloid DCs. Availability of feline DCs will enable investigation of their role in infectious disease and their potential therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1.
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8
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Gomes-Keller MA, Nunez R, Schroff M, Oswald D, Willett BJ, Lutz H. Up-regulation by feline interleukin-4 and down-regulation by feline interferon-gamma of major histocompatibility complex class II on cat B-lymphocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 88:197-208. [PMID: 12127417 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) exhibits numerous biological and immunoregulatory functions on B- and T-lymphocytes, monocytes, and dendritic cells in both mice and humans. In the present study, we show that IL-4 also has a regulatory function in the cat species. Cells transfected with IL-4 DNA expressed a biologically active protein as demonstrated by the up-regulation of MHC class II molecules on B-lymphocytes (CD21(+)) in a flow cytometric assay. Increased levels of MHC class II expression on CD21(+) cells were seen in 11 out of 12 cats (p<0.05). In addition, 12 out of 12 cats showed up-regulation of MHC class II on CD21(-) cells, mainly consisting of T-lymphocytes (p<0.05). In contrast, concanavalin A (ConA)-induced culture supernatant from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) containing high levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) transcripts induced down-regulation of MHC class II molecules on CD21(+) cells of all samples (p<0.05). Variable results were observed for CD21(-) cells incubated with ConA-conditioned medium (p=0.71). The nature of the cytokine(s) responsible for these effects remains to be determined. However, the fact that down-regulation of MHC class II molecules on B cells occurred in all cats tested suggests that IFN-gamma may be involved. These data provide further insight into the mechanism by which MHC class II expression is regulated in feline lymphocytes, and suggest that the Th1/Th2 paradigm is also present in the cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Gomes-Keller
- Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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9
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Waly N, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Stokes CR, Day MJ. The distribution of leucocyte subsets in the small intestine of healthy cats. J Comp Pathol 2001; 124:172-82. [PMID: 11222015 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2000.0450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of leucocyte subsets in the small intestine of healthy adult cats (n=16). Immunohistochemical methods were used to identify leucocyte subsets within the mucosa of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Computer-aided morphometry was used to enumerate cells within the epithelial compartment, villous lamina propria and lamina propria adjacent to upper and lower crypt. Throughout the small intestine, IgA+ and IgM+ plasma cells were more prominent in the lamina propria adjacent to the lower crypt than in the villus, whereas IgG+ plasma cells were present in equal numbers in the crypt and villous regions. Overall, IgA+ plasma cells predominated and IgM+ plasma cells were higher in number than IgG+ plasma cells at each of the three anatomical locations. By contrast, T cells (CD3+) and T-cell subsets (CD4+ and CD8+) were present in greater numbers in the villous lamina propria than in the lamina adjacent to the crypts. Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) were also characterized phenotypically, the majority being CD8+ T lymphocytes. Lamina propria macrophages and dendritic cells were characterized by expression of L1 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, and MHC class II expression by enterocytes overlying Peyer's patches, although rare, was also shown. The qualitative and quantitative data from this study provide a basis for comparison with cats with inflammatory enteropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Waly
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
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Byrne KM, Kim HW, Chew BP, Reinhart GA, Hayek MG. A standardized gating technique for the generation of flow cytometry data for normal canine and normal feline blood lymphocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2000; 73:167-82. [PMID: 10690932 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(99)00163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is becoming a commonly used technique to characterize a variety of cells. It provides a powerful application to rapidly determine the relative percentages of T-lymphocyte subsets and B-lymphocytes. The effectiveness of its application, however, is dependent on standardization, especially in a clinical setting. Application of flow cytometry to veterinary diagnostics has been limited by the unavailability of reagents and by the unstandardized characterization of normal values using antibodies not commercially available, but typically provided through the generosity of other researchers. This paper presents a standardized gating protocol, and average values and ranges observed for normal canine and feline blood lymphocytes using commercially available antibodies to cell surface markers for CD5, CD3, CD4, CD8, MHC II, and B lymphocytes. The averages for these markers on gated lymphocytes were as follows: Canine CD5 83.3%, Canine CD4 45.0%, Canine CD8 28.8%, Canine MHC II 98.0%, Canine B Cell 12.9%, Canine CD4/CD8 ratio 1.87, Feline T lymphocytes 77.3%, Feline CD4 44.5%, Feline CD8 25.7%, Feline B Cell 24.1%, Feline CD4/CD8 Ratio 1.75. Normal values were also established for a mixed breed group of dogs, and old versus young dogs. This information will provide researchers and clinicians with a standardized protocol for gating, which establishes a basis for comparison between techniques, and a measure of phenotypic percentages for flow cytometry in normal dogs and cats based on this standardization and commercially available antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Byrne
- Department of Animnal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, USA.
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Day MJ, Kyaw-Tanner M, Silkstone MA, Lucke VM, Robinson WF. T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma in the cat. J Comp Pathol 1999; 120:155-67. [PMID: 10087489 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.1998.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The clinical and pathological features of eight cases of feline T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma are described. The disease occurred in older cats (mean age 11.4 +/- 3.9 years), which on initial examination generally showed enlargement of a single submandibular or cervical lymph node. After excision, there was no recurrence of the lesions at 6 months in three cats. In one further case, however, the lesion had recurred 6 months later; it was again excised but recurred after an additional 6 months. Microscopically, there was effacement of normal lymph node architecture by a nodular (n = 4) or diffuse (n = 4) proliferation of small to blastic lymphocytes, accompanied by a characteristic population of bizarre giant, or multinucleate, cells. The mitotic rate was low and mitoses were restricted to the atypical population. Immunophenotyping revealed the smaller lymphocytes to be a mixture of CD3+ MHC Class II+ T lymphocytes and BLA36+CD79variable MHC Class IIvariable B lymphocytes. The atypical cells were of the B-cell lineage (BLA36+MHC Class IIvariable). Polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed no proviral DNA products of feline leukaemia virus or feline immunodeficiency virus in tissue from any tumour, confirming that these neoplasms were not associated with either virus. The clinical, histological and immunophenotypic findings in these cats were identical with those of "nodular lymphocyte predominance (lymphocytic and histiocytic/L&H) Hodgkin's disease" in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Day
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
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Lerner DL, Grant CK, de Parseval A, Elder JH. FIV infection of IL-2-dependent and -independent feline lymphocyte lines: host cells range distinctions and specific cytokine upregulation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 65:277-97. [PMID: 9839880 PMCID: PMC7119630 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed the ability of three molecular clones of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and an ex vivo variant to infect nine distinct specific-pathogen-free feline cell lines in tissue culture. The purpose of these studies was to elucidate mechanisms by which host cells regulate the level of virus infection and expression and to assess host cell cytokine responses to virus infection. Cells used for the analyzes included four IL-2-dependent continuous T-cell lines (104-C1, 104-C7, MCH5-4 and DB FeTs) which arose from long-term passage, followed by limiting dilution cloning of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs); two IL-2-independent T-cell lines (104-C1DL and MCH5-4DL) which originated from two of the IL-2-dependent lines, 104-C1 and MCH5-4; respectively; Crandell feline kidney cells (CrFK); G355-5 brain-derived glial cells; and the T-cell lymphoma line, 3201. Cells were infected with FIV-PPR, FIV-34TF10, FIV 34TF10orf2rep, and a variant arising from FIV-PPR during ex vivo passage on 104-C1DL cells, termed FIV-PPRglial. Infection of the IL-2-dependent T-cell line, 104-C1, by FIV-PPR resulted in the specific and distinct upregulation of cytokine expression. In particular, these cells doubled their expression of the pleiotropic cytokines, interleukin-4 and interleukin-12 after FIV infection. Interferon-gamma production also increased after infection with FIV whereas, TNFalpha expression remained constant. Also, a marked upregulation of MHC class II expression was noted post infection of MCH5-4 and 104-C1 cells with FIV-PPR. Similar results were obtained after infection with FIV-34TF10orf2rep, indicating that the upregulation of cytokine expression is not an isolate-specific phenomenon. Changes in cytokine and class II expression are similar to various reports for the in vivo cytokine alterations in FIV, SIV and HIV infections. The ex vivo infection of these cell lines offers amanipulable system to examine the mechanism(s) by which lentiviruses alter cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica L. Lerner
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, MB-14La Jolla, CA 92037USA
| | - Chris K. Grant
- Custom Monoclonals, 813 Harbor Drive, Suite 284W. Sacramento, CA 95691USA
| | - Aymeric de Parseval
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, MB-14La Jolla, CA 92037USA
| | - John H. Elder
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, MB-14La Jolla, CA 92037USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1619 7848270; fax: +1619 7842750; e-mail:
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Bullido R, Doménech N, Alvarez B, Alonso F, Babín M, Ezquerra A, Ortuño E, Domínguez J. Characterization of five monoclonal antibodies specific for swine class II major histocompatibility antigens and crossreactivity studies with leukocytes of domestic animals. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1997; 21:311-322. [PMID: 9258612 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(97)00008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A set of five monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against porcine major histocompatibility complex (MHC), or swine leukocyte antigens (SLA), class II molecules has been characterized. These mAbs appear to recognize monomorphic determinants on SLA-DR (2F4, 1F12 and 2E9/13) and SLA-DQ (BL2H5 and BL4H2) molecules, as assessed by flow cytometry and immunoprecipitation. By Western blot, the 2F4, 1F12, BL2H5 and BL4H2 epitopes were located on the beta-chains of these molecules. mAbs 2F4 and 1F12 crossreact with leucocytes of dog, cattle, horse and human; mAbs 2E9/13, BL2H5 and BL4H2 bind leucocytes of cattle but not those of human, dog and horse. These mAbs effectively blocked the mixed lymphocyte reaction and the proliferative response to viral antigens (African swine fever virus) and to staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Therefore, these mAbs can be useful reagents for studying MHC class II molecules of pig and crossreactive species, and the immunological processes where they are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bullido
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA, Madrid, Spain
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